Estrogen deficiency and chronic alcohol consumption may have a synergistic and deleterious effect on bone tissue. AIM: To investigate the effects of estrogen deficiency associated with chronic alcohol consumption on the mandibular condyle in rats. METHODS: Fifty-four female rats were first divided equally into two groups: ovariectomized Ovx and simulated ovariectomy Sham. One month after the surgeries, these groups were equally sub-divided according to their dietary treatment: G1: Sham/ad-libitum diet; G2: Sham/alcohol; G3: Sham/isocaloric; G4: Ovx/ad-libitum diet; G5: Ovx/alcohol, G6: Ovx/isocaloric. Eight weeks after starting the diets, all animals were anesthetized and sacrificed. The condyles were analyzed histologically, histomorphometrically, and immunohistochemically using the antibodies for bone sialoprotein BSP, osteocalcin OCC and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand RANKL. RESULTS: Histological analysis of the mandibular condyles showed that Ovx and Sham groups presented almost the same characteristics. The histomorphometric analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference only between Ovx/isocaloric and Ovx/ad-libitum groups p=0.049. No difference was observed in the intensity of BSP, OCC, and RANKL antibody staining between the Ovx/alcohol and the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: It may be concluded that there was no histomorphometric, histological, or RANKL, BSP, and OCC staining differences between the Ovx/alcohol group and other experimental groups.

Elderly patients generally use several types of medication, some of which may cause oral side effects. Aim: To investigate the oral side effects caused by medication in an elderly sample. Methods: Three hundred patients were interviewed about their use of medication and were divided in two groups: institutionalized (n=150) and community-dwelling (n=150) elderly. Results: The most used drugs were antihypertensives (53%) for community-dwelling elders and antiulceratives (76%) for the institutionalized ones. The more prevalent side effects were taste alterations that occurred in 19%, dry mouth in 17% and teeth staining in 2%. Conclusions: A high prevalence of oral side effects from medications used by the elderly was found in this study. The health professionals should be aware of the possible side effects caused by prescribed medications.

AIM: To evaluate histometrically the effect of low and high caloric value of ethanol on ligature-induced bone loss in female rats. METHODS: Sixty female rats were divided into five groups of 12 animals each: Normal Control (water), Test A (low ethanol), Control A (low iso), Test B (high ethanol) and Control B (high iso). Control Groups A and B received diets with the same amount of calories consumed by Test Groups A and B, respectively, with ethanol replaced by isocaloric amounts of carbohydrate. Four weeks prior to the end of the experimental period, half of the rats in each group were randomly assigned to receive a ligature on mandibular molar, whereas the other half of group was left unligated. At 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and the specimens were processed to obtain decalcified sections. The area of periodontal ligament and/or bone loss in the furcation region of the first molars was histometrically measured in five sections per specimen (mm²). RESULTS: Ethanol intake did not have effect on the alveolar bone loss in unligated teeth (p>0.05). However, in ligature-induced periodontitis, high value of calories associated with ethanol feeding enhanced the area of bone loss (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that a low-ethanol diet did not affect the periodontium, while a high-ethanol diet may aggravate the progression of periodontitis, as demonstrated by the increased furcation region bone destruction in periodontal disease.

The purpose of this study was to morphometrically evaluate the influence of different durations of ovariectomy-induced estrogen deficiency on alveolar bone loss associated with ligature-induced bone loss in rats. Sixty female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to ovariectomy (OVX test group) or sham operation (SHAM control group). The OVX and SHAM groups were each distributed into three subgroups of ten rats each according to the duration of estrogen deficiency (30, 60 and 90 postoperative days). In all groups, for the last 30 days of the experimental period, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the right upper second molar; the contralateral tooth was left unligated to serve as a control. The maxillary bones were removed, and the alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at the buccal site of the right upper second molar. A comparison between the ligated and unligated groups verified the presence of ligature-induced alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the unligated groups (p > 0.05). A significant increase in bone loss was observed when ligation occurred 90 days after ovariectomy compared with the sham group (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that long-term estrogen deficiency affects ligature-induced alveolar bone loss.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated morphometrically bone loss percentages in experimental periodontitis in rats, comparing different locations (lingual mandible, palatal maxilla and buccal maxilla) and two evaluation methods (distance and area methods). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ligatures were placed around the maxillary right second molar and around the mandibular right first molar in 14 female Wistar rats. The contralateral molars served as intragroup controls. After 4 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their mandible and maxilla were removed. The specimens were dissected and stained with methylene blue dye. Bone loss was evaluated by two different methods on the surfaces of the defleshed jaw. In the first method, the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest was measured in the roots of teeth associated with ligature. In the second method, the area of bone loss was determined using the alveolar tissue bone, CEJ and the proximal region of roots associated with the ligature as reference. The data were converted to bone loss percentages caused by ligature: (ligated - unligated) x 100/ligated. RESULTS: When comparing the distance and area methods, no statistically significant difference was observed (p>0.05). Both methodologies indicated that the maxilla presented greater bone loss than the mandible and it was more accentuated on the buccal side than on the palatal side (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study show that both the area and the distance methods can be used to evaluate bone loss caused by ligature placement in rats, and suggest applying the morphometric methodology to the maxilla on the buccal side.

This study aimed at morphometrically evaluating the influence of variable caloric values of ethanol consumption on alveolar bone loss in periodontitis in male rats. Thirty-six male rats were randomized into four groups of nine rats each, as follows: Test group A (low) - rats were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet (ethanol representing 22% of total caloric value); Control group A -rats were fed a pair-fed control diet (ethanol replaced by isocaloric amounts of carbohydrate); Test group B (high) -rats were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet (ethanol representing 36% of total caloric value); Control group B -rats were fed a pair-fed control diet for Test B. Following anesthesia, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the right upper second molar. At eight weeks, the maxillary bones were removed and alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at buccal and palatal sites of the upper second molar. The unligated groups showed no significant differences between the bone loss values observed for the low and high caloric values of ethanol (p > 0.05). In the ligated groups, the rats receiving low caloric values of ethanol showed significantly greater bone loss compared to the isocaloric rats (p < 0.05); however, the rats receiving high caloric values of ethanol showed no significant differences compared to the controls. Analysis of the results demonstrated that, in male rats, ethanol itself affected ligature-induced bone loss when representing a low value in the total caloric value.

Alcohol consumption is a risk indicator for periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to morphometrically evaluate the influence of alcohol consumption on alveolar bone level associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. Thirty-six female rats (Wistar, 120 days-old) were randomly divided into three groups that received a daily administration of a water diet (control, n = 12), a 10% alcohol diet (10% ethanol, n = 12) or a 20% alcohol diet (20% ethanol, n = 12). Four weeks after the onset of the experiment, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the upper right second molar in six rats. The other 6 rats in each group remained unligated. The rats were sacrificed four weeks after ligature placement. The maxillary bones were removed and alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at 2 buccal and 2 palatal sites on the upper right second molar. Analyses between the ligated and unligated groups showed that the presence of ligature induced alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05). Unligated groups showed no significant differences between each other (p > 0.05). In the ligated groups, rats receiving 20% ethanol showed significantly greater bone loss compared to control rats or rats receiving 10% ethanol. These results demonstrate that alcohol consumption may increase alveolar bone loss in female rats in a dose-dependent manner.

El objetivo del estudio era el de analizar radiográficamente los efectos del risedronato de sodio (OSG Norwich Pharmaceticals, U. S. UN.) y del raloxifeno clorhidrato (Eli Lirio & Compañía Ltda, ING. ) En la reparación ósea en ratones osteopénicos. Se utilizó cincuenta ratones divididos en cinco grupos de 10 animales: (I) SHAM, (II) Castrado, (III) Castrados y tratados con risedronato 1mg/kg/dia, (IV) Castrados y tratados con raloxifeno 1mg/kg/día y (V) Castrados y tratados con raloxifeno 3mg/kg/día. Después de treinta días de la castración se les produjo heridas en el hueso de 3 mm de en las de tibias derechas. Entre 7 y 28 días de tratamiento los ratones fueron sacrificados y las tibias evaluadas considerando la densidad óptica radiográfica de la región de la reparación del defecto óseo por medio del sistema digital RVG Trophy y Programa de Imagen Tool® 2,03. Los resultados fueron sometidos al ANOVA y al Test de Tukey (p?0,05). Los datos mostraron que a los 7 días de observación los grupos I y II fueron estadísticamente semejantes en relación al grado de densidad radiográfica, así como los demás grupos entre sí. A los 28 días el grupo V presentó los valores de densidad radiográfica superior y estadísticamente significativos con respecto a los grupos II, III y IV y semejante al grupo I. Los grupos III y IV fueron semejantes entre sí y estadísticamente superior al grupo II. Se concluyó que el raloxifeno en dosis de 3mg/kg/dia presentó mejor desempeño en el proceso de reparación ósea, siendo semejante al grupo SHAM a los 28 días. El efecto del raloxifeno se mostró dosis dependiente, a los 28 días, en las posologias testadas.

The aim of this study was to analyse radiographically the effects of sodium risedronate (OSG Norwich Pharmaceticals, EUA) and raloxifene hydrochloride (Eli Lilly & Company Ltd; ING.) in bone repair of male rats with osteopenia. 50 animals were divided in 5 groups of 10: (I) SHAM, (II) Castrated rats, (III) Castrated rats treated with 1mg/kg/day risedronate, (IV) Castrated rats treated with 1mg/kg/day raloxifene and (V) Castrated rats treated with 3mg/kg/day raloxifene. 30 days after castration, a 3 mm bone defect was made in the right tibia of the animals. After 7 and 28 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed and the tibias were removed for analysis of radiographic optical density by the digital system RVG Trophy and the Image Programme Tool 2.03®. All data collected were analysed by ANOVA and the Tukey´s Test (p?0.05). The results showed that at 7 days of bone repair, groups I and II had similar and statistically significant values of optical density while the other groups had similar values among themselves. At 28 days of bone repair, group V showed greater and statistically significant values of optical density compared to groups II, III and IV, but similar values to group I. Groups III and IV had similar values between themselves but greater and statistically significant values than group II. It could be concluded that 3 mg/kg/day raloxifene had a better performance in bone repair when compared to the other groups, similar results to group I and a dose-dependent relation at 28 days.

Os bisfosfonatos são empregados atualmente para o tratamento de várias doenças caracterizadas pelo aumento da reabsorção óssea, como a osteoporose. As estatinas são amplamente utilizadas para redução de níveis elevados de colesterol e estudos recentes têm revelado sua ação anabólica no osso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da deficiência estrogênica e dos tratamentos com sinvastatina ou alendronato sódico no osso alveolar em ratas. Cinqüenta e quatro ratas sofreram ovariectomia (OVX) ou cirurgia simulada ("sham"). Um mês após, os animais passaram a receber diariamente, via oral, 25 mg/kg de sinvastatina (SIN), 2 mg/kg de alendronato (ALN) ou água (controle). Trinta e cinco dias depois do início do tratamento os animais foram sacrificados, as hemimandíbulas esquerdas removidas e radiografadas em aparelho de raios X digital. Foi calculada a densidade radiográfica em tons de cinza da área de osso alveolar sob o primeiro molar mandibular e os valores foram submetidos a ANOVA, ao nível de 5%. Ratas ovariectomizadas ganharam mais peso (média ± desvio-padrão: 20,06 ± 6,68%) que as demais (12,13 ± 5,63%). Os valores de densidade radiográfica, em tons de cinza, foram menores nos animais do grupo OVX-água (183,49 ± 6,47), significantemente diferentes daqueles observados nos grupos que receberam alendronato ("sham"-ALN: 193,85 ± 3,81; OVX-ALN: 196,06 ± 5,11) e no grupo "sham"-água (193,66 ± 4,36). Outras comparações entre grupos não revelaram diferenças estatísticas. Concluiu-se que a ovariectomia reduziu a densidade óssea alveolar e que o tratamento com alendronato sódico foi eficiente para o tratamento desta situação.

Bisphosphonates are currently used in the treatment of many diseases involving increased bone resorption such as osteoporosis. Statins have been widely used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and recent studies have shown that these drugs are also capable of stimulating bone formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of an estrogen deficient state and the effects of simvastatin and sodium alendronate therapies on alveolar bone in female rats. Fifty-four rats were either ovariectomized (OVX) or sham operated. A month later, the animals began to receive a daily dose of simvastatin (SIN - 25 mg/kg), sodium alendronate (ALN - 2 mg/kg) or water (control) orally. Thirty-five days after the beginning of the treatment, the rats were sacrificed and their left hemimandibles were removed and radiographed using digital X-ray equipment. The alveolar radiographic density under the first molar was determined with gray-level scaling and the values were submitted to analysis of variance (a = 5%). Ovariectomized rats gained more weight (mean ± standard deviation: 20.06 ± 6.68%) than did the sham operated animals (12.13 ± 5.63%). Alveolar radiographic density values, expressed as gray levels, were lowest in the OVX-water group (183.49 ± 6.47), and differed significantly from those observed for the groups receiving alendronate (sham-ALN: 193.85 ± 3.81; OVX-ALN: 196.06 ± 5.11) and from those of the sham-water group (193.66 ± 4.36). Other comparisons between groups did not show significant differences. It was concluded that the ovariectomy reduced alveolar bone density and that alendronate was efficient for the treatment of this condition.

O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de uma dieta alcoólica sobre estreptococos do grupo mutans e sobre cárie dentária na cavidade bucal de ratos. Quarenta animais foram divididos em 3 grupos conforme a dieta líquida administrada: solução de etanol a 20% (Grupo álcool, GA), solução de sacarose a 27% (Grupo isocalórico, GI) e água (Grupo controle, GC). Após 56 dias, amostras bucais foram coletadas e semeadas em ágar Mitis Salivarius Bacitracina para contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC/mL) de estreptococos do grupo mutans. Os animais foram sacrificados, maxila e mandíbula foram removidas para analisar a ocorrência de cárie nas faces livres e oclusais usando lupa estereoscópica. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e ao teste de Tukey. As médias dos números de UFC/mL (10³) foram: 8,17 (GA), 9,78 (GI), e 5,63 (GC). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos para a ocorrência de cárie oclusal. Em relação ao número de cáries em face livre, na maxila este número no GI (1,58) foi similar ao encontrado no GA (2,06) e no GC (1,14), e o número de cáries no GA foi maior do que no GC; na mandíbula houve diferença significante entre os três grupos: GA (1,14), GI (2,00) e GC (0,43). A dieta com soluções de álcool e sacarose apresentou tendência de aumento na colonização de estreptococos do grupo mutans e aumentou a incidência de lesões de cárie de faces livres nos molares de ratos quando comparada à dieta controle.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an alcohol diet on Streptococcus of the mutans group and on dental caries in the oral cavity of rats. Forty animals were divided into 3 groups according to the following liquid diets: 20% ethanol solution (Alcohol Group, AG), 27% sucrose solution (Isocaloric Group, IG), and water (Control Group, CG). After 56 days, samples were collected and plated on Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar to assess the number of colony forming units (CFU/mL) of Streptococcus of the mutans group. The animals were sacrificed and the jaws were removed in order to assess the occurrence of dental caries on the smooth and occlusal surfaces using stereomicroscopy. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test. The average numbers of CFU/mL (10³) were: 8.17 (AG), 9.78 (IG), and 5.63 (CG). There was no significant difference among the groups for the occurrence of occlusal caries. Regarding smooth surface caries, in the upper jaw, the caries number in the IG (1.58) was similar to that in the AG (2.06) and in the CG (1.14), and the number of caries in the AG was higher than in the CG; in the lower jaw there was significant difference among the 3 groups: AG (1.14), IG (2.00) and CG (0.43). The diets with the alcohol and sucrose solutions presented a tendency of increasing the colonization by Streptococcus of the mutans group and of increasing the occurrence of smooth surface dental caries in rat molars when compared to the control diet.

OBJETIVO: O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo de álcool sobre o suporte ósseo periodontal (SOP) em periodontite induzida por ligaduras em ratos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Sessenta e três ratos machos foram divididos em sete grupos: G1 (controle); G2 (álcool a 10%); G3 (controle nutricional de G2); G4 (álcool a 20%); G5 (controle nutricional de G4); G6 (álcool a 30%); G7 (controle nutricional de G6). Os grupos G3, G5 e G7 receberam dietas controladas com a mesma quantidade de calorias consumidas por G2, G4 e G6, respectivamente, com o etanol substituído por sacarose. Após anestesia foram instaladas ligaduras no primeiro molar inferior direito, permanecendo o dente contralateral sem ligadura. Após oito semanas, os ratos foram sacrificados e as mandíbulas radiografadas para medição do SOP na proximal distal. RESULTADOS: A análise intragrupo mostrou que a presença da ligadura foi capaz de induzir periodontite (p<0,05). Os grupos sem ligadura não demonstraram diferenças significativas (p=0,1969) no SOP. Contudo, nos grupos com ligadura os ratos que receberam álcool (G2:48,71%±3,88; G4:47,66%±2,54; G6:47,32%±3,24) e o controle nutricional associado a alta concentração de etanol (G7:47,40%±3,24) apresentaram percentual de SOP estatisticamente inferior aos outros grupos (G1:52,40%±2,75; G3:52,83%±2,41; G5:50,85%±4,14). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados demonstraram que o consumo de álcool em ratos pode resultar em efeito direto na perda óssea alveolar, aumentando o desenvolvimento da periodontite. Além disso, sugere-se que o consumo calórico pesado de etanol também pode apresentar efeito indireto nos tecidos periodontais, como conseqüência da má nutrição.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the alcohol consumption on the periodontal bone support (PBS) in experimental periodontitis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-three male rats were divided into seven groups: G1 (control); G2 (10% ethanol); G3 (nutritional control of G2); G4 (20% ethanol); G5 (nutritional control of G4); G6 (30% ethanol) and G7 (nutritional control of G6). The groups G3, G5 and G7 received controlled diets with equivalent caloric amounts to those consumed in G2, G4 and G6 respectively, with the ethanol replaced by sucrose. After anesthesia, ligatures were installed around the mandibular first molar, leaving the contralateral teeth unligated. After 8 weeks, the rats were killed and their mandibles were radiographed to measure the percentage of PBS on the distal aspect. RESULTS: The intragroup analyses showed that presence of ligatures induced periodontitis (p<0.05). Unligated groups did not show significant differences among the percentages of PBS (p=0.1969). However, in ligated groups the rats that received alcohol (G2:48.71%±3.88; G4:47.66%±2.54; G6:47.32%±3.24) and the nutritional control group associated with a high concentration of ethanol (G7:47.40%±3.24) presented a significantly lower percentage of PBS than the other groups (G1:52.40%±2.75; G3:52.83%±2.41; G5:50.85%±4.14). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that alcohol consumption in rats may result in a direct effect on alveolar bone loss and increased development of periodontitis. In addition, they suggest that heavy caloric consumption of ethanol may also present an indirect effect on periodontal tissue as a consequence of malnutrition.

A osteoporose, doença caracterizada pela perda de massa óssea, tem sido alvo de estudos nos últimos anos. Fraturas decorrentes da osteoporose são muito comuns e podem apresentar consolidação mais lenta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do risedronato (medicamento alopático) e da Calcarea phosphorica 6CH (medicamento homeopático) no reparo de lesões ósseas em ratos com osteoporose induzida por castração. Para tanto, foram utilizados oitenta e quatro ratos, com três meses de idade, separados em quatro grupos de vinte e um animais, sendo três grupos submetidos à castração e um grupo a falsa cirurgia ("Sham"). Um mês após a cirurgia, foram realizadas lesões corticais na tíbia de todos os animais e, a partir do dia seguinte, os tratamentos experimentais foram iniciados de acordo com os seguintes grupos: CR - castrado/risedronato (1 mg/kg/dia); CCp - castrado/Calcarea phosphorica 6CH (três gotas/dia); CP - castrado/placebo e SP - "sham"/placebo. Os animais foram sacrificados aos sete, catorze e vinte e oito dias após o início do tratamento e as tíbias foram removidas. Radiografias digitais foram realizadas e avaliadas para obter a densidade óptica na área do defeito. Em seguida, foram descalcificadas e processadas para análise histológica e histomorfométrica. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA e aos testes de Tukey e Dunnett (5%). Os tratamentos alopático e homeopático levaram a formação óssea de aspecto diferente considerando a remodelação e maturação. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para avaliar a resistência e qualidade do osso neoformado.

Osteoporosis, a disease characterized by progressive bone loss, has been the target of several studies in the past few years. It results in a much higher risk for fractures and might cause slower bone lesion healing. The aim of this work was to study the effects of Risedronate (allopathic medicine) and Calcarea phosphorica 6CH (homeopathic medicine) on the repair of bone lesions in male rats with osteoporosis induced by castration. Eighty-four three-month-old rats were used divided into four groups of twenty-one animals each. Three groups where castrated and one group was submitted to Sham surgery. One month later, cortical lesions were made in all animals' tibiae and, after one day, the different experimental treatments began according to the following groups: CR - castrated/Risedronate (1 mg/kg/day); CCp - castrated/Calcarea phosphorica 6CH (3 drops/day); CP - castrated/placebo and SP - Sham/placebo. The animals were sacrificed at seven, fourteen and twenty-eight days after the beginning of the treatments and had their tibiae removed. Digital radiographs of the tibiae were taken and analyzed in order to evaluate the optical density of the defect area. Then, they were decalcified and processed for histological and histomorphometrical analysis. The data were submitted to ANOVA, and to the Tukey and Dunnett tests (5%). The allopathic and homeopathic treatments led to different bone formation as regards remodeling and maturation aspects. Further research is necessary to access the resistance and quality of the newly formed bone.

INTRODUÇÃO: Nestes últimos anos, descobriu-se a complexidade dos mecanismos que influenciam a atividade óssea, e grande parte das pesquisas direcionou-se para o estudo de fatores capazes de modular as funções ósseas. Essa expansão da pesquisa deve-se, em parte, ao reconhecimento da osteoporose como importante problema na velhice. A osteoporose constitui uma das osteopatias mais comuns, caracterizando-se pela redução da massa óssea, determinada, por sua vez, pelo desequilíbrio entre reabsorção e neoformação. OBJETIVO: Apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre os principais aspectos da remodelação e da reparação associados à deficiência estrogênica. Remodelação óssea: O osso apresenta processo contínuo de remodelação, entretanto anormalidades nesse processo ocorrem em algumas doenças, entre elas a osteoporose, sendo que a deficiência estrogênica parece ter o papel principal na sua gênese. Reparação óssea: Tal processo envolve uma cascata complexa de respostas biológicase, assim como a remodelação, é afetado por fatores locais e externos e regulado pela interação de diferentes mecanismos. Portanto, o aumento ou o decréscimo da capacidade de reparação óssea têm sido relacionados a alterações ocorridas na remodelação. Deficiência estrogênica e metabolismo ósseo: A maioria dos autores sugere uma redução na capacidade de remodelação e de reparação do tecido. DISCUSSÃO: Ainda não está determinado qual estágio da reparação é mais alterado, se a fase inicial de formação do calo ósseo, se a de mineralização ou se a fase tardia da reparação, a remodelação óssea. CONCLUSÃO: Como os mecanismos fisiológicos e a patogênese das alterações ósseas causadas pela deficiência estrogênica não estão completamente estabelecidos, novas pesquisas ainda são necessárias.

INTRODUCTION: In the past few years, it was recognized the great complexity of the mechanisms that influence bone cellular activity and several studies focus on the factors able to modulate the bone functions. The increase of bone research is, in part, due to the establishment of osteoporosis as a healthy problem common in elderly. Osteoporosis is one of the most important osteopathy, characterized by the bone mass reduction, resulted from disequilibrium between bone resorption and bone formation. OBJECTIVE: Based on the relationship between estrogen and bone metabolism, the aim of this study is present a review of literature about the principal aspects of bone turnover and bone repair associated to estrogen deficiency. Bone turnover: Bone tissue is in continuous turnover, however, changes in this process can result in some disorders, such as osteoporosis. Bone repair: Involves a sequence of biological events. It is affected by local and external factors and regulated by interaction of several mechanisms, like bone turnover. Estrogen deficiency and bone metabolism: The capacity to repair has been associated to changes in bone turnover and repair. DISCUSSION: It is not known which bone repair stage is modified: the bone formation, the mineralization or the resorption stage. CONCLUSION: The pathophysiology of bone changes caused by estrogen deficiency are not completely clear, so, new studies are still necessary.

Este estudo avaliou a influência da sinvastatina, administrada por via oral ou subcutânea, na reparação de defeitos ósseos em tíbia e nos níveis de colesterol sangüíneo, em ratos. Foram realizados defeitos cirúrgicos nas tíbias direitas de 40 ratos machos, distribuídos em 4 grupos (n=10), tomando-se como base duas vias de administração e o uso ou não de sinvastatina: injeção subcutânea de sinvastatina (7 mg/kg) (grupo AT) ou apenas do veículo de suspensão da droga (grupo AC), sobre a região do defeito, durante 5 dias; 20 mg/kg de sinvastatina (grupo BT) ou água filtrada (grupo BC) via oral, diariamente, durante todo o período de observação. Os animais foram sacrificados após 15 ou 30 dias, quando amostras sangüíneas foram colhidas para análise do nível de colesterol. As tíbias foram removidas e, após descalcificação e procedimentos laboratoriais de rotina, procedeu-se à análise histológica e histomorfométrica. Para avaliação estatística utilizou-se ANOVA com nível de significância de 5%. As análises histomorfométrica e histológica mostraram diferença entre os grupos apenas com relação ao período experimental (p<0,05), apresentando os melhores resultados os animais sacrificados em 30 dias (p<0,05). Quanto ao nível de colesterol sangüíneo, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos analisados (p>0,05). Concluiu-se que, nas condições utilizadas, a sinvastatina, administrada via oral ou subcutânea, não exerceu efeito estimulador sobre o reparo ósseo de defeitos experimentais em tíbias de ratos e não alterou os níveis de colesterol sangüíneo.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of simvastatin, by oral or subcutaneous administration, on tibial defects regeneration and blood cholesterol level in rats. A surgical defect was made on the right tibia of 40 male animals assigned to 4 groups (n=10), based on two routes of administration and on the use or not of simvastatin: subcutaneous injection of simvastatin (7 mg/kg) (group AT) or only the vehicle of drug suspension (group AC), above the defect area, for 5 days; and 20 mg/kg of simvastatin macerated on water (group BT) or only water (group BC), orally, daily, during the whole observation period. The animals were sacrificed after 15 or 30 days, when blood samples were analyzed to check plasma cholesterol levels. Tibiae were removed and, after decalcification and routine laboratorial processing, histological and histomorphometrical analyses were carried out. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis at 5% signficance level. The histological and histomorphometrical analyses showed significant differences only between the experimental periods (p<0.05). Animals sacrificed after 30 days showed better bone repair (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) for blood cholesterol levels between the groups. In conclusion, simvastatin administration either orally or subcutaneously did not improve bone repair of experimental tibial defects and did not alter blood cholesterol levels in rats.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da ausência de hormônios ovarianos induzida por ovariectomia como fator de risco para a doença periodontal em ratas. Quarenta ratas com idade de 90 dias foram submetidas a ovariectomia (OVX; n=20) ou cirurgia simulada (sham) (SHAM; n=20). Após 30 dias, ligaduras de algodão foram colocadas ao redor dos segundos molares superiores de 10 animais OVX e 10 animais SHAM. Cinco semanas após, todos os animais foram sacrificados. As ratas foram pesadas antes de todos os procedimentos cirúrgicos. As hemimaxilas esquerdas foram removidas e determinaram-se a porcentagem de suporte ósseo, através de radiografias, e a área de perda óssea alveolar, macroscopicamente, após maceração, com auxílio de programa computacional, além do grau de envolvimento de furca. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio de ANOVA com nível de significância de 5%. No período avaliado, as ratas ovariectomizadas apresentaram maior ganho de peso que aquelas submetidas à cirurgia simulada (sham) (p<0.001). As ratas em que foi induzida periodontite apresentaram suporte ósseo estatisticamente menor e maior perda óssea alveolar e envolvimento de furca que as demais (p<0.001). Porém, não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre os animais ovariectomizados e não-ovariectomizados (p>0.05). Com bases nos achados deste estudo, a deficiência de hormônios ovarianos não pôde ser considerada como fator de risco para a doença periodontal.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of ovariectomy-induced estrogen deficiency as a risk factor of periodontal disease in rats. Forty 90-day old female rats were either ovariectomized (OVX; n=20) or sham operated (SHAM; n=20). After 30 days, periodontitis was induced by placement of a cotton ligature around the upper second molars of 10 OVX and 10 SHAM animals. All animals were sacrificed 5 weeks later. Body weight was assessed before all surgical procedures. The left hemimaxillas were removed and the percentage of periodontal bone support was determined radiographically and buccal alveolar bone loss was determined macroscopically using an image-analysis software. Furcation involvement was also evaluated. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA at 5% significance level. Within the evaluated period, the ovariectomized rats gained more weight than the sham-operated animals (p<0.001). The animals in which periodontitis was induced had less bone support, greater alveolar bone loss and furcation involvement than those without ligature (p<0.001). However, there was no difference between ovariectomized and sham-operated animals (p>0.05). Based on the findings of this study, estrogen deficiency could not be considered as a risk factor for periodontal disease.