ABSTRACT: The selection of wheat genotypes according to their drought tolerance is essential to off-season cultivation. The objective of this work was to characterize wheat genotypes through yield and components, morphological characteristics under water stress, and irrigated water use efficiency in the Cerrado region in Brazil. Genotypes were planted during the winters of 2016 and 2017 since there is no precipitation during this season and water levels can be measured. They were then submitted to four water regimes: WR1, WR2, WR3, and WR4, representing 100 %, 83 %, 50 %, and 30 % of evapotranspiration replacement. The following variables were evaluated: peduncle length (PL), number of ears m−2 (NE m−2), hectoliter weight (HW), thousand grain weight (TGW), drought resistance index (DRI), irrigated water use efficiency (IWUE) and yield. Most variables showed correlation with yield and can be a useful tool for breeding programs. PL and HW were best correlated with yield. BRS 264 (irrigated biotype) was productive in treatments receiving the greatest number of irrigation treatments. Given that WR1 registered the highest water level, it was not expected that the rainfed biotype (BR18) would show a higher yield than an irrigated biotype (BRS254). BRS404 (rainfed biotype) was the most productive under moderate stress treatment (WR3). Aliança (rainfed biotype) showed a higher yield under severe stress. Rainfed biotypes presented a higher DRI than the irrigated ones. These genotypes can be used as a reference in breeding programs under each water regime in which their performance was outstanding. None of the variables studied contributed to the selection of the most efficient wheat genotypes in the IWUE.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do remineralizador de solo finos de mica xisto (FMS) na fisiologia, na produtividade e na qualidade de grãos de soja (Glycine max) em diferentes regimes hídricos (RHs), no Cerrado brasileiro. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo durante dois anos, tendo-se utilizado quatro RHs e três tratamentos: mica xisto, adubação convencional e controle. Em 2017 e 2018, foram avaliados os seguintes RHs: RH1, RH2, RH3 e RH4, que correspondiam ao valor médio de 100, 65, 44 e 28% da reposição da evapotranspiração da cultura, respectivamente. A fotossíntese, a condutância estomática, a transpiração, a concentração interna de CO2, o rendimento quântico efetivo do fotossistema II (FSII) (Fv’/Fm’), o rendimento quântico (FSII) (ᶲFSII) e a taxa de transporte de elétrons reduziram em função do avanço da fase fenológica da soja e da redução do RH. A qualidade dos grãos foi afetada apenas pelo RH. O mica xisto foi estatisticamente semelhante à adubação convencional e ao controle em 2017 e 2018. A produtividade reduziu devido à antecipação da idade fenológica da soja e do RH, mas não houve diferenças entre os três tratamentos em 2017 e 2018. A redução da produtividade da soja é atribuída ao fechamento estomático, à perda da capacidade fotoprotetora e aos danos ao maquinário fotossintético causados pela seca.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the soil remineralizer fine-graded mica schist (FMS) on soybean (Glycine max) physiology, yield, and grain quality under different water regimes (WRs) in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiment was conducted under field conditions for two years, using four WRs and three treatments: mica schist, conventional fertilization, and control. In 2017 and 2018, the following WRs were evaluated: WR1, WR2, WR3, and WR4, corresponding to a mean value of 100, 65, 44, and 28% of crop evapotranspiration replacement, respectively. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv’/Fm’), quantum yield (PSII) (ᶲFSII), and electron transport rate reduced as a function of the advanced phenological stage of soybean and the reduction in WR. Grain quality was only affected by the WR. The mica schist was statistically similar to conventional fertilization and the control in 2017 and 2018. Yield decreased due to the anticipation of soybean phenological age and WR, but there were no differences between the three treatments in 2017 and 2018. The reduction in soybean yield is attributed to stomatal closure, loss of photoprotective capacity, and damage to the photosynthetic machinery caused by drought.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica do crescimento das plantas de cobertura amaranto (Amaranthus cruentus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) em Latossolo Vermelho, sob diferentes regimes hídricos no Cerrado. O cultivo foi realizado no inverno, com pluviosidade reduzida, o que facilitou a aplicação de lâminas de irrigação nas diferentes culturas. No experimento foram avaliados regimes hídricos intitulados de inferior, médio inferior, médio superior e superior, correspondentes à aplicação respectiva de 217, 386, 563 e 647 mm de lâminas de água, por meio de uma barra irrigadora composta por aspersores de diferentes vazões. O crescimento das plantas foi quantificado mediante coletas com periodicidade semanal. O amaranto foi a planta mais responsiva à água. A quinoa apresentou o melhor desempenho no tratamento com nível de água médio superior entre as espécies avaliadas. O milheto apresentou sensibilidade térmica ao cultivo no inverno, o que inviabilizou a produção de grãos; porém, mostrou excepcional aptidão quanto à produção de biomassa, inclusive no tratamento com maior deficit hídrico.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth dynamics of the cover plants amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), and millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in a Typic Acrustox, under different water regimes in the Brazilian Cerrado. The cultivation was carried out in the winter, with reduced rainfall, which facilitated the application of varying irrigation depths to the different crops. Water regimes denominated lower, lower middle, upper middle, and upper - corresponding to 217, 386, 563, and 647 mm water depths, respectively - were tested by means of an irrigation bar composed of sprinklers with different flow rates. Plant growth was quantified by weekly collections. Amaranth was the most responsive plant to water. Quinoa showed the best performance in the treatment with the upper-middle water level among the other evaluated species. Millet showed thermal sensitivity for cultivation in the winter, making grain production unfeasible; however, it showed exceptional ability to produce biomass even in the treatment with higher water deficit.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes dosis de nitrógeno y cinco período de muestreo en la biomasa microbiana del complejo suelo - nitrogeno (BMS-N), nitrógeno total (N total) y la relación porcentual de la biomasa microbiana y N total (BMS-N/N total) en un Oxisol cultivado con cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.). El estudio se inició en junio de 2005 en la estación experimental de la Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa-Cerrados), Distrito Federal, Brazil. El experimento se dispuso en bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. Las parcelas recibieron dosis de nitrógeno: 20 - 40 - 80 kg/ha de N más un control sin N, y las subparcelas fueron el periodo de muestro. Las aplicaciones de N se realizaron de la forma siguiente: cinco días después de la siembra (dds) se aplicaron 10 kg/ha y el resto de la dosis se aplicó con fertirrigación en dos dosis 27 y 43 dds. Las muestras de suelo (0-10 cm de profundidad) para determinar BMS-N y N total fueron tomadas, 2 días antes e igual número de días después de la primera fertirrigación y 4 días antes y después de la última, en floración y después de la cosecha. No se encontró efecto de las dosis de N y el período de muestreo en el BMS-N, N total y en la relación BMS-N/N total. Los valores medios de N total fueron más estable en el corto plazo (ciclo de la cultivo) lo que indica que éste no es un buen parámetro para evaluar la dinámica del N y sus transformaciones en el sistema suelo-planta

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen doses and five period of sample collection, on soil microbial biomass - nitrogen (SMB-N), total nitrogen (total N) and percentual ratio of the microbial biomass and total N (SMB-N/total N) in a Oxisol cultivated with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The experiment was installed in June, 2005, in an area located at Embrapa Cerrados, Federal District. The experimental design was a randomized block, with three replicates. The plots received doses of nitrogen: 20 - 40 - 80 kg ha-1 N and a control without it and the subplots were period of soil sample. Three applications of N were realized: 10 kg ha-1 on the 5th day (06/14) after sowing; the rest of N was parceled in two applications with fertigation, on tillage, on the 27th (07/08) DAP, e no 43rd (07/22) DAP. Soil samples layer (0 - 10 cm deep) were collected for (SMB-N) determination and total N in six periods: 02 days before of the first fertigation; 02 days after of the first fertigation; 04 days before of the last fertigation and 04 days after of the last fertigation; on flowering stage and after harvesting. There was effect of the doses of N and the period of soil collection on the SMB-N, total N and in the ratio SMB-N/total N. The average values of total N revealed steadier in short-term (cycle of the culture) and this was not a good parameter to evaluate the behavior and N transformations in the soil-plant system

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a diversidade genética de genótipos‑elite de cevada irrigada no Cerrado. Trinta genótipos‑elite de cevada, da coleção de trabalho da Embrapa Cerrados, foram avaliados com base em 160 marcadores moleculares RAPD, 12 características agronômicas relacionadas aos componentes de produção e 10 características de qualidade malteira. As matrizes de dissimilaridade genética foram calculadas com base nos marcadores moleculares e em caracteres quantitativos e qualitativos, e as análises de agrupamento foram realizadas com o método da média aritmética não ponderada (UPGMA) como critério de agrupamento. Observou-se elevada diversidade genética entre os acessos. As dissimilaridades genéticas estimadas estiveram fracamente correlacionadas entre si, o que evidenciou a complementaridade dos diferentes grupos de características. A utilização de índices de seleção e a análise de dispersão gráfica permitiram a seleção de genótipos promissores e a indicação de cruzamentos apropriados para maximizar os efeitos heteróticos no programa de melhoramento genético da cevada irrigada no Cerrado.

The objective of this work was to quantify the genetic diversity of elite genotypes of irrigated barley in the Brazilian savanna. Thirty elite barley genotypes from Embrapa Cerrados' collection were evaluated using 160 RAPD markers, 12 agronomic traits related to yield components, and 10 malting quality parameters. The genetic dissimilarity matrices based on molecular markers, quantitative traits, and malting quality characters were calculated and a cluster analysis was performed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) as grouping criterion. High genetic diversity among accessions were observed. The estimated genetic dissimilarities were weakly correlated, showing the complementarity of the different character groups. Selection indices and graphical dispersion analysis allowed the selection of promising genotypes and the indication of suitable crosses for maximizing the heterotic effects in breeding programs for irrigated barley in the Brazilian savanna.

Insect pests have not been recorded for amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) in Brazil. Generalized plant lodging was observed after the grain-filling period in an irrigated commercial amaranth crop (7 ha), located in Cristalina, state of Goiás (Brazil), which was cultivated between Aug. and Dec. 2009. Almost all sampled plants presented internal galleries bored by lepidopteran larvae. The larvae were reared, and the adults were identified as Herpetogramma bipunctalis (F.) (Crambidae). This is the first report of an insect pest causing significant damage in a commercial amaranth crop in Brazil, which indicates the need to develop pest management strategies in order to support the increased production in Brazil.

Em razão da grande importância do nitrogênio na nutrição mineral das plantas, instalou-se um experimento em condições de campo em um Latossolo Vermelho, no ano agrícola 2005, no campo experimental da Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina (DF), com o objetivo de realizar a calibração de métodos de determinação desse nutriente no solo para a cultura do trigo. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com seis repetições, e os tratamentos foram seis doses de N: 0, 70, 140, 210, 280 e 350 kg ha-1. Amostras de solo das camadas de 0-20 e 20-40 cm foram retiradas, e três diferentes extratores químicos foram utilizados para avaliação da disponibilidade de N no solo. Os maiores coeficientes de determinação, obtidos pela regressão quadrática entre a produtividade do trigo e o N do solo extraído pelos diferentes extratores, foram observados nas análises das amostras da camada de 0-20 cm, de acordo com a seguinte ordem: KCl 2 mol L-1 a 100 °C (R2 = 0,997**) > H2O2/MnO2 (R² = 0,992**) > tampão pH 11,2 + NO3- (R² = 0,985**) > tampão pH 11,2 (R² = 0,960**). Os elevados valores dos coeficientes de determinação indicam que a camada de 0-20 cm é a mais recomendada em análises de rotina de N no solo para o trigo. Considerando a simplicidade de análise e o elevado coeficiente de determinação, o método da solução-tampão pH 11,2 + NO3- pode ser indicado para análise de rotina de N no solo. Os níveis críticos econômicos de N no solo calculados pelos diferentes extratores químicos, para as relações preço do quilograma de N/preço do quilograma do trigo de 5 a 7, foram: 90 a 68 mg kg-1 (H2O2/MnO2), 87 a 66 mg kg-1 (KCl 2M a 100 ºC), 81 a 62 mg kg-1 (tampão pH 11,2 + NO3-) e 64 a 47 mg kg-1 (tampão pH 11,2). Já os níveis críticos calculados pelo método matemático de Cate - Nelson foram: 94 mg kg-1 (H2O2/MnO2), 90 mg kg-1 (KCl 2M a 100 ºC), 82 mg kg-1 (tampão pH 11,2 + NO3-) e 61 mg kg-1 (tampão pH 11,2).

Nitrogen is a plant nutrient of great importance. To determine optimum N levels for wheat, a field trial was carried out in a Red Latosol, during the winter of 2005, at Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina (DF - Brazil). The experiment was set up in a randomized block design, with six replications and the treatments consisted of six N doses (0, 70, 140, 210, 280 and 350 kg ha-1). Soil samples were collected in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers and three different chemical extractors were used to estimate N availability. Highest determination coefficients were obtained by a quadratic regression between wheat yield and soil N extracted by the different extractors from samples of the 0-20 cm layer, in the following order: KCl 2 mol L-1 a 100 °C (R2 = 0,997**) > H2O2/MnO2 (R² = 0,992**) > buffer pH 11,2 + NO3- (R² = 0,985**) > buffer pH 11,2 (R² = 0,960**). The high determination coefficients suggest that the 0-20 cm layer is the most appropriate for routine N analysis for wheat. The buffer pH 11.2 + NO3- solution can be recommended for routine N analysis, because of its simplicity and high determination coefficient. The economic critical levels for soil N calculated for the different chemical extractors, at a price ratio of 5 to 7 (kg kg-1 of N wheat) were 90 to 68 mg kg-1 (H2O2/MnO2), 87 to 66 mg kg-1 (KCl 2 mol L-1 at 100 °C), 81 to 62 mg kg-1 (buffer pH 11.2 + NO3-) and 64 to 47 mg kg-1 (buffer pH 11.2). The critical levels calculated by the Cate-Nelson mathematical method were 94 mg kg-1 (H2O2/MnO2), 90 mg kg-1 (KCl 2 mol L-1 at 100 °C), 82 mg kg-1 (buffer pH 11.2 + NO3-) and 61 mg kg-1 (buffer pH 11.2).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade de genótipos de trigo irrigado, nas condições do Cerrado do Brasil Central. O rendimento de grãos de cinco cultivares e nove linhagens de trigo irrigado foram aferidos no ensaio de valor de cultivo e uso. Os ensaios foram conduzidos nos anos de 2005 e 2006, em seis locais em Minas Gerais, três em Goiás e um no Distrito Federal. Os dados de rendimento de grãos foram submetidos à análise de variância individual e à análise de variância conjunta, para a estimativa dos parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Verificaram-se diferenças significativas, entre os genótipos, em 14 dos 16 ambientes avaliados. Nenhum dos genótipos avaliados apresentou o comportamento ideal preconizado pelo método de Cruz e colaboradores. Destacaram-se a cultivar BRS 264 e a linhagem CPAC 02167, pela superioridade em todas as condições do Cerrado do Brasil Central (adaptabilidade geral). Entre os demais genótipos avaliados, destacaram-se as cultivares BRS 207 e EMBRAPA 22, responsivas à melhoria das condições ambientais, e as cultivares BRS 254 e EMBRAPA 42, pela adaptabilidade específica a ambientes desfavoráveis ao cultivo de trigo irrigado.

The aim of this work was to estimate the adaptability and stability of irrigated wheat genotypes under conditions of Central Brazil savannah area. Grain yield of five cultivars and nine lines of irrigated wheat was measured in assays of cultivation value and use. The assays were conducted during the years 2005 and 2006, in six locations in Minas Gerais State, three in Goiás State and one in Federal District. The data of grain yield were submitted to individual and joint ANOVA, in order to estimate the adaptability and stability parameters. Significant differences were detected between genotypes in 14 of the 16 locations evaluated. None of the evaluated genotypes have presented the behavior predicted by the method of Cruz and collaborators. Cultivar BRS 264 and the CPAC 02167 lineage were superior in all the tested conditions in the Central Brazil savannah (general adaptability). Among the other evaluated genotypes, it can be highlighted the responsiveness of the cultivars BRS 207 and EMBRAPA 22 to the improvement of environmental conditions, and the specific fitness of BRS 254 and EMBRAPA 42 cultivars to environments unfavorable to irrigated wheat.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada no nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana do solo (N BMS), em diferentes profundidades, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo cultivado com cevada. O experimento foi instalado em junho de 2004, em área experimental de primeiro ano de plantio direto, anteriormente cultivada com milheto por três anos e posteriormente com soja por duas safras. Foram utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: quatro doses de nitrogênio (30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1) e o controle sem adubação nitrogenada. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em quatro profundidades: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, com três repetições e em três épocas: perfilhamento pleno, floração e logo após a colheita. O N BMS e a razão N BMS:Ntotal diminuíram com a profundidade. Doses mais elevadas de nitrogênio não aumentaram o N BMS. O Ntotal não foi alterado nas diferentes doses de nitrogênio, mas diminuiu com a profundidade. Houve correlação negativa entre o N BMS e o pH do solo em todas as doses de nitrogênio, com exceção na dose zero. Houve também, correlação positiva entre a razão N BMS:Ntotal e o N BMS, porém não entre a razão N BMS:Ntotal e o Ntotal.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen doses and soil depths on soil microbial biomass nitrogen (N SMB) in a sandy textured Oxisol, cultivated with barley. The experiment was established in June, 2004, in an area which had been cultivated with millet for three years and subsequently with soya beans for two seasons. The treatments were four doses of nitrogen (30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1) and a control without any dose. Soil samples were collected in four depths: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, comprising three replicates and three sampling periods: tillering, flowering and right after the harvest. The N SMB and N SMB:Ntotal decreased according to depth. Higher doses of nitrogen did not increase the N SMB. The Ntotal was not altered with the application of nitrogen, but it decreased with depth. There were negative correlations between the N SMB and soil pH for all the doses, except for the treatment without nitrogen. There were also positive correlations between the N SMB:Ntotal and N SMB, but not between N SMB:Ntotal and Ntotal.

Foram realizados testes em meio de cultivo acidificado para avaliar a tolerância de 59 estirpes de Bradyrhizobium sp. isolados de Mimosoideae. As culturas, por via de regra, apresentaram crescimento rápido e alcalinização do meio. Das estirpes testadas, dez apresentaram crescimento em meio com valor de pH 4,6 (três, crescimento rápido; um, médio e seis, lento). Destas, oito não induziram alteração visual na cor do indicador bromotimol-azul incluído no meio. A estirpe SMS-513, uma entre essas oito, promoveu acidificação no meio com valor de pH 6,2, sendo considerada tolerante à acidez. Algumas estirpes cresceram em meio de cultura acidificado, somente com alta concentração inicial de células.

Fifty-nine Bradyrhizobium sp. strains isolated from Mimosoideae subfamily of Leguminosae were tested on acidified agar medium. Most strains were found to be fast growing and alcalinized the medium. Ten strains grew on pH 4.6; out of them, three were fast growing, six were slow growing and one was intermediate. Eight of the tested strains did not induce visual changes in the bromothymol-blue indicator. The strain SMS-513 acidified the medium with pH 6.2, and was considered acid tolerant.