RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a composição centesimal e a cinética de secagem de pinhões doces em comparação com pinhões típicos de Araucaria angustifolia. Este estudo baseia-se na composição centesimal, cor e duração da secagem dos pinhões de ambos os tipos e na influência da temperatura e da geometria de corte no processo de desidratação. Os pinhões doces apresentaram menor valor calorífico e conteúdo de carboidratos. Por outro lado, apresentaram maior teor de lipídios, fibras alimentares, proteínas e cinzas quando comparados aos pinhões típicos. A cor dos pinhões doces é rosa claro, enquanto o pinhão típico é branco amarelado. Os pinhões doces também são mais macios. A cinética de secagem das sementes se enquadra bem nos modelos logístico e de Thompson. Para acelerar as taxas de secagem, recomendamos fatiar os pinhões em seções finas e secá-los a temperaturas de 60 °C para pinhões típicos e 70 °C para pinhões doces.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to determine the proximate composition and kinetics drying of sweet pine nuts compared to typical pine nuts of Araucaria angustifolia. This study is based on the proximate components, color, and duration of pine nuts drying of both types, and the influence of temperature and cutting geometry on the dehydration process. Sweet pine nuts had lower calorific value and carbohydrate content, but higher lipid, dietary fiber, protein, and ash contents when compared to typical pine nuts. Color of sweet pine nuts is light pink whereas the typical pine nut is yellowish-white. Sweet pine nuts were also softer. Drying kinetics of the seeds fit well into the logistic and Thompson models. To accelerate drying rates, we recommend slicing pine nuts into thin cross-sections and drying them at temperatures of 60 °C for typical pine nuts and 70 °C for sweet pine nuts.

Abstract Introduction Speech tests such as logoaudiometry measure the ability to perceive and recognize oral sounds. The Speech Recognition Index (SRI) is one of the speech tests adopted in clinical routine; it uses standardized live voice and recorded speeches. The live voice speech method can be influenced by intra and interspeaker variability, as well as by regionalism variability, whereas recorded tests show consistency in their presentation. Objective Analyzing results of the SRI test applied to live voiceand recorded speeches from Paraná State, in different Brazilian counties. Method The sample comprised 125 individuals, 25 fromeach county (Rio de Janeiro, Florianópolis, Porto Alegre, Salvador and Curitiba), from both sexes, in the age group 20 to 70 years; the SRI was applied in both techniques. Results The recorded speech method showed prevalence of hit improvement in Rio de Janeiro (40%), Salvador, Porto Alegre and Florianópolis (28%). Individuals from Salvador and Florianópolis subjected to the recorded speech method showed better results in the left ear. Individuals from Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre showed satisfactory results in both ears, whereas those from Curitiba did not show statistically significant difference between the left and the right ear. Conclusion The recorded CD application method showed prevalence of hit improvement (%) in the SRI responses in comparison to the live voice speech technique in most of the studied counties. According to the hit rate measured in the herein investigated counties, Rio de Janeiro showed the best results in the recorded speech method.

Abstract Introduction Even people with normal hearing may have difficulties locating a sound source in unfavorable sound environments where competitive noise is intense. Objective To develop, describe, validate and establish the normality curve of the sound localization test. Method The sample consisted of 100 healthy subjects with normal hearing, > 18 years old,who agreed to participate in the study. The sound localization testwas applied after the subjects underwent a tonal audiometry exam. For this purpose, a calibrated free field test environment was set up. Then, 30 randompure tones were presented in 2 speakers placed at 45° (on the right and on the left sides of the subject), and the noise was presented froma 3rd speaker, placed at 180°. The noise was presented in 3 hearing situations: optimal listening condition (no noise), noise in relation to 0 dB, and noise in relation to - 10 dB. The subject was asked to point out the side where the pure tone was being perceived, even in the presence of noise. Results All of the 100 participants performed the test in an average time of 99 seconds. The average score was 21, the medium score was 23, and the standard deviation was 3.05. Conclusion The sound localization test proved to be easy to set-up and to apply. The results obtained in the validation of the test suggest that individuals with normal hearing should locate 70% of the presented stimuli. The test can constitute an important instrument in the measurement of noise interference in the ability to locate the sound.

Abstract Introduction Cochlear implants are currently the most effective technological resource to facilitate access to the hearing world for deaf people. Their use, especially when implanted early in children, reduces the impact of deafness on hearing as well as on the development of spoken language. Objective To validate the first part of the Brazilian Scale of Hearing and Language Development (EDAL-1, in the Portuguese acronym) and to establish the normal curve in infants and children aged between 0 and 24 months old with normal hearing. Method This is an experimental study of a descriptive nature, conducted with 92 infants and children with normal hearing. Every infant/child was evaluated audiologically, and the EDAL-1 was applied to their parents. The responses were categorized by applying the EDAL-1 every 3 months for each child. Results The EDAL-1 was shown to be easily applied by the researcher and easily understood by the parents. It was possible to classify the sample every 3 months and describe the results. The average of the responses found in terms of scores for each age category shows an increasing scale following the evolution of the chronological age: 3 months-34.23 points; 6 months-54.68 points; 9 months-73 points; 12 months- 82.5 points; 15 months-87 points; 18 months-91 points; 21 months-92.5 points, and 24 months-95.83 points. Conclusion The normal curve for EDAL-1 was successfully established. The averages can be considered as the standard protocol for normality, serving as a reference for comparison with other populations.

Abstract Introduction Dichotic listening refers to the ability to hear different sounds presented to each ear simultaneously. Objective The aim of the present study was to assess dichotic listening in women throughout the menstrual cycle. Methods The volunteers who met the eligibility criteria participated in a dichotic listening assessment composed of three tests: 1) staggered spondaic word test; 2) dichotic digits test; and 3) consonant-vowel test. The female participants were tested during two different phases of the menstrual cycle: the follicular (days 11 to 13) and luteal (days 23 to 26) phases. The phases were confirmed by measuring serum levels of the hormone estradiol. Results A total of 20 volunteers aged 18 to 49 years participated in the study (9 females and 11 males). In test 1, only the right ear of females showed better performance during the follicular phase (high estrogen levels), compared with the luteal phase (low estrogen levels); in test 2, there were no significant differences for any of the groups; and in test 3, both males and females showed significantly better performance in their right ear compared with their left ear. Conclusion The better performance of females during the follicular phase of the cycle may indicate that estrogen levels might have an influence on dichotic listening in women.

Abstract Introduction Pitch-matching refers to the ability to vocally reproduce an acoustic model in a corresponding tone to the presented sound. This ability, which is dependent on pitch perception ability, can vary among individuals, and some are not able to sing in the correct tune or discriminate differences between tones. Objective To correlate pitch-matching accuracy and auditory processing in individuals without musical training. Methods A Pitch-Matching Test (vocal reproduction of synthesized and human voice sounds) and two commercially available tests of auditory temporal processing (the Pitch Pattern Sequence Test and the Random Gap DetectionTest) were administered to all participants. A total of 62 college students of both genders, aged between 18 and 35 years old, were divided into 2 groups, according to their performances in the Pitch- Matching Test (the accurate match group and the inaccurate match group). Results In the Pitch-Matching Test, both groups achieved better results when reproducing vocalized sounds. The accurate match group achieved a significantly higher pitch pattern sequence test performance. In the Random Gap Detection Test analysis, there were no differences between the two groups. The Pearson’s chi-squared test showed a direct correlation between the Pitch-Matching Test and the Pitch Pattern Sequence Test. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest the existence of a significant relationship between temporal auditory processing and pitch-matching, through which accurate pitch-matching individuals perform better in the Pitch Pattern Sequence Test. Inaccurate pitch-matching individuals may be skilled at discriminating pitch, despite their poor performance in the Pitch-Matching Test.

RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar o desempenho auditivo e de linguagem oral em crianças implantadas com menos de dois anos de idade auditiva, por meio da Escala de Desenvolvimento de Audição e Linguagem (EDAL-1) e comparar os resultados aos de crianças ouvintes até 2 anos de idade. Métodos Estudo experimental de caráter descritivo. Participaram 141 crianças, divididas em dois grupos: grupo controle, com 92 normo-ouvintes, e grupo experimental, com 49 crianças surdas acompanhadas audiologicamente, durante os dois primeiros anos após a implantação. As normo-ouvintes passaram por avaliação auditiva e os pais responderam ao questionário EDAL-1. As crianças implantadas passaram por avaliação otorrinolaringológica e fonoaudiológica a cada três meses e os pais responderam ao EDAL-1. Resultados Nos dois grupos foram observadas respostas ascendentes, com melhora de acordo com o aumento da idade cronológica. Os resultados obtidos no grupo experimental foram estatisticamente piores que no grupo controle, porém, com tendência de crescimento. O EDAL-1 mostrou-se de fácil aplicação e permitiu o monitoramento do desempenho das crianças implantadas. Conclusão O desempenho auditivo e de linguagem oral em crianças surdas, usuárias de implante coclear, foi caracterizado pelo EDAL-1 e mostrou-se em crescimento, conforme o aumento do tempo de estimulação auditiva, fato também observado nas crianças ouvintes. Apesar disso, os resultados das crianças ouvintes foram melhores que os das crianças surdas implantadas.

ABSTRACT Purpose To characterize Auditory and oral language performance in children under 2 years of age with Hearing and Language Development Scale (EDAL-1) and to compare the results to those of hearing children up to two years of age. Methods This is an experimental study of descriptive nature. A total of 141 children were divided into two groups: control group with 92 normal hearing, and the experimental group with 49 deaf children followed audiologically during the first two years after implantation. Normal hearing children underwent auditory assessment and parents responded to EDAL-1. The children implanted, every three months, underwent otorhinolaryngological and speech-language evaluation, and the parents answered EDAL-1. Results In both groups we observed upward responses, with improvement as chronological and auditory age increases. Results obtained in the study group are statistically worse than in the control group, but with a tendency to grow. EDAL-1 was easy to apply and allowed to monitor the performance of the implanted children. Conclusion Oral and auditory performance in deaf children with cochlear implants was characterized by EDAL-1, and it was shown to be growing as the time of auditory stimulation increased, a fact also seen in hearing children. Despite this, the results of the hearing children were better than those of the deaf children implanted.

Resumo Introdução: Em situações ideais de escuta, indivíduos com audição normal conseguem fazer e reconhecer a fala facilmente. Porém, na presença de ruído competitivo, é comum as pessoas sentirem dificuldades de compreensão, principalmente se tiverem perda auditiva. Objetivo: Apresentar a validação do teste de reconhecimento de palavras em campo livre na presença do ruído em indivíduos adultos normo-ouvintes. Método: A amostra foi composta por 100 sujeitos hígidos, com audição normal e maiores de 18 anos. Depois da audiometria tonal foi aplicado teste de reconhecimento da fala, com monossílabos e dissílabos, em campo livre, com material padronizado, em três situações de escuta: condição ótima de audição (sem ruído), com ruído em relação de 0 dB e com ruído em relação de −10 dB. Para tanto, montou-se um ambiente de teste em campo livre calibrado, no qual a fala foi apresentada ao indivíduo em teste com duas caixas acústicas a 45° e o ruído em uma terceira a 180°. Resultados: Todos os participantes tiveram resultados de logoaudiometria em campo livre entre 88 e 100% nas três situações de escuta. Conclusão: O teste de reconhecimento de palavras em campo livre na presença do ruído mostrou-se de fácil organização e aplicação. Os resultados obtidos na validação do teste sugerem que indivíduos com audição normal devem acertar entre 88 e 100% dos estímulos apresentados. O teste pode configurar um instrumento importante na mensuração da interferência do ruído sobre as habilidades de percepção de fala.

Abstract Introduction: In ideal listening situations, subjects with normal hearing can easily understand speech, as can many subjects who have a hearing loss. Objective: To present the validation of the Word Recognition Test in a Free Field in the Presence of Noise in normal-hearing adults. Methods: Sample consisted of 100 healthy adults over 18 years of age with normal hearing. After pure tone audiometry, a speech recognition test was applied in free field condition with monosyllables and disyllables, with standardized material in three listening situations: optimal listening condition (no noise), with a signal to noise ratio of 0 dB and a signal to noise ratio of −10 dB. For these tests, an environment in calibrated free field was arranged where speech was presented to the subject being tested from two speakers located at 45°, and noise from a third speaker, located at 180°. Results: All participants had speech audiometry results in the free field between 88% and 100% in the three listening situations. Conclusion: Word Recognition Test in Free Field in the Presence of Noise proved to be easy to be organized and applied. The results of the test validation suggest that individuals with normal hearing should get between 88% and 100% of the stimuli correct. The test can be an important tool in measuring noise interference on the speech perception abilities.

Abstract Introduction Nowadays noise remains the third largest cause of environmental pollution on Earth. It appears that despite the existing noise control legislation the issue deserves further supervision by the public authorities so that the ceilings established for the various activities are observed. People exposed to noise are more likely to develop numerous auditory and non-auditory problems directly impacting persona family and working life. Objectives The objective of this study is to research and consequently understand how the population of students of a youth and adult school in Curitiba perceives noise pollution as well as look into the actions that the school adopts in order to guide the students on the topic. Method We applied a structured questionnaire to 120 individuals and assessed the following variables: characterization of the place of residence occupation leisure health and perception of soundscapes. We also applied a closed questionnaire about educational actions for noise pollution to the school’s geography teacher. Results Questionnaire responses show that people perceive noise in the most diverse environments they frequent and are able to identify the source of the noise but this perception proved fragile as themajority does not takemeasures to prevent ormitigate these noises. At school there are no actions aimed at environmental education on the subject studied. Conclusion The studied group does not perceive the noise as a harmful agent and does not prevent themselves from it and the school not work contents related to noise pollution leaving a significant gap in the awareness process of this population.

Abstract Introduction The impact of auditory sensory deprivation in the life of an individual is enormous because it not only affects one's ability to properly understand auditory information, but also the way people relate to their environment and their culture. The monitoring of adult and elderly subjects with hearing loss is intended to minimize the difficulties and handicaps that occur as a consequence of this pathology. Objective To evaluate the level of user satisfaction with hearing aids. Methods A clinical and experimental study involving 91 elderly hearing aid users. We used the questionnaire Satisfaction with Amplification in Daily Life to determine the degree of the satisfaction provided by hearing aids. We evaluated mean global score, subscales, as well as the variables time to use, age, and degree of hearing loss. Results Mean global score was 4.73, the score for Positive Effects 5.45, Negative Factors 3.2, demonstrating that they were satisfied; Services and Costs 5.98: very satisfied ; 3.65 Personal Image: dissatisfied. We observed statistically significant difference for the time of hearing aid use, age, and degree of hearing loss. Conclusion The SADL is a tool, simple and easy to apply and in this study we can demonstrate the high degree of satisfaction with the hearing aids by themajority of the sample collected, increasing with time of use and a greater degree of hearing loss.

RESUMO Introdução A audição binaural é a condição adequada que permite ao ouvinte a dimensão de profundidade e sonoridade necessárias à percepção do mundo sonoro. Objetivo Determinar, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, quais os benefícios que as próteses auditivas implantáveis trazem para indivíduos adultos que possuem perda auditiva unilateral, no que se refere às habilidades de localização da fonte sonora e do reconhecimento de fala na presença do ruído. Estratégia de pesquisa Foram utilizadas combinações de sete descritores em português, indexados no Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS), e em inglês, indexados no Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), sendo eles: Adulto, Perda Auditiva Unilateral, Auxiliares de Audição, Condução Óssea, Implante Coclear, Idoso, Reabilitação Adult, Hearing Loss Unilateral, Bone Conduction, Cochlear Implantation, Rehabilitation, Elderly e Hearing Aid . Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed , Cochrane , LILACS e Science Direct de artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2005 e setembro de 2015. Critérios de seleção Participantes da pesquisa com mais de 18 anos de idade, com perda auditiva unilateral, que utilizavam prótese auditiva implantável (prótese auditiva ancorada no osso ou implante coclear) e que tivessem sido submetidos à avaliação de localização da fonte sonora ou desempenho de reconhecimento de fala na presença de ruído, antes e depois da implantação. Resultados Dos 21 artigos analisados, sete foram experimentais, seis prospectivos, três descritivos, quatro séries de casos e um estudo de caso. Conclusão Apesar da grande heterogeneidade clínica observada entre os estudos que avaliaram a reabilitação auditiva de pacientes com perda auditiva unilateral, é possível concluir que o implante coclear fornece melhores resultados, tanto para a habilidade de localização da fonte sonora, como do reconhecimento de fala na presença de ruído.

ABSTRACT Introduction The binaural hearing is the proper condition that allows the listener the depth dimension and sonority necessary to the perception of the soundworld. Objective To determine, through a systematic review, the benefits that implantable hearing aids bring to adult individuals who have unilateral hearing loss in terms of localization of sound source and speech recognition in the presence of noise. Research strategy Were used combinations of seven Portuguese descriptors indexed in Health Sciences (DeCS), and in English indexed in the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), being: Adult, Unilateral Hearing Loss, Hearing Aids, Bone Conduction, Cochlear Implant We conducted a survey of the PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS, and Science Direct databases of articles published between January 2005 and September 2015. Selection criteria Survey participants over 18 years old with unilateral hearing loss, who used implantable hearing aid bone anchored hearing aids or cochlear implantation) and who had been submitted to the evaluation of the location of the sound source or performance of speech recognition in the presence of noise before and After implantation. Results Of the 21 articles analyzed, seven were experimental; six were prospective, three descriptive, four case series and one case study. Conclusion Despite the great clinical heterogeneity observed among the studies that evaluated the auditory rehabilitation of patients with unilateral hearing loss, it is possible to conclude that the cochlear implant provides better results both for the localization of the sound source and for speech recognition in the presence of noise.

Abstract Introduction Law 12.303/10 requires hearing screening in newborns before hospital discharge to detect possible hearing problems within the first three months after birth. If the newborn fails the test or presents signs of risk for hearing loss, it must undergo a retest and monitoring during the first year of life. In practice, this often does not happen. Objective To identify, in a group of mothers of children with risk factors for hearing loss, the determining reasons for non-compliance with the auditory retest. Method This is a cross-sectional quantitative study. For data collection, we handed a semi-structured questionnaire to 60 mothers of babies at risk for hearing loss who did not attend the hearing retest after hospital discharge. The questionnaire investigated their age, education, marital status, level of knowledge about the hearing screening, and reasons for non-compliance with the retest. We compared and analyzed data using the Chi-square test at a significance level of 0.05 %. Results Our study found that 63% of the respondents were unaware of the hearing screening and most did not receive guidance on testing during prenatal care; 30% of participants stated forgetting as the reason for not attending the retest. There was no significant relationship between age, education, and marital status regarding knowledge about the test and the non-compliance with the retest. Conclusion Identified as the most significant determining factors for non-compliance with the newborn hearing screening retest were the surveyed mothers' forgetting the date, and their ignorance as to the importance of retesting.

Abstract Introduction Agricultural aviation pilots, exposed daily to intense vibration and noise, are likely to develop noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of audiograms consistent with NIHL in agricultural aviation pilots who use earplugs and helmets. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional cohort and observational study. The data were taken from the medical records and audiograms of 94 pilots. Results NIHL was identified in 9.5% of individuals with hearing loss by audiograms at 3,000, 4,000, or 6,000 Hz. Normal audiograms were observed in 46.8% of pilots surveyed. Bilateral hearing loss was more frequent than unilateral hearing loss, occurring in 64.8% of cases. Conclusion Although there was a low incidence of audiograms compatible with NIHL in the records of the pilots examined, the disorder still occurs despite the doubled use of individual hearing protection equipment (helmets and earplugs) for agricultural aviation pilots. Nevertheless, even with the use of earplugs and helmets as noise protectors, the data showed that agricultural pilots suffer inner ear damage caused by occupational noise. Prevention and periodic audiologic evaluations must be conducted in noiseexposed occupational groups.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar e correlacionar os achados audiométricos de altas frequências (9-16 kHz) em adolescentes com seus hábitos e atitudes de audição para prevenir perda auditiva induzida por ruído. Método: Este é um estudo transversal descritivo que incluiu 125 adolescentes em uma amostra de alunos ouvintes em uma escola estadual. Os indivíduos foram submetidos a testes de audiometria de altas frequências e responderam a um questionário autoadministrado que abordava informações sobre hábitos sonoros com relação ao uso de MP3 players. A amostra foi dividida de acordo com as características de exposição (tempo, duração, intensidade etc.) e os resultados foram comparados com os limites observados, por meio dos testes de diferença de proporções, qui-quadrado, t de Student e análise de variância (Anova), todos em um nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: Foi registrada média de limiares de altas frequências abaixo de 15 dB HL e não foi encontrada correção significativa entre os achados audiométricos de altas frequências e o grau de exposição. Conclusão: A prevalência de hábitos sonoros prejudiciais devido ao uso de MP3 players é alta na população adolescente, porém não houve correlação entre a exposição a altos níveis de pressão sonora por meio de MP3 players e os limiares de altas frequências nessa população.

Abstract Objective: To analyze and correlate the audiometric findings of high frequencies (9–16 kHz) in adolescents with their hearing habits and attitudes, in order to prevent noise-induced hearing loss. Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, which included 125 adolescents in a sample of normal-hearing students, at a state school. The subjects performed high-frequency audiometry testing and answered a self-administered questionnaire addressing information on sound habits concerning the use of personal stereo devices. The sample was divided according to the exposure characteristics (time, duration, intensity, etc.) and the results were compared with the observed thresholds, through the difference in proportions test, chi-squared, Student's t-test, and ANOVA, all at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Average high-frequency thresholds were registered below 15 dB HL and no significant correlation was found between high frequency audiometric findings and the degree of exposure. Conclusion: The prevalence of harmful sound habits due to the use of personal stereo devices is high in the adolescent population, but there was no correlation between exposure to high sound pressure levels through personal stereos and the high-frequency thresholds in this population.

Resumo INTRODUÇÃO: A incorporação de tecnologias no cuidado dos recém-nascidos contribui para o aumento da sobrevivência, porém, transformou as unidades neonatais em locais muito ruidosos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos fisiológicos e funcionais decorrentes de exposição a ruídos em uma unidade neonatal em recém-nascidos de baixo peso em incubadora. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo, de caráter observacional, de abordagem quantitativa e natureza descritiva exploratória. O método estatístico utilizado foi o de tabelas de frequência, estatística descritiva e o teste t de student pareado, ao nível de significância de 0,05. Como instrumento de coleta dos dados foi avaliado o ruído ambiental e no interior das incubadoras e utilizada a escala assessment of preterm infant behavior para avaliação do comportamento dos bebês prematuros e projetada especificamente para documentar o funcionamento neurocomporta-mental dos bebês pré-termo. A coleta dos dados aconteceu no período de setembro de 2012 a abril de 2013 e foram observados 61 recém-nascidos de baixo peso em incubadora internados na unidade neonatal. RESULTADOS: Verifica-se a existência de diferenças significativas na variável frequência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio frente à exposição a ruídos. CONCLUSÃO: Recém-nascidos de baixo peso em incubadora apresentam alterações fisiológicas quando se encontram em desconforto causado pelo ruído ambiente de unidades neonatais.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The incorporation of technologies in the care of infants has contributed to increased survival; however, this has turned neonatal unit into a noisy environment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the physiological and functional effects resulting from the exposure to noise on low-weight newborns in incubators in a neonatal unit. METHODS: Prospective, observational, quantitative, exploratory, descriptive study. The adopted statistical method included tables of frequency, descriptive statistics, and Student's t-test, with a 0.05 level of significance. As data collection tools, the environmental noise and the noise inside of the incubator were evaluated, and the Assessment of Preterm Infant Behavior scale was used to assess premature newborn behavior and projected specifically to document the neurobehavioral functioning of preterm infants. The data collection occurred from September of 2012 to April of 2013; 61 low-weight newborns admitted in the neonatal unit and in incubators were observed. RESULTS: Significant differences in the variables heart rate and oxygen saturation were noted when newborns were exposed to noise. CONCLUSION: Low-weight neonates in incubators present physiological alterations when facing discomfort caused by environmental noise in neonatal units.