Abstract Introduction: Positive mental health involves a mix of personal and psychosocial resources, as well as attitudes, affections, and positive behaviors that allow the person to face the challenges that arise in life, at a personal, family, social, and school level. Objective: Determine the association between personal factors and positive mental health in high school students during COVID-19. Methodology: Descriptive correlational study. Intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The sample consisted of 210 students of both sexes, ages 15 to 19, enrolled in cycle 2022-1 of the morning shift. Adolescents with visual conditions were excluded. A personal factors study and Positive Mental Health Scale were applied, with prior assent and informed consent. The statistical analysis was descriptive and inferential Results: The students were 64.8% female, 76.1% were under 17 years of age, 53.3% were in the sixth semester, 42% presented COVID-19 and 45% reported losses due to COVID-19. Global positive mental health was low in 50.5% of students. There was a significant positive statistical association in overall positive mental health with sex p=0.01, and a negative one with suffering from a mental illness p=0.01 and having family members who suffered from a mental illness p=0.05. Conclusion: Mental health of young people was not very positive. It needs to be studied to generate nursing interventions for promotion and prevention of school health to result in effective stress management of young people who are in high school when considering the family, society, and the educational field.

Abstrato Introdução: A saúde mental positiva envolve um conjunto de recursos pessoais e psicossociais, atitudes, afetos e comportamentos positivos que permitem à pessoa enfrentar os desafios que surgem na vida, a nível pessoal, familiar, social e escolar. Objetivo: Determinar a associação entre fatores pessoais e saúde mental positiva em estudantes do ensino médio em tempos de COVID-19. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, preditivo e correlacional. Amostragem não probabilística intencional, amostra 210 estudantes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 15 e 19 anos, matriculados no ciclo 2022-1 do turno da manhã. Foram excluídos os adolescentes com problemas visuais. Foram aplicados inquérito de fatores pessoais e Escala de Saúde Mental Positiva, com prévio assentimento e consentimento informado. A análise estatística foi descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: Os alunos eram 64,8% do sexo feminino, 76,1% tinham menos de 17 anos, 53,3% estavam no sexto semestre, 42% apresentaram COVID-19 e 45% relataram perdas por COVID-19. A saúde mental positiva global foi baixa em 50,5% dos estudantes. Houve associação estatística positiva significativa na saúde mental geral positiva com sexo p=0,01, e negativa com sofrer de doença mental p=0,01 e ter familiares que sofriam de doença mental p=0,05. Conclusão: A saúde mental positiva dos jovens foi baixa, necessita ser estudada para gerar intervenções de enfermagem na promoção e prevenção da saúde escolar para promover o enfrentamento eficaz do manejo do estresse dos jovens que estão no ensino médio quando se considera a família, a sociedade e o campo educacional.

Resumen Introducción: La salud mental positiva involucra una mezcla de recursos personales y psicosociales, actitudes, afectos y comportamientos positivos que permiten a la persona enfrentar los retos que se le presentan en la vida, a nivel personal, familiar, social y escolar. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre factores personales y la salud mental positiva en estudiantes de bachillerato en tiempos de COVID-19. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional. Muestreo intencional no probabilístico, en una muestra de 210 estudiantes de ambos sexos, edades de 15 a 19 años, inscritos en ciclo 2022-1 del turno matutino. Se excluyeron adolescentes con afecciones visuales. Se aplicó encuesta de factores personales y Escala de Salud Mental Positiva, previo asentimiento y consentimiento informado. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: Los estudiantes fueron 64.8 % del sexo femenino, 76.1 % eran menores de 17 años, 53.3 % cursaban sexto semestre, 42 % presentó COVID-19 y 45 % manifestó pérdidas por Covid-19. La salud mental positiva global fue baja en 50.5 % de los estudiantes. Hubo asociación estadística significativa positiva en salud mental positiva global con sexo p=0.01, y negativa con padecer alguna enfermedad mental p=0.01 y contar con familiares que padecían alguna enfermedad mental p=0.05. Conclusión: La salud mental positiva de los jóvenes fue baja, se requiere ser estudiada para generar intervenciones de enfermería en promoción y prevención de la salud escolar para favorecer un afrontamiento efectivo del manejo el estrés de los jóvenes que cursan bachillerato al considerar a la familia, la sociedad y al ámbito educativo.

Abstract Distichlis spicata is a gramineous halophyte species that grow around the coastal areas. The objective of the study was to identify the modifications in the anatomical structure of stomates of the D. spicata leaf epidermis, cultivated with irrigation and without irrigation conditions. Two populations were selected, 1) plants of D. spicata with irrigation and 2) plants of D. spicata without irrigation. Ten plants per replication were selected from each population, and from each selected plant, the fourth leaf was taken. Each leaf was cut longitudinally into four segments which were dried and analyzed using an Electronic Scanning Microscope. The variables measured were the stomatal density, length, and width of stomates and pores, the stomatal area, the proportion of the pore area concerning the size of the stomata, and the stomata proportion per surface. The results showed that D. spicata populations with irrigation and without irrigation showed anatomical modifications in the structure of stomates in the adaxial epidermis but not in the abaxial epidermis. In the adaxial epidermis, the plants with irrigation showed higher values of stoma length, stoma width, stoma area and pore length, while plants without irrigation showed higher values of proportion pore/stoma and stomatal density. The D. spicata plants without irrigation showed small stomates than plants with irrigation, also, the plants without irrigation, increased the accumulation of salt crystals in the abaxial epidermis.

Resumen Distichlis spicata es una especie de gramínea halófita que crece en las zonas costeras. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las modificaciones en la estructura anatómica de estomas de la epidermis foliar de D. spicata, cultivadas con riego y sin riego. Se seleccionaron dos poblaciones, 1) plantas de D. spicata con riego y 2) plantas de D. spicata sin riego. De cada población se seleccionaron 10 plantas por repetición y de cada planta seleccionada se tomó la cuarta hoja. Cada hoja se cortó longitudinalmente en cuatro segmentos que se secaron y analizaron utilizando un microscopio electrónico de barrido. Las variables medidas fueron la densidad estomática, largo y ancho de estomas y poros, el área estomática, la proporción del área de poros con respecto al tamaño de los estomas y la proporción de estomas por superficie. Los resultados mostraron que la población de D. spicata con riego y sin riego mostraron modificaciones anatómicas en la estructura de los estomas en la epidermis adaxial pero no en la epidermis abaxial. En la epidermis adaxial, las plantas con riego presentaron valores más altos de longitud de estoma, ancho de estoma, área de estoma y longitud de poro, mientras que las plantas sin riego mostraron valores más altos de proporción poro/estoma y densidad estomática. Las plantas de D. spicata sin riego presentaron estomas más pequeños respecto a las plantas con riego; además, las plantas sin riego incrementaron la acumulación de cristales de sal en la epidermis abaxial.

ABSTRACT An eight-week feeding trial investigated the effects of fishmeal (FM) replacement by soybean meal (SBM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) in diets supplemented with two methionine sources (DL-Met and AQUAVI®) and their combinations with ECOBIOL® (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940) on growth performance, body composition, and nutrient metabolism of Penaeus vannamei. Four hundred shrimp (0.30 ± 0.04 g) randomly distributed into 20 tanks (20 shrimp tank-1) were fed with five experimental diets (four repetitions per diet). A control diet (CD; 20% FM) and four diets with 50% FM replacement supplemented with different methionine sources and ECOBIOL® combinations: D1 (0.13% DL-MET), D2 (0.06% AQUAVI®), D3 (0.13% DL-MET plus 0.10% ECOBIOL®), and D4 (0.06% AQUAVI® plus 0.10% ECOBIOL®). Shrimp fed D2 and D4 had better growth performance, nutrient utilization, and body composition. Shrimp fed D3 also had good growth performance but higher lipid body composition. Shrimp fed D1 had the worst growth performance, nutrient utilization, and body composition values. Nutrient metabolism-related genes were affected by dietary treatments. Protein synthesis-related genes decreased mostly in shrimp fed D1 and D2 while increased mostly in shrimp fed D3 and D4, lipolysis-related genes had a better transcriptional response in shrimp fed D4 and lipogenesis-related genes were mostly downregulated in shrimp fed D2 while were mostly upregulated in shrimp fed D3 and D4. Results suggested that FM could be partially replaced with SBM and PBM in shrimp feeds supplemented with 0.06% AQUAVI® alone or combined with 0.10% ECOBIOL® without adversely affecting the growth and nutrient metabolism of P. vannamei.

Abstract First-mile problems have become a major problem for the automobile industry since moving cars from production plants to selling destinations is characterized by using vehicle carriers with limited space. Although supply chain processes have automatized last-mile operations to improve productivity and increase benefits, first-mile analysis has been widely ignored. For example, in the automotive industry, cars are stored in parking lots until they are demanded, which negatively impacts delivery times and increases transportation costs. The previous issues impact the first-mile logistics of the automobile industry to the detriment of copying with delivery times and increasing the operation cost. In this paper, we deal with the previous issues by modeling the movement of cars from the parking lot to the car Carrier as an optimal control problem. Considering that not all cars should leave the parking lot, we search for conditions that guarantee the existence of a unique optimal path when the cars’ requisition is uncertain. Theoretical results provide a closed-form solution that indicates the optimal path to fill the car carrier in a time window. Such solutions allow us to study the impact of exogenous parameters (such as the parking lot size, the starting point, andmarginal costs) on the behavior and features of the optimal path.

Resumen Los problemas de la primera milla se han convertido en un problema importante para la industria automotriz, ya que el traslado de los automóviles desde las plantas de producción a los destinos de venta se caracteriza por el uso de portavehículos con espacio limitado. Aunque los procesos de la cadena de suministro han automatizado las operaciones de última milla para mejorar la productividad y aumentar los beneficios, el análisis de la primera milla ha sido ampliamente ignorado. Por ejemplo, en la industria automotriz, los automóviles se almacenan en estacionamientos hasta que se demandan, lo que impacta negativamente en los tiempos de entrega y aumenta los costos de transporte. Lo anterior impacta la logística de primera milla de la industria automotriz en detrimento de copiar tiempos de entrega y aumentar el costo de operación. En este artículo, abordamos las cuestiones anteriores modelando el movimiento de los automóviles desde el estacionamiento hasta el portavehículos como un problema de control óptimo. Considerando que no todos los autos deben salir del estacionamiento, buscamos condiciones que garanticen la existencia de un único camino óptimo cuando la requisición de los autos es incierta. Los resultados teóricos proporcionan una solución de forma cerrada que indica la ruta óptima para llenar el portavehículos en una ventana de tiempo. Estas soluciones nos permiten estudiar el impacto de parámetros exógenos (como el tamaño del estacionamiento, el punto de partida y los costos marginales) sobre el comportamiento y las características de la ruta óptima.

Resumen: El maíz contiene un gran número de compuestos antioxidantes, muchos de ellos unidos a componentes de la pared celular, por lo que requieren tratamientos para liberarlos, como el uso de enzimas o procesos de fermentación. La fermentación en medio sólido (FMS) con Rhizopus oryzae se ha aplicado para aumentar la capacidad antioxidante (CA) y el contenido fenólico en cereales y leguminosas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la FMS con R. oryzae sobre la CA y el contenido de fenoles totales (CFT) del maíz. La FMS se realizó en bolsas zip-lock (25 cm2) a 30 °C/72 h, con un inóculo de 1 x 106 esporas/g. Se tomaron muestras cada 12 h, el extracto se recuperó con etanol al 80 % y se utilizó para determinar el CFT y la CA (ensayo ABTS+, DPPH y FRAP). Los valores más altos se obtuvieron a las 60 h de cultivo, con un CFT de 1.92 mg/ gramos de materia seca (gms) y una CA de 1.47 mg de equivalentes Trolox por gramo de materia seca (mg ET/gms), 1.27 mg ET/gms y 5.8 mg Fe+2/gms para los ensayos de ABTS+, DPPH y FRAP, respectivamente. El uso de FMS permitió aumentar hasta 0.83 y 1.25 veces el CFT y la CA del maíz, con respecto al tiempo 0 h. El maíz fermentado con R. oryzae mostró potencial para ser empleado como materia prima para el desarrollo de alimentos funciona les, al incrementar su CA a través de un bioproceso.

Abstract: Maize contains a large number of antioxidant compounds. However, many of them are not in free form, as they are bound to components of the cell wall of maize kernels. For this reason, the use of treatments is required to release them, such as the use of enzymes or fermentation processes. Fermentation in solid medium (FMS) with Rhizopus oryzae has been applied to increase the antioxidant capacity (AC) and phenolic content in cereals and legumes. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of FMS with R. oryzae on AC and total phenolic content (TPC) of maize. Fermentation on solid medium was carried out in zip-lock bags (25 cm2) at 30 °C for 72 h, with an inoculum of 1 x 106 spores/g. Samples were taken every 12 h, the extract was recovered with 80% ethanol, and used to determine TPC and AC (ABTS+, DPPH and FRAP essay). The highest values were obtained at 60 h of culture, with a TPC of 1.92 mg/gram dry metter (gdm) and an AC of 1.47 mg TE/gmd, 1.27 mg TE/gdm and 5.8 mg Fe+2/gdm for the ABTS+, DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. The use of FMS allowed to increase up to 0.83 and 1.25 times the CFT and CA of corn, with respect to time zero. Corn fermented with R. oryzae showed potential to be used as a raw material for the development of functional foods, by increase its AC through a bioprocess.

ABSTRACT Sports detraining is an essential process to guarantee a smooth transition for former athletes from a prolonged period of sports life to a post-sports life. In this sense, the objective of the research was to determine the current state of the detraining process of former athletes in situations of physical-motor disability, in the province of El Oro. For the study, through simple random sampling, eight former athletes in situations of physical-motor disability were selected. Former athletes have an average experience in the sports field of 8.38 (± 4.92) years. There was also interaction with coaches, Physical Education teachers, doctors, psychologists, family members and managers. Surveys were administered to all participants in the study, and anthropometric, medical, laboratory and functional tests were administered only to former athletes. Among the results obtained, it was possible to identify that there are limitations to face detraining as a training, pedagogical and social process, that retired athletes do not have sufficient information about this process and have a lack of significant projects, which is why it is revealed the need to design a detraining process, tailored to their specific needs.

RESUMEN El desentrenamiento deportivo es un proceso esencial, para garantizar una transición fluida a los exdeportistas, de un periodo prolongado de vida deportiva a una vida posdeportiva. En este sentido, la investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el estado actual que presenta el proceso de desentrenamiento de exdeportistas en situaciones de discapacidad físico-motora, en la provincia El Oro. Para el estudio, se seleccionaron, a través de un muestreo aleatorio simple, a ocho exdeportistas en situaciones de discapacidad físico-motora. Los exdeportistas tienen una experiencia promedio en el ámbito deportivo de 8.38 (± 4.92) años. También se interactuó con entrenadores, profesores de Educación Física, médicos, psicológicos, familiares y directivos. Se aplicaron encuestas a todos los participantes en el estudio, y solo a los exdeportistas pruebas antropométricas, médicas, de laboratorios y funcionales. Entre los resultados obtenidos, se pudo identificar que existen limitaciones para afrontar el desentrenamiento como un proceso formativo, pedagógico y social, que los deportistas retirados no cuentan con información suficiente sobre este proceso y tienen carencia de proyectos significativos, por lo que se revela la necesidad de diseñar un proceso de desentrenamiento, ajustado a sus necesidades específicas.

RESUMO O destreinamento esportivo é um processo essencial para garantir uma transição tranquila para ex-atletas de um período prolongado de vida esportiva para uma vida pós-esportiva. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar o estado atual do processo de destreinamento de ex-atletas em situações de deficiência físico-motora na província de El Oro. Para o estudo, foram selecionados oito ex-atletas com deficiências físico-motoras por meio de amostragem aleatória simples. Os ex-atletas têm uma média de 8,38 (± 4,92) anos de experiência em esportes. Também interagimos com treinadores, professores de educação física, médicos, psicólogos, familiares e gerentes. Foram aplicados questionários a todos os participantes do estudo, e testes antropométricos, médicos, laboratoriais e funcionais foram aplicados somente aos ex-atletas. Entre os resultados obtidos, foi possível identificar que há limitações em lidar com o destreinamento como processo formativo, pedagógico e social, que os atletas aposentados não têm informações suficientes sobre esse processo e que carecem de projetos significativos, revelando, assim, a necessidade de se desenhar um processo de destreinamento ajustado às suas necessidades específicas.

Abstract Cedrela odorata is a species of economic importance due to the quality of its wood and is currently planted through reforestation programs and commercial forestry plantations. Propagation in forest nurseries is carried out by seed that is harvested regardless of its physical quality and origin. The objective of the present research was to assess the physical quality and germination parameters of seeds from Cedrela odorata plus trees. Seeds were collected from 10 trees distributed within an altitudinal gradient of 10 to 700 m in the Soconusco region of the state of Chiapas, Mexico. 20 days after collection, the purity, 100-seed weight, moisture content, and viability of the seeds were determined, as were their germination capacity, average daily germination, peak value, and germination value. The seeds’ physical quality and viability differed (p≤0.0001) between trees. The average germination capacity of the seeds was 65.8 %. Viability, germination capacity, mean daily germination, peak value, and germination value were positively associated with the altitude; seeds from trees located at altitudes above 400 m recorded higher values. Seeds from higher trees differ in physical quality, viability, and germination parameters, a fact which establishes the importance of the altitudinal origin in seed collection.

Resumen Cedrela odorata es una especie de importancia económica por la calidad de su madera; en la actualidad se planta mediante programas de reforestación y plantaciones forestales comerciales. Su propagación en los viveros forestales se realiza por semilla que se recolecta sin considerar su calidad física y procedencia. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la calidad física y parámetros germinativos de semillas de árboles superiores de C. odorata. Las semillas se recolectaron en 10 árboles superiores distribuidos en un gradiente altitudinal de 10 a 700 m en la región Soconusco, Chiapas, México. Después de 20 días de la recolecta se determinó la pureza, peso de 100 semillas, contenido de humedad y viabilidad de semillas, así como la capacidad germinativa, germinación media diaria, valor pico y valor germinativo. La calidad física y la viabilidad fue diferente (p≤0.0001) entre los árboles. La capacidad germinativa promedio de las semillas fue de 65.8 %. La viabilidad, capacidad germinativa, germinación media diaria, valor pico y valor germinativo presentaron asociación positiva con la altitud; las semillas de los árboles ubicados en altitudes superiores a los 400 m presentaron mayores valores. Las semillas de los árboles superiores difieren en calidad física, viabilidad y parámetros germinativos, por lo que se establece la importancia del origen altitudinal en la recoleta de semillas.

Resumen Este trabajo explora algunos procesos fonológicos del dí’ztè, una lengua zapoteca hablada en la Sierra Sur y Costa del estado de Oaxaca, a partir de un texto oral. En esencia, este trabajo muestra que el análisis de un discurso en habla corrida ofrece una mayor riqueza de procesos fonológicos de los que ofrece un análisis basado en listas de palabras o palabras dentro de frases marco. El texto que analizamos -Liz mbol Wel- es de tradición oral xiche y narra la historia de una familia originaria de la comunidad de Piedra del Sol en Santo Domingo de Morelos que vivía en una casa muy pequeña. Ante la llegada de más miembros, la esposa de Don Manuel hace la petición de construir una casa más grande, Don Manuel accede y recurre al apoyo de la comunidad para construir su nueva casa. En agradecimiento, ofrece una comida con tortillas, mole de gallina y tepache. Basándonos en este texto oral corto, analizamos algunos procesos fonológicos de la lengua.

Abstract This article explores some phonological processes of Dí’ztè, a Zapotec language spoken in the Southern Highlands and Coast regions of Oaxaca, Mexico, from an oral text. The main goal of this paper is to show that phonological analysis based on an oral text offers a greater richness of processes than the phonological analyses based on diagnostic lists or carrier phrases. The oral text Liz mbol Wel comes from the Loxicha tradition and tells us the story of an indigenous family from Piedra del Sol, a community in Santo Domingo de Morelos, who lived in a very small house. After the arrival of new family members, Don Manuel’s wife makes the request to build a bigger house. Don Manuel agrees and asks for the support of the community to build his new house. In gratitude, he offers a meal with tortillas, mole and tepache. Based on this short oral text we analyze some phonological processes of the language.

Abstract. - Reinforced concrete buildings subjected to seismic events may present different damages even though they have similar characteristics when designed with the regulatory seismic load combination. This results in higher costs and inconsistent structural reliability over the life cycle of the buildings. This work focuses on comparing the life cycle costs of reinforced concrete buildings of various levels located on soil with period Ts=0.75s and Ts=2.0s in Mexico City. For this purpose, a set of seismic load combinations proposed for the design of the buildings were used. The capacity of the designs was evaluated by incremental dynamic analysis and the structural reliability was examined by structural demand hazard curves. In addition, simulations of seismic demands were performed to estimate the damage that could occur during the life cycle of the buildings. Finally, initial and total damage costs were obtained for all the buildings analyzed. The results showed that some proposed load combinations provided cost savings while improving the structural performance of the buildings over time. These findings could be valuable to the construction industry, as they offer a clearer picture of how to optimize the design and seismic resistance of buildings.

Resumen. - Los edificios de concreto reforzados sujetos a eventos sísmicos pueden presentar distintos daños aun cuando estos tengan características similares cuando son diseñados con la combinación de carga sísmica reglamentaria. Lo anterior se traduce en mayores costos y una confiabilidad estructural no consistente durante el ciclo de vida útil de los edificios. Este trabajo se centra en comparar de los costos durante el ciclo de vida útil de edificios de concreto reforzado de varios nieles ubicados en suelo con periodos Ts=0.75s y Ts=2.0s de la ciudad de México. Para ello, se utilizaron un conjunto de combinaciones de cargas sísmicas propuestas para el diseño de los edificios. La capacidad de los diseños fue evaluada mediante el análisis dinámico incremental y la confiabilidad estructural se examinó mediante las curvas de peligro de demanda estructural. Además, se realizaron simulaciones de demandas sísmicas para estimar los daños que podrían ocurrir durante el ciclo de vida útil de los edificios. Por último, se obtuvieron los costos iniciales y los costos totales por daños de todos los edificios analizados. Los resultados demostraron que algunas combinaciones de cargas propuestas permitieron un ahorro en los costos, al mismo tiempo que mejoraban el comportamiento estructural de los edificios a lo largo del tiempo. Estos hallazgos podrían ser valiosos para la industria de la construcción, ya que ofrecen una visión más clara sobre cómo optimizar el diseño y la resistencia sísmica de los edificios.

Abstract We conducted a nested case-control study within a cohort with the aim of studying the association between illicit drug use and congenital syphilis (CS). Cases were diagnosed based on treponemal and non-treponemal tests conducted both in the mother and the newborn (NB). Multivariate analysis with logistic regression was performed. A total of 6171 births with a mean gestational age of 37.8 weeks were recorded and 62 CS events were diagnosed (incidence 10.5 events/1000 NB). Associated maternal factors were illicit drug use (OR 14.08, 95% CI 1.19-166.6), <5 prenatal visits (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.12-7.53), more than two sexual partners (OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.62-8.71) and professional education level (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.005-0.85). Among the mothers of the cases presented, the prevalence of illicit drug use was 22.6% and the most frequent drugs were methamphetamines and cannabis.

Resumen Realizamos un estudio de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte con el objetivo de estudiar la asociación del consumo de drogas ilícitas y sífilis congénita (SC). Los casos se diagnosticaron mediante pruebas treponémicas y no treponémicas en la madre y el recién nacido (RN). Se realizó un análisis multivariado con regresión logística. Se registraron 6.171 nacimientos con edad gestacional promedio 37,8 semanas y se diagnosticaron 62 eventos de SC (incidencia: 10,5 eventos/1.000 RN). Los factores maternos asociados fueron el uso de drogas ilícitas (OR = 14,08; IC 95% = 1,19-166,6), menos de cinco consultas en el control prenatal (OR = 2,9; IC 95% = 1,12-7,53), más de dos parejas sexuales (OR = 3,76; IC 95% = 1,62-8,71) y estudios universitarios (OR = 0,06; IC 95% = 0,005-0,85). Entre las madres de los casos, la prevalencia del consumo de drogas ilícitas fue de 22,6% y las más frecuentes fueron las metanfetaminas y la marihuana.

Abstract Patients with chronic liver disease of any etiology who become infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been found to have a higher risk of mortality compared to those patients who do not have chronic liver disease. A literature review was conducted in the relationship between COVID 19 and preexistence of liver disease. The proportion of COVID-19 patients with abnormal liver function on admission ranged from 40 % to 75 % and the proportion with liver injury was close to 30%. Current studies show an important association between preexisting liver disease and COVID-19. The presence of cirrhosis is now an independent predictor of severity for COVID-19 and prolonged hospitalization in this group of patients. Patients with cirrhosis have a higher mortality rate, and this rate rises with increasing severity.

Resumen Pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica de cualquier etiología que se infectan con SARS-CoV-2 tienen un mayor riesgo de mortalidad en comparación con aquellos pacientes que no tienen enfermedad hepática crónica. Se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura en relación a lo publicado de COVID 19 y enfermedad hepática pre-existente. La proporción de pacientes con COVID-19 con función hepática anormal al ingreso osciló entre el 40 % y el 75 % y la proporción con daño hepático fue cercana al 30 %. Los estudios actuales muestran una asociación importante entre la enfermedad hepática preexistente y la COVID-19. La presencia de cirrosis es ahora un predictor independiente de gravedad para COVID-19 y hospitalización prolongada en este grupo de pacientes. Los pacientes con cirrosis tienen una mayor tasa de mortalidad y esta tasa se incrementa con el aumento de la gravedad de la enfermedad hepática.

ABSTRACT A comprehensive tectono-stratigraphic and sedimentological investigation of Early to Middle Devonian rocks was conducted in the southern Floresta Massif and adjacent regions in the Northern Andes of Colombia. A substantially reduced thickness of the Floresta Formation compared to prior studies is suggested here, attributable to pronounced stratal deformation and the prevalence of recumbent folds throughout the area. The deformation in the Floresta Formation manifests as atypical recumbent folds, diverging from the structural behavior observed in the underlying and overlying strata of the El Tibet and Cuche formations respectively, which exhibit minimal deformation. Our findings also reveal that the Floresta Formation accumulated under shallow-water platform conditions, subject to eustatic sea-level fluctuations. This resulted in distinct episodes of carbonate and siliciclastic deposition, with terrigenous sediments sourced from continental origins, potentially encompassing a combination of cratonic areas and uplifted blocks. The identification of a plausible stage of carbonate silicification signifies a post-diagenetic transformation. The sedimentary rocks of the Floresta Formation reached the upper epizone conditions, in proximity to the transition between the epizone and the upper anchizone, which suggests a maximum depth and temperature of ~5-7 km and ~300 °C, respectively. This contribution provides new insights into the geological history of the region, emphasizing the importance of scrutinizing Early to Middle Devonian rocks within the broader geological context of the Northern Andes.

RESUMEN Este trabajo presenta una exhaustiva investigación tectono-estratigráfica y sedimentológica de las rocas del Devónico temprano a Medio en el sur del Macizo de Floresta y regiones adyacentes, Andes del Norte, Colombia. Se sugiere un espesor sustancialmente reducido para la Formación Floresta en comparación con estudios previos, atribuible a una deformación pronunciada de los estratos y a la prevalencia de pliegues recumbentes en toda el área. La deformación en la Formación Floresta se manifiesta mediante pliegues recumbentes atípicos, a diferencia del comportamiento estructural observado en los estratos subyacentes y sobreyacentes de las formaciones El Tíbet y Cuche, respectivamente, que muestran una deformación mínima. Se revela también que la Formación Floresta se acumuló en condiciones de plataforma de aguas someras, sujeta a fluctuaciones eustáticas del nivel del mar. Esto resultó en variados episodios de depositación carbonática y siliciclástica, con aportes de sedimentos terrígenos provenientes de fuentes continentales, los que posiblemente abarcaron una combinación de áreas cratónicas y bloques levantados. La identificación de una posible etapa de silicificación carbonática indica una transformación postdiagenética. Las rocas sedimentarias de la Formación Floresta alcanzaron las condiciones de la epizona superior, en proximidad a la transición entre la epizona y la anquizona superior, lo cual sugiere una profundidad y temperatura máximas de ~5-7 km y ~300 °C, respectivamente. Esta investigación aporta nueva información acerca de la compleja historia geológica de la región, enfatizando la importancia de examinar las rocas del Devónico Temprano a Medio en el contexto geológico más amplio de los Andes del Norte.

ABSTRACT Silicon (Si) has multiple benefits in crops. Most of the studies on Si have been carried out by applying some type of stress. It has even been suggested that the positive response of Si is determined by the degree of stress in the plant, and there is little information on Si and its effect on the plant when there is no induced stress factor. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of edaphic Si on the growth, production and concentration of antioxidants in tomato under greenhouse conditions without induced stress. The treatments were three doses of Si (0.06, 0.12 and 0.18 g/plant) and a control (0.0 g/plant). The treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design with four repetitions. The addition of Si in tomato plants increased biomass production, the number of fruits and yield. In addition, in the treatments with the highest dose of Si, the concentration of antioxidants increased, as well as the total antioxidant capacity. It is suggested to include Si in tomato fertilization programs as a sustainable alternative to improve crop growth and productivity. (Si crops factor 0.06, 006 0 06 (0.06 012 12 0.1 018 18 g/plant gplant g 0.0 00 (0. g/plant. . repetitions yield capacity productivity 0.06 01 1 0. (0 (

RESUMO O silício (Si) exerce múltiplos benefícios às culturas. A maioria dos estudos sobre Si foi realizada aplicando algum tipo de estresse. Sugeriu-se que a resposta positiva do Si é determinada pelo grau de estresse na planta. Há pouca informação sobre o efeito do silício na planta na ausência de fator de estresse induzido. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o efeito do Si edáfico no crescimento, produção e concentração de antioxidantes em tomateiro em casa de vegetação sem estresse induzido. Os tratamentos foram três doses de Si (0,06, 0,12 e 0,18 g/planta) e uma testemunha (0,0 g/planta). Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. A adição de Si nas plantas de tomate aumentou a produção de biomassa, o número de frutos e a produtividade. Além disso, nos tratamentos com maior dose de Si, a concentração de antioxidantes aumentou, assim como a capacidade antioxidante total. Sugere-se incluir Si nos programas de fertilização do tomate como uma alternativa sustentável para melhorar o crescimento e a produtividade das culturas. (Si culturas Sugeriuse Sugeriu se induzido 0,06, 006 0 06 (0,06 012 12 0,1 018 18 g/planta gplanta g 0,0 00 (0, g/planta. . repetições biomassa disso total Sugerese Sugere 0,06 01 1 0, (0 (

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la relación y efecto del uso de alcohol sobre la Violencia Filio-Parental (VFP). Método: Estudio observacional transversal con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado mediante recolección de datos en línea utilizando la Escala Táctica de Conflicto (CTS2) y la Prueba de Identificación de Desordenes por Uso de Alcohol (AUDIT) en 318 adolescentes de preparatoria del sur de México. Resultados: Se encontraron relaciones moderadas y significativas entre el uso de alcohol y la violencia verbal (rs = .408, p = .001) y económica ejercida hacia la madre (rs = .445, p = .001). Situación similar se presentó en la violencia física (rs = .473, p = .001), verbal (rs = .236, p = .001) y económica (rs = .477, p = .001) dirigida al padre. Conclusión: La relación entre las variables fue respaldada por modelos de Regresión Lineal Múltiple, siendo el consumo de alcohol en los adolescentes predictor de la violencia ejercida a las madres como a los padres. Objetivo FilioParental Filio Parental VFP. VFP . (VFP) Método cuantitativo CTS2 CTS (CTS2 AUDIT (AUDIT 31 México Resultados rs 408 .408 .001 001 445 .445 .001. 473 .473 .001, , 236 .236 477 .477 padre Conclusión Múltiple padres (VFP (CTS 3 40 .40 .00 00 44 .44 47 .47 23 .23 4 .4 .0 0 2 .2

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a relação e o efeito do uso de álcool na Violência Filioparental (VFP). Método: Estudo observacional transversal com abordagem quantitativa, realizado por meio de coleta de dados online usando a Escala Tática de Conflito (CTS2) e o Teste de Identificação de Transtornos por Uso de Álcool (AUDIT) em 318 adolescentes do ensino médio do sul do México. Resultados: Foram encontradas relações moderadas e significativas entre uso de álcool e violência verbal (rs = 0,408, p = 0,001) e econômica cometida em relação à mãe (rs = 0,445, p = 0,001). Uma situação semelhante é apresentada na violência física (rs = 0,473, p = 0,001), verbal (rs = 0,236, p = 0,001) e econômica (rs = 0,477, p = 0,001) direcionada ao pai. Conclusão: A relação entre as variáveis foi apoiada por modelos de Regressão Linear Múltipla, sendo o consumo de álcool em adolescentes um preditor de violência contra mães e pais. Objetivo VFP. VFP . (VFP) Método quantitativa CTS2 CTS (CTS2 AUDIT (AUDIT 31 México Resultados rs 0408 0 408 0,408 0,001 0001 001 0445 445 0,445 0,001. 0473 473 0,473 0,001, , 0236 236 0,236 0477 477 0,477 pai Conclusão Múltipla pais (VFP (CTS 3 040 40 0,40 0,00 000 00 044 44 0,44 047 47 0,47 023 23 0,23 04 4 0,4 0,0 02 2 0,2 0,

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the relationship and effect of alcohol use on Child-to-Parent Violence (CPV). Method: Cross-sectional, observational study with a quantitative approach, carried out through online data collection using the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in 318 high school adolescents from southern Mexico. Results: Moderate and significant relationships were found between alcohol use and verbal (rs = 0.408, p = 0.001) and economic violence against the mother (rs = 0.445, p = 0.001). A similar situation is presented in physical (rs = 0.473, p = 0.001), verbal (rs = 0.236, p = 0.001) and economic (rs = 0.477, p = 0.001) violence directed to the father. Conclusion: The relation among the variables was supported by Multiple Linear Regression models, with alcohol consumption in adolescents being a predictor of violence against mothers and fathers. Objective ChildtoParent Child Parent CPV. CPV . (CPV) Method Crosssectional, Crosssectional Cross sectional, sectional Cross-sectional approach CTS2 CTS (CTS2 AUDIT (AUDIT 31 Mexico Results rs 0408 0 408 0.408 0.001 0001 001 0445 445 0.445 0.001. 0473 473 0.473 0.001, , 0236 236 0.236 0477 477 0.477 father Conclusion models fathers (CPV (CTS 3 040 40 0.40 0.00 000 00 044 44 0.44 047 47 0.47 023 23 0.23 04 4 0.4 0.0 02 2 0.2 0.

Resumo Os estudos sobre os efeitos citotóxicos atribuídos ao uso de agentes de união adesivo no tecido pulpar não são conclusivos. Para determinar se esses materiais são seguros para uso clínico, a exposição in vivo da polpa dentária a agentes de união adesiva foi simulada por meio de uma configuração experimental na qual as células-tronco da polpa dentária humana (hDPSC) são expostas à ação de dois tipos de adesivos: adesivos autocondicionantes e agentes de união de duas etapas por meio de uma barreira de dentina. Os efeitos citotóxicos nessas células foram avaliados pelo protocolo de ensaio MTT e microscopia de fluorescência, e seus resultados foram contrastados com os obtidos por meio de espectros Raman obtidos em hDPSCs individuais. De modo geral, não foram observados efeitos citotóxicos significativos com a combinação de todas as técnicas, e a viabilidade celular próxima a 90% foi obtida para uma barreira de dentina de pelo menos 1 mm de espessura. Além disso, a espectroscopia Raman foi capaz de detectar danos estruturais ao DNA em algumas células da polpa dentária quando expostas a agentes de colagem de duas etapas, sugerindo que essa técnica poderia ser considerada uma ferramenta complementar com potencial para avaliar a toxicidade celular além da viabilidade celular. conclusivos clínico célulastronco tronco hDPSC (hDPSC fluorescência individuais geral técnicas 90 espessura disso 9

Abstract Studies regarding cytotoxic effects attributed to the use of adhesive bonding agents on pulp tissue are not conclusive. To point out whether these materials are safe for clinical use, in vivo exposure of dental pulp to adhesive bonding agents was simulated using an experimental setup in which Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSC) are exposed to the action of two kinds of adhesives: self-etching adhesives and two-step bonding agents through a dentine barrier. Cytotoxic effects on these cells were evaluated by MTT assay protocol and fluorescence microscopy, and their results were contrasted to those obtained through Raman spectra taken on single hDPSCs. Overall, no significant cytotoxic effects were observed by combining all the techniques, and cell viability close to 90% was achieved for a dentine barrier of at least 1 mm thick. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy was able to detect structural DNA damage in some dental pulp cells when exposed to two-step bonding agents, suggesting that this technique could be considered a complementary tool with the potential to evaluate cell toxicity beyond cell viability. conclusive hDPSC (hDPSC selfetching self etching twostep step microscopy hDPSCs Overall techniques 90 thick Moreover 9