ABSTRACT Management of Quilombola systems are primitive agricultural systems based on the ancestral knowledge of Afro-Brazilian enslaved people. Here, the aim was to understand the impact of these primitive farming methods on the distribution of available nitrogen (N) forms in the soil profile of two Brazilian Cerrado phytophysiognomies. The soil was sampled in Cerradão (high Cerrado) and Cerrado Stricto sensu (low Cerrado) at six soil depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, and 50-60 cm). The following management systems were considered: pasture (PP1 and PP2), maize cultivation (M1 and M2), citrus-cassava intercropping (T1), and citrus monoculture (T2). In addition, the soil was sampled in the native area of Cerradão (NC1) and Cerrado Stricto sensu (NC2). Three N forms were determined: i) available nitrogen (Av-N), ii) ammonium (NH4+-N) and iii) nitrate (NO3–-N) contents. The Av-N content decreased with increasing soil depth only in NC1 and NC2. The NO3–-N content was similar at all soil depths for maize and pasture, while the content decreased at soil depth for NC1, NC2, and T1. NH4+-N was similar in M2 and PP2, but it increased in T2, ranging from 6.17 mg kg–1 to 17.54 mg kg–1. Overall, the dynamics of available N forms varied according to the Cerrado phytophysiognomy and the management systems and NO3–-N was the most constant N form in the soil profile. Therefore, although the management of Quilombola systems is less intensive, they negatively affect the dynamics and N availability, mainly where management is less conservative, that is, in maize and citrus monocultures.

ABSTRACT Leaf litter decomposition and the release of nutrients from macauba palm leaves play a major role in nutrient return to the soil in a conservation environment. This study evaluated macauba palm leaf decomposition, macronutrient contents and biochemical composition under contrasting water conditions in the Brazilian Cerrado. Macauba leaves were collected from plants in two different environments (low and high water table conditions), placed in litter bags and evaluated according to their decomposition, macronutrients, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose for 420 days. In addition, green and dry leaves were collected for macronutrient analyses. Litter decomposition ranged between 49 % and 59 % up to 180 days. The half-life of litter ranged from 141 to 198 days. The leaf litter decomposition of macauba was practically stable during the dry season, whereas at the beginning of the rainy season, decomposition resumed. Nitrogen, P and S were higher in the green leaves, whereas the Ca levels were higher in the dry leaves. In addition, the K levels were twofold higher in the green leaves than in the dry leaves. Lignin release from macauba residues was slower than cellulose and hemicellulose. The decomposition rates of hemicellulose were higher initially due to its high solubility, although it gradually decreased with the decomposition process. Lignin decomposition was also higher at the beginning of the process but stabilized during the drought period. The study indicates that the decomposition process and nutrient cycling of macauba are influenced by its biochemical composition.

ABSTRACT: The selection of wheat genotypes according to their drought tolerance is essential to off-season cultivation. The objective of this work was to characterize wheat genotypes through yield and components, morphological characteristics under water stress, and irrigated water use efficiency in the Cerrado region in Brazil. Genotypes were planted during the winters of 2016 and 2017 since there is no precipitation during this season and water levels can be measured. They were then submitted to four water regimes: WR1, WR2, WR3, and WR4, representing 100 %, 83 %, 50 %, and 30 % of evapotranspiration replacement. The following variables were evaluated: peduncle length (PL), number of ears m−2 (NE m−2), hectoliter weight (HW), thousand grain weight (TGW), drought resistance index (DRI), irrigated water use efficiency (IWUE) and yield. Most variables showed correlation with yield and can be a useful tool for breeding programs. PL and HW were best correlated with yield. BRS 264 (irrigated biotype) was productive in treatments receiving the greatest number of irrigation treatments. Given that WR1 registered the highest water level, it was not expected that the rainfed biotype (BR18) would show a higher yield than an irrigated biotype (BRS254). BRS404 (rainfed biotype) was the most productive under moderate stress treatment (WR3). Aliança (rainfed biotype) showed a higher yield under severe stress. Rainfed biotypes presented a higher DRI than the irrigated ones. These genotypes can be used as a reference in breeding programs under each water regime in which their performance was outstanding. None of the variables studied contributed to the selection of the most efficient wheat genotypes in the IWUE.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do remineralizador de solo finos de mica xisto (FMS) na fisiologia, na produtividade e na qualidade de grãos de soja (Glycine max) em diferentes regimes hídricos (RHs), no Cerrado brasileiro. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo durante dois anos, tendo-se utilizado quatro RHs e três tratamentos: mica xisto, adubação convencional e controle. Em 2017 e 2018, foram avaliados os seguintes RHs: RH1, RH2, RH3 e RH4, que correspondiam ao valor médio de 100, 65, 44 e 28% da reposição da evapotranspiração da cultura, respectivamente. A fotossíntese, a condutância estomática, a transpiração, a concentração interna de CO2, o rendimento quântico efetivo do fotossistema II (FSII) (Fv’/Fm’), o rendimento quântico (FSII) (ᶲFSII) e a taxa de transporte de elétrons reduziram em função do avanço da fase fenológica da soja e da redução do RH. A qualidade dos grãos foi afetada apenas pelo RH. O mica xisto foi estatisticamente semelhante à adubação convencional e ao controle em 2017 e 2018. A produtividade reduziu devido à antecipação da idade fenológica da soja e do RH, mas não houve diferenças entre os três tratamentos em 2017 e 2018. A redução da produtividade da soja é atribuída ao fechamento estomático, à perda da capacidade fotoprotetora e aos danos ao maquinário fotossintético causados pela seca.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the soil remineralizer fine-graded mica schist (FMS) on soybean (Glycine max) physiology, yield, and grain quality under different water regimes (WRs) in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiment was conducted under field conditions for two years, using four WRs and three treatments: mica schist, conventional fertilization, and control. In 2017 and 2018, the following WRs were evaluated: WR1, WR2, WR3, and WR4, corresponding to a mean value of 100, 65, 44, and 28% of crop evapotranspiration replacement, respectively. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv’/Fm’), quantum yield (PSII) (ᶲFSII), and electron transport rate reduced as a function of the advanced phenological stage of soybean and the reduction in WR. Grain quality was only affected by the WR. The mica schist was statistically similar to conventional fertilization and the control in 2017 and 2018. Yield decreased due to the anticipation of soybean phenological age and WR, but there were no differences between the three treatments in 2017 and 2018. The reduction in soybean yield is attributed to stomatal closure, loss of photoprotective capacity, and damage to the photosynthetic machinery caused by drought.

ABSTRACT: The Cerrado (Brazilian savannah) is a biome of great socio-economic and environmental importance to Brazil. The rapid agricultural expansion in the Cerrado biome areas promoted biogeochemical cycles that affect nitrogen and carbon dynamics, leading to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In Brazil, nitrous oxide (N2O) is the main gas in agriculture, and agricultural practices increase emissions into the atmosphere. This review aimed to assess the influence of agriculture on N2O emissions in the Cerrado region, based on existing data in the literature, and extract patterns of direct N2O emissions in different agricultural systems in the Cerrado from existing data. A systematic review of data from 36 scientific publications in the Cerrado region with several crop systems revealed that N2O emissions varied from 0.15 kg ha-1 in native cerrado to 4.84 kg ha-1 in conventional tillage. Agricultural systems, nitrogen fertilizer application, and crop residues influence N2O emissions. One of the strategies to mitigate emissions is the sustainable intensification of farming systems. Cumulative N2O emissions in the Cerrado range from 0.001 to 4.84 kg ha-1 in different land-use scenarios. Soil under the conventional tillage system (CT) had the highest emissions, with an overall average of 1.58 kg ha-1 of N2O, compared to no-till system (NT) (0.82 kg ha-1) and native Cerrado 0.15 kg ha-1. Integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems in the Cerrado had emissions with an overall average of 1.68 kg ha-1, integrated crop-livestock-forest systems (ICLF) had 1.20 ha-1, and eucalyptus plantations had 0.48 kg ha-1.

ABSTRACT The use of cover crop in agricultural fields has been well elucidated, especially regarding nitrogen fixation from legume crops and their function as weed protection. Furthermore, to cover crops can benefit the soil microbial community. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the benefits of mulching and cover cropping systems on soil microbial growth and activity, and their effects on plant mineral nutrition in pomelo (Citrus maxima ) and macadamia ( Macadamia integrifolia ) orchards. The treatments included: 1) control [Glyphosate herbicide (Roundup at 4 l per ha)], 2) manual weed control, 3) mulching with dead leaves from their respective trees (macadamia and pomelo), 4) millet, 5) faba bean, 6) millet + faba bean. All the treatments were applied for 120 days before soil and plant leaves were sampled for analyses. Plant mineral nutrition, soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and soil microbial biomass N (MBN); basal respiration (BRA), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization (COL); number of AMF spores (SPO) in soil; total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were evaluated. Plant nutrition was not altered by the treatments; however, the MBC, COL and SPO markedly increased in response to mulching and faba bean + millet treatments. Especially in macadamia soils, these treatments had a great response to soil microbiology. Significant negative correlations were also detected for the COL, SPO, BRA and TOC with the Nutrient Balance Index (NBI). These results indicate that in short-term the cover cropping system is useful to improve the soil microbial growth and AMF formation in soils of pomelo and macadam orchards.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as frações de carbono no solo, sob plantas de cobertura cultivadas em sucessão ao milho (Zea mays), com ou sem adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, em um experimento de longa duração no Cerrado brasileiro. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas consistiram das plantas de cobertura, e as subparcelas, da presença ou da ausência de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura para o milho. As seguintes plantas de cobertura foram plantadas, após a colheita do milho híbrido 30F53VYHR: guandu 'BRS Mandarim' (Cajanus cajan), crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), nabo-forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) e mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrima). Após o corte das plantas de cobertura, amostras de solo foram coletadas às profundidades de 0,0‒0,10 e 0,10‒0,20 m. Após a colheita do milho, seus resíduos culturais foram coletados. As plantas de cobertura alteram as frações químicas e físicas do solo, principalmente o ácido fúlvico e o carbono orgânico particulado. A fertilização de N em cobertura no milho diminui o ácido fúlvico, mas aumenta a razão ácido húmico/ácido fúlvico e o carbono orgânico particulado na camada mais profunda do solo.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate soil carbon fractions under cover crops cultivated after corn (Zea mays), with or without nitrogen topdressing fertilization, in a long-term experiment in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, in split-plots with three replicates. The plots were represented by the cover crops, and the subplots, by the presence or absence of N topdressing for corn. The following cover crop species were planted after the harvest of the 30F53VYHR corn hybrid: 'BRS Mandarin' pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus), and black mucuna (Mucuna aterrima). After the cutting of the cover crops, soil samples were collected at 0.0‒0.10 and 0.10‒0.20 m soil depths. After corn harvest, samples of its residues were taken. The cover crops alter the soil chemical and physical fractions, especially fulvic acid and soil particulate organic carbon. Nitrogen topdressing for corn decreases fulvic acid, but increases the humic acid/fulvic acid ratio and particulate organic carbon in the deeper soil layer.

ABSTRACT: Soil management systems exert different effects on soil attributes, especially on the organic matter content, and, consequently, the soil aggregation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different land uses practiced by quilombola family farmers on water stable aggregates, glomalin and organic carbon in soil aggregates. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm from areas cultivated under the following management systems: 1) conventional corn plantation (MA), 2) cultivation of citrus trees intercropped with annual crops (AC) (a conservationist approach), 3) pasture of Brachiaria (Urochloa spp.) (PA), and, as reference, an area of the Cerrado (CR) free of any anthropogenic interference. The studied areas were evaluated in a completely randomized design, with five replications, in a subplot scheme. The plots were the management systems and the subplots the depths. Soil macro-aggregates were predominant at both depths and the aggregate stability indices were higher than 90 % for all management systems. Total organic carbon in the two aggregate classes (micro and macro-aggregates) correlated with the MWD (mean weight-diameter), but not with the easily extractable glomalin (EEG) related soil protein. Soil micro and macro-aggregates, EEG and MWD discriminated management systems and are important soil quality indicators. The carbon content in both micro-aggregates (C-MIC) and macro-aggregates (C-MAC) of the intercropped system (AC) was higher than in the CR. The soil attributes that best separated the areas were C-MIC, MWD and EEG in macro-aggregates for the depth of 0-10 cm, and EEG in micro-aggregates, together with MWD and C-MAC for the depth of 10-20 cm.

Abstract This research evaluated the monthly variation of plant mineral nutrition in six species of fruit trees over a year. Leaf samples were taken from the fruit trees and nutritional status (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Mo) was determined in the leaves in a month basis from April until November for apple, persimmon and peach. Mandarin mineral nutrition was monitored for one year, and grape and fig from May to November. Using this data, the Diagnosis Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was also calculated to evaluate the nutrient balance in the plants. The concentration of N and P had seasonal differences, especially in apple and peach, which reached the peak during the summer. Apple, fig, and grape trees had large ranging on their mineral contents over the year, especially with the P and K levels reaching the minimum during the harvesting season. However, the seasonal changes in leaf micronutrient concentrations were not uniform and not affected by phenological stage. The DRIS data demonstrated that mandarin had the best nutrient balance compared to others and that K was the most limiting element among the fruit trees. In summary, the current data suggest the occurrence of a significant seasonality in mineral nutrition in these six fruit trees, especially in temperate ones.

Abstract Mycorrhizae are important components of agroecosystems and the diversification of crops stimulates the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the participation of symbiosis in plant growth. This experiment examined mycorrhizal assessment, chemical and microbiological soil attributes in a maize-forage grasses intercropping compared to a maize-monocropping system. A complete randomized block design was used with crop systems installed under no-till management with three replicates, as follow: Maize (Zea mays L.); Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Aruana; Urochloa humidicola (Rendle.) Schweickerdt.; Maize-P. maximum intercropping and Maize-U. humidicola intercropping. In 2015/2016 season, intercropping maize with Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Aruana or Urochloa humidicola (Rendle.) Schweickerdt. promoted similar effects (Tukey test, p<0.05) to monocropped maize under no-till system on soil chemical and biochemical parameters related to carbon cycling in the soil surface layer, as well as the dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tropical soils, managed for a period of more than six years. Similar grain yield was verified among maize crop systems. This result indicates that intercropping maize-tropical forage grasses represents an alternative for monocropped grains, a very common practice that is used in intensive management, being able to guarantee equivalent productivities and to combine grain production with crop-livestock systems. As a result, intercropping promotes the diversification of the property's income source, adding environmental gains, such as more efficient land use by cultivated plants, keeping soil constantly cultivated, storing carbon and contributing to minimize the impact of climate change on agricultural systems and the sustainability of food production.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica do crescimento das plantas de cobertura amaranto (Amaranthus cruentus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) em Latossolo Vermelho, sob diferentes regimes hídricos no Cerrado. O cultivo foi realizado no inverno, com pluviosidade reduzida, o que facilitou a aplicação de lâminas de irrigação nas diferentes culturas. No experimento foram avaliados regimes hídricos intitulados de inferior, médio inferior, médio superior e superior, correspondentes à aplicação respectiva de 217, 386, 563 e 647 mm de lâminas de água, por meio de uma barra irrigadora composta por aspersores de diferentes vazões. O crescimento das plantas foi quantificado mediante coletas com periodicidade semanal. O amaranto foi a planta mais responsiva à água. A quinoa apresentou o melhor desempenho no tratamento com nível de água médio superior entre as espécies avaliadas. O milheto apresentou sensibilidade térmica ao cultivo no inverno, o que inviabilizou a produção de grãos; porém, mostrou excepcional aptidão quanto à produção de biomassa, inclusive no tratamento com maior deficit hídrico.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth dynamics of the cover plants amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), and millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in a Typic Acrustox, under different water regimes in the Brazilian Cerrado. The cultivation was carried out in the winter, with reduced rainfall, which facilitated the application of varying irrigation depths to the different crops. Water regimes denominated lower, lower middle, upper middle, and upper - corresponding to 217, 386, 563, and 647 mm water depths, respectively - were tested by means of an irrigation bar composed of sprinklers with different flow rates. Plant growth was quantified by weekly collections. Amaranth was the most responsive plant to water. Quinoa showed the best performance in the treatment with the upper-middle water level among the other evaluated species. Millet showed thermal sensitivity for cultivation in the winter, making grain production unfeasible; however, it showed exceptional ability to produce biomass even in the treatment with higher water deficit.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da irrigação e da presença de braquiária (Urochloa decumbens) nas entrelinhas do café (Coffea arabica) sobre a produtividade do cafeeiro e sobre os atributos químicos e físico-hídricos de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico. O ensaio foi conduzido na região do Cerrado, em Planaltina, Brasília, DF, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas sub-subdivididas e quatro repetições. Foram alocados os regimes hídricos (irrigado ou não irrigado) nas parcelas, os sistemas de manejo das entrelinhas nas subparcelas e as camadas de solo nas sub-subparcelas. Os seguintes atributos do solo foram determinados: carbono orgânico total, nitrogênio total, relação C/N, estoques de carbono e nitrogênio, densidade do solo, estabilidade de agregados, porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade de baixa retenção, microporosidade remanescente, criptoporosidade, e disponibilidade de água total e de água prontamente disponível, além da produtividade de café. A irrigação do cafeeiro, associada ao consórcio com braquiária como planta de cobertura, aumentou a produtividade de café e favoreceu os atributos químicos e físico-hídricos do solo, o que melhorou a estrutura do solo e a sua capacidade em armazenar água. A irrigação favorece o estoque de carbono nas camadas superficiais do solo, enquanto a braquiária favorece os atributos físicos do solo relacionados à disponibilidade de água para o cafeeiro.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of irrigation and of the presence of brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens) between coffee (Coffea arabica) rows on coffee yield and on chemical and hydrophysical attributes of a Typic Haplustox. The study was conducted in the Cerrado region in Planaltina, Brasília, DF, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design, arranged in split-split plots, with four replicates. Water regimes (irrigated or rainfed) were assigned to the main plots, inter-row management systems to the subplots, and soil layers to the sub-subplots. The following soil attributes were determined: total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, carbon and nitrogen stocks, bulk density, aggregate stability, total porosity, macroporosity, low-retention microporosity, remaining microporosity, criptoporosity, and total and readily-available water, besides coffee yield. Irrigation of coffee plants, associated with brachiaria intercropped as a cover crop, increased coffee yield and favored chemical and hydrophysical soil attributes, improving soil structure and its ability to store water. Irrigation favors organic carbon stocks in the upper soil layers, whereas brachiaria favors soil physical attributes related to water availability to coffee.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de cultivos de milho (Zea mays) em monocultura e consorciado com forrageiras nas propriedades microbiológicas de solo e na disponibilidade de nitrogênio, em plantio direto, no Cerrado. O experimento foi realizado nas safras de 2007/2008 até 2010/2011, em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e os seguintes tratamentos: milho em monocultura; milho em consórcio com Panicum maximum; milho em consórcio com Urochloa humidicola; P. maximum em monocultura; e U. humidicola em monocultura. Amostras de solos foram retiradas nas profundidades de 0,00-0,05, 0,05-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m, no início e no final da última safra. Os cultivos consorciados de milho aumentaram o nitrogênio disponível no solo, mas não alteraram os conteúdos totais de nitrogênio e carbono orgânico, quando comparado ao cultivo do milho em monocultura. O consórcio de milho com P. maximum aumentou o nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana e o quociente microbiano de nitrogênio no solo, em comparação ao milho em monocultura, bem como o carbono da biomassa microbiana, na camada superficial do solo, quando comparado ao consórcio com U. humidicola.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of corn (Zea mays) in monoculture and intercropped with forage on soil microbiological properties and nitrogen availability under no-tillage in the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna). The experiment was carried out from the 2007/2008 to the 2010/2011 crop season, in a Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico (Typic Haplustox). A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used, with the following treatments: corn in monoculture; corn intercropped with Panicum maximum; corn intercropped with Urochloa humidicola; P. maximum in monoculture; and U. humidicola in monoculture. Soil samples were taken at 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.30-m soil depths, in the begining and in the end of the last crop season. The intercropping systems of corn increased soil nitrogen availability, but did not alter total nitrogen and organic carbon contents in the soil, when compared to corn in monoculture. Corn intercropped with P. maximum increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen and microbial nitrogen quotient, in comparison to corn in monoculture, as well soil as microbial biomass carbon in the surface soil layer, when compared to corn intercropped with U. humidicola.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica de atributos microbiológicos do solo em sistemas integrados de produção, em pastagem contínua e em cerrado nativo. O estudo foi conduzido em área de transição de lavoura para pecuária. Quatro áreas com diferentes usos da terra foram avaliadas: sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF), cultivado com renques de Eucalyptus urograndis, com espaçamento de 2x2 m entre plantas e 22 m entre renques; sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP); além de duas áreas adjacentes de cerrado nativo e pastagem contínua, usadas como referência. Para a avaliação dos atributos microbiológicos, amostras de solos foram retiradas das camadas de 0,00-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m, em fevereiro de 2012 e fevereiro de 2014 (estação chuvosa), e em julho de 2012 e setembro de 2013 (estação seca). No geral, o solo sob cerrado apresentou os maiores níveis de carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), enquanto sob ILPF apresentou os menores. A ILP aumentou o CBM e o coeficiente microbiano nas camadas mais profundas, após dois anos de estabelecimento. A respiração basal, o nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana e o CBM são os atributos microbiológicos mais adequados para diferenciar os sistemas avaliados.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the dynamics of soil microbiological attributes under integrated production systems, continuous pasture, and native cerrado. The study was conducted in a transition area from crop to livestock. Four areas with different land uses were evaluated: an integrated crop-livestock-forestry system (ICLFS), cultivated with Eucalyptus urograndis alley cropping, spaced 2x2 m between plants and 22 m between alleys; an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS); besides two adjacent areas of native cerrado and continuous pasture, used as a reference. For the assessment of microbiological attributes, soil samples were taken in the 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.30-m layers, in February 2012 and February 2014 (rainy season), and in July 2012 and September 2013 (dry season). In general, soil under native cerrado had the highest microbial biomass carbon (MBC) levels, while under the ICLFS it had the lowest ones. The ICLS increased MBC and microbial coefficient in the deeper soil layers, after two years of establishment. Basal respiration, microbial biomass nitrogen, and MBC are the soil microbiological attributes better able to differentiate the evaluated systems.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes dosis de nitrógeno y cinco período de muestreo en la biomasa microbiana del complejo suelo - nitrogeno (BMS-N), nitrógeno total (N total) y la relación porcentual de la biomasa microbiana y N total (BMS-N/N total) en un Oxisol cultivado con cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.). El estudio se inició en junio de 2005 en la estación experimental de la Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa-Cerrados), Distrito Federal, Brazil. El experimento se dispuso en bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. Las parcelas recibieron dosis de nitrógeno: 20 - 40 - 80 kg/ha de N más un control sin N, y las subparcelas fueron el periodo de muestro. Las aplicaciones de N se realizaron de la forma siguiente: cinco días después de la siembra (dds) se aplicaron 10 kg/ha y el resto de la dosis se aplicó con fertirrigación en dos dosis 27 y 43 dds. Las muestras de suelo (0-10 cm de profundidad) para determinar BMS-N y N total fueron tomadas, 2 días antes e igual número de días después de la primera fertirrigación y 4 días antes y después de la última, en floración y después de la cosecha. No se encontró efecto de las dosis de N y el período de muestreo en el BMS-N, N total y en la relación BMS-N/N total. Los valores medios de N total fueron más estable en el corto plazo (ciclo de la cultivo) lo que indica que éste no es un buen parámetro para evaluar la dinámica del N y sus transformaciones en el sistema suelo-planta

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen doses and five period of sample collection, on soil microbial biomass - nitrogen (SMB-N), total nitrogen (total N) and percentual ratio of the microbial biomass and total N (SMB-N/total N) in a Oxisol cultivated with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The experiment was installed in June, 2005, in an area located at Embrapa Cerrados, Federal District. The experimental design was a randomized block, with three replicates. The plots received doses of nitrogen: 20 - 40 - 80 kg ha-1 N and a control without it and the subplots were period of soil sample. Three applications of N were realized: 10 kg ha-1 on the 5th day (06/14) after sowing; the rest of N was parceled in two applications with fertigation, on tillage, on the 27th (07/08) DAP, e no 43rd (07/22) DAP. Soil samples layer (0 - 10 cm deep) were collected for (SMB-N) determination and total N in six periods: 02 days before of the first fertigation; 02 days after of the first fertigation; 04 days before of the last fertigation and 04 days after of the last fertigation; on flowering stage and after harvesting. There was effect of the doses of N and the period of soil collection on the SMB-N, total N and in the ratio SMB-N/total N. The average values of total N revealed steadier in short-term (cycle of the culture) and this was not a good parameter to evaluate the behavior and N transformations in the soil-plant system