Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivos caracterizar el desempeño emulsionante de proteína de guisante en aceite extraído de la semilla de cupuaçu, y determinar su impacto en el perfil nutricional del aceite a diferentes temperaturas. Las semillas fueron compradas a pequeños productores de la ciudad de Parintins (Brasil), después del proceso de despulpado de la fruta. En laboratorio se realizó la preparación de las emulsiones, el proceso de liofilización, y la caracterización de las microcápsulas usando un diseño completamente al azar (5x4). Se utilizó goma arábiga con proteína de chícharo como material de pared, y se evaluaron los siguientes parámetros: pH, acidez titulable, contenido de humedad, contenido de peróxidos y ácidos grasos. En lo que respecta a pH, los valores promedio obtenidos oscilaron entre 6,25 y 6,67. Los valores de acidez variaron entre 0,52 y 1,20, lo que indica que la temperatura no influyó en la acidez del aceite. Los valores de humedad variaron entre 3,6850 y 4,5425, sin diferencia significativa entre tratamientos. Los valores del índice de peróxido se mantuvieron por debajo del límite máximo permitido en la legislación (hasta 15 meq/kg). En cuanto a los ácidos grasos microencapsulados, los tratamientos no difirieron a lo largo de las semanas analizadas, siendo los resultados iniciales similares a los obtenidos en la primera y sexta semana de almacenamiento. Se concluye que es posible microencapsular el aceite de semilla de cupuaçu con proteína de guisante y goma arábiga.

Abstract This study aimed to characterize the performance of pea protein as an emulsifying agent in oil extracted from cupuaçu seed and to determine its impact on the nutritional profile of the oil at different temperatures. The seeds were purchased from small producers in the city of Parintins (Brasil), after the pulping process of the fruit. In the laboratory, emulsion preparation, lyophilization, and characterization of the microcapsules were carried out using a completely randomized design (5x4). Gum arabic combined with pea protein was used as a wall material and the following parameters were evaluated: pH, titratable acidity, moisture content, peroxide content and fatty acid composition. Regarding pH, average values ranged between 6.25 and 6.67. Acidity values varied between 0.52 and 1.20, which indicates that temperature did not influence the acidity of the oil. Humidity varied between 3.6850 and 4.5425, without significant difference between treatments. The values of the peroxide index remained below the maximum limit allowed by the legislation (up to 15 meq/kg). Regarding the microencapsulated fatty acids, the treatments did not differ throughout the weeks analyzed, with the initial results being similar to those obtained in the first and sixth week of storage. It is concluded that cupuaçu seed oil can be microencapsulated with pea protein and gum arabic.

Resumo A hidradenite supurativa é uma doença inflamatória crónica associada a múltiplas comorbilidades e a sua associação com doenças linfoproliferativas tem sido, recentemente, um tema de debate. No entanto, é controverso se esse risco pode ser atribuído à própria doença ou se tem relação com o tratamento imunossupressor. Descrevemos o caso de um doente com hidradenite supurativa perianal grave tratada com metotrexato e infliximab, cuja exacerbação com persistência de sintomas graves refratários ao tratamento adequado levou ao diagnóstico de linfoma não-Hodgkin difuso de grandes células B. Optou-se pela realização de colostomia para melhoria da sépsis perianal e início de imunoquimioterapia.

Abstract Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with multiple comorbidities, and its association with lymphoma has recently been a topic of debate. However, it is still controversial whether this risk can be attributed to the disease itself or whether it has any relationship with immunosuppressive treatment. Here, we describe the case of a patient with severe perianal hidradenitis suppurativa treated with methotrexate and infliximab, whose exacerbation with persistence of severe symptoms refractory to adequate treatment led to the diagnosis of diffuse large non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma. It was decided to perform a colostomy to improve perianal sepsis, and immunochemotherapy was proposed.

ABSTRACT: Previous investigations have revealed that a functional fermented orange beverage presented in its composition different phenolic compounds, which through in silico investigation demonstrated to have biological effects of therapeutic importance as antioxidant, gastrorepair, and anti-ulcerative properties. Thus, this study confirmed in vivo, through a model of EtOH-induced gastric ulcers in rats, the beneficial properties indicated by the in silico tests. Gastric ulcer was induced by EtOH (intragastric) and was treated after 1 h with fermented orange beverage with and without Menthapiperita extract (0.5 mL/100 g w.b). Omeprazole was used as positive control. Histopathological evaluation revealed that EtOH administration resulted in the formation of gastric ulcers due to the reduction of the mucus layer, presence of hemorrhage, and infiltration of neutrophils in the stomach tissue of rats, and only treatment with omeprazole was able to reverse these changes. Additionally, EtOH administration altered the gastric juice volume and induced oxidative stress in the gastric tissue observed through the increase in lipid peroxidation (TBARS), reduction in the levels of non-protein thiols (NPSH), and alteration in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The ingestion of the fermented orange beverage increased NPSH levels and reduced changes in TBARS levels induced by ethanol. These findings suggested that the fermented orange beverage has antioxidant effects, as pointed out by in silico studies, but not gastrorepair and anti-ulcerative effects. ABSTRACT compounds antiulcerative anti ulcerative Thus vivo EtOHinduced rats tests intragastric (intragastric 0.5 05 0 5 (0. mL100 mL 100 mL/10 w.b. wb w.b . w b w.b) control layer hemorrhage Additionally TBARS, , (TBARS) nonprotein non protein NPSH, (NPSH) SOD (SOD activity ethanol studies 0. (0 mL10 10 mL/1 (TBARS (NPSH ( mL1 mL/

RESUMO: Investigações anteriores revelaram que uma bebida funcional fermentada de laranja apresentou em sua composição diferentes compostos fenólicos, que através de investigações in silico demonstraram ter efeitos biológicos de importância terapêutica como propriedades antioxidantes, gastroreparadoras e antiulcerativas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi confirmar in vivo, através de um modelo de úlcera gástrica induzida por EtOH em ratos, as propriedades benéficas indicadas pelos ensaios in silico. A úlcera gástrica foi induzida por EtOH (intragástrico) e tratada após 1 h com bebida fermentada de laranja com e sem o extrato de Mentha piperita (0,5 mL/100 g peso corporal). Omeprazol foi usado como controle positivo. A avaliação histopatológica revelou que a administração de EtOH resultou na formação de úlceras gástricas decorrentes da redução da camada de muco, presença de hemorragia e infiltração de neutrófilos no tecido estomacal de ratos, sendo apenas o tratamento com omeprazol capaz de reverter essas alterações. Além disso, a administração de EtOH alterou o volume do suco gástrico e induziu estresse oxidativo no tecido estomacal observado através do aumento da peroxidação lipídica (TBARS), redução dos níveis de tióis não-proteicos (SHNP) e alteração da atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD). A ingestão da bebida fermentada de laranja aumentou os níveis de SHNP e reduziu as alterações nos níveis de TBARS induzidos pelo EtOH. Esses achados sugerem que a bebida fermentada de laranja apresenta efeitos antioxidantes, conforme apontado por estudos in silico, mas não efeitos gastroreparadores e antiulcerativos. RESUMO fenólicos antioxidantes antiulcerativas Assim vivo ratos intragástrico (intragástrico 0,5 05 0 5 (0, mL100 mL 100 mL/10 corporal. corporal . corporal) positivo muco disso TBARS, , (TBARS) nãoproteicos proteicos (SHNP SOD. SOD (SOD) antiulcerativos 0, (0 mL10 10 mL/1 (TBARS (SOD ( mL1 mL/

Abstract The climatic and edaphic conditions of the semi-arid Brazilian Northeast region limit the production of several annual crops, including cotton. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters and select water stress tolerant cotton lines based on yield and fiber quality traits. Twenty cotton lines were evaluated in Alagoinha-PB over two years under rainfed conditions. Individual and joint analysis of variance was performed on the data. Genetic parameters were determined, and lines were selected using the selection index. The lines CNPA SA 2019-115, CNPA SA 2019-185, CNPA SA 2019-109, and CNPA SA 2019-165 were selected for further tests in the region for recommendation of new cultivars. These lines can form new blocks of crosses, together with the BRS 286 check cultivar, as they have the best mean yield and fiber quality values, with the expectation of significant genetic gains. semiarid semi arid crops traits AlagoinhaPB Alagoinha PB data determined index 2019115, 2019115 2019 115, 115 2019-115 2019185, 2019185 185, 185 2019-185 2019109, 2019109 109, 109 2019-109 2019165 165 2019-16 cultivars crosses 28 cultivar values gains 201911 201 11 2019-11 201918 18 2019-18 201910 10 2019-10 201916 16 2019-1 2 20191 20 1 2019-

Resumen El proceso de sacrificio es la última etapa de manejo y representa un punto en el que se compromete el bienestar de los bovinos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los indicadores de bienestar animal de bovinos en un rastro Tipo Inspección Federal. Se observó el proceso de sacrificio de 1,167 animales [740 machos (63.8 %) y 420 hembras (36.2 %)] en una planta de sacrificio Tipo Inspección Federal en el noroeste de México. Se registraron variables de manejo y comportamiento, así como indicadores de retorno a la sensibilidad y se caracterizaron los hematomas observados en las canales. El 10 % del ganado recibió descargas eléctricas con picanas, el 24.3 % fue golpeado por los operarios. Se observó arqueamiento de la columna vertebral (44.5 %), el 62.2 % de los animales mostró sensibilidad durante el sangrado. La prevalencia de hematomas fue del 88.8 %. Las hembras tuvieron 1.62 mayor riesgo de sufrir hematomas que los machos y la presencia de cuernos grandes incrementó el riesgo de presentar hematomas 1.46. Las características de los hematomas observados fueron rojo brillante (93.8 %), moteado (71.5 %), pequeño (82.9 %) y grado 1 (95.7 %). La zona más afectada por hematomas fue la dorso-lumbar con un 58.3 %. Se concluyó que los animales incluidos en el presente estudio estuvieron expuestos a condiciones que propician el estrés, entre estos, el uso de la picana eléctrica por los operarios, las conductas indeseables de los bovinos durante el arreo, el aturdimiento ineficaz y la presencia de hematomas en las canales.

Abstract The slaughter process is the last stage of management and represents a point at which the welfare of the cattle is compromised. The objective of this study was to evaluate the animal welfare indicators of cattle in a Federal Inspection Type slaughterhouse. The slaughter process of 1,167 animals [740 males (63.8 %) and 420 females (36.2 %)] was observed in a Federal Inspection Type slaughter plant in northwestern Mexico. Management and behavioral variables, as well as indicators of return to sensitivity were recorded, and the bruises observed on the carcasses were characterized. 10 % of the cattle received electric shocks with prods, while 24.2 % were beaten by operators. Arching of the spine was observed (44.5 %), 62.2 % of the animals exhibited sensitivity during exsanguination. The prevalence of bruising was 88.8 %. Females had 1.62 % higher risk of bruising than males and the presence of large horns increased the risk of bruising by 1.46 %. The characteristics of the bruises observed were bright red (93.8 %), mottled (71.5 %), small (82.9 %), and grade 1 (95.7 %). The area most affected by bruises was the dorsal-lumbar area, with 58.3 %. It was concluded that the animals included in this study were exposed to conditions conducive to stress, including the use of the electric prod by the operators, undesirable behaviors of cattle during herding, ineffective stunning, and the presence of bruises on the carcasses.

RESUMEN La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar si la carga laboral y el síndrome de burnout predicen la satisfacción laboral de los docentes de educación básica durante el periodo de retorno a las clases presenciales. El enfoque fue cuantitativo, con un diseño no experimental y el tipo fue predictivo de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 304 docentes a quienes se les administró la Escala de Carga de Trabajo, el Inventario de Burnout de Maslach y la Escala de Satisfacción Laboral, instrumentos con adecuadas propiedades métricas. Los resultados indican que la satisfacción laboral se correlacionó de manera inversa y significativa con la carga laboral (r= -0.738, p<0.05) y el síndrome de burnout (r= -0.716, p<0.05). Del mismo modo, se encontró que la carga laboral y el síndrome de burnout se correlacionaron de manera directa y significativa (r= 0.729, p<0.05). Por otro lado, el análisis de regresión múltiple demostró un ajuste adecuado para el modelo (F= 80.040, p<0.05), en el que la carga laboral (β= 0.639, p<0,05) y el síndrome de burnout (β= 0.350, p<0.05) explicaron el 57,2% de la varianza total de la variable satisfacción laboral. Se concluyó que la carga laboral y el síndrome de burnout predicen la satisfacción laboral de los docentes. Por ello, se sugiere que el Ministerio de Educación y sus instancias descentralizadas diseñen políticas que permitan revalorar el trabajo que vienen realizando los docentes y promuevan la ejecución de programas preventivos y correctivos para mejorar su salud mental.

ABSTRACT The present research explores whether the workload and burnout syndrome predict the job satisfaction of basic education teachers during the period of return to the face-to-face classes. The approach was quantitative, with a non-experimental design and the type was a cross-section predictive. The sample was made up of 304 teachers who were given the Workload Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Job Satisfaction Scale, instruments with adequate metric properties. The results indicate that job satisfaction correlated in reverse and significant way with the workload (r= -0.738, p<0.05) and burnout syndrome (r= -0.716, p<0.05). Similarly, it was found that the workload and burnout syndrome were correlated directly and significantly (r = 0.729, p<0.05). On the other hand, the multiple regression analysis demonstrated an adequate adjustment for the model (F= 80.040, p<0.05), in which the workload (β= 0.639, p<0.05) and burnout syndrome (β= 0.350, p <0.05) explained 57.2% of the total variance of the job satisfaction. It was concluded that the workload and burnout syndrome predict the job satisfaction of teachers. Therefore, it is suggested that the Ministry of Education and its decentralized instances design policies that allow revaluation of the work that teachers have been carrying out and promote the execution of preventive and corrective programs to improve their mental health.

Resumen. El objetivo fue determinar composición nutricional y digestibilidad in situ del residuo industrial de té de jazmín. Se realizó análisis químico proximal, se determinó fibra detergente neutra (FDN) y ácida (FDA), energía metabolizable (EM), neta de mantenimiento (ENm) y ganancia (ENg) y taninos, digestibilidad in situ y cinética de degradación durante 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, y 72 h. Se observó 20.19% PC, 30.5% FC, 65.61% FDN, 49.01% FDA, 1.47 mg g-1 y taninos condensados y 3.21 mg g-1 de hidrolizables, 2.04 Mcal kg-1 EM, 1.19 Mcal kg-1 ENm y 0.74 Mcal kg-1 ENg. La degradación de MS fue 50.63% a la hora 72, PC mostró degradación de 17.5%, los parámetros de cinética de degradación para la MS fueron a = 4.73, b = 48.66 y c = 0.05. El residuo de té de jazmín es una opción viable como fuente de fibra en la dieta de rumiantes.

Abstract. The objective was to determine the nutritional composition and in situ digestibility of the industrial residue of jasmine tea. Proximal chemical analysis, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid (ADF), metabolizable energy (ME), net maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg) and tannins, digestibility in situ and degradation kinetics were determined during 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. 20.19% CP, 30.5% CF, 65.61% NDF, 49.01% ADF 1.47 mg g-1 and condensed tannins and 3.21 mg g-1 of hydrolyzables, 2.04 Mcal kg-1 ME, 1.19 Mcal kg-1 ENm and 0.74 Mcal kg-1 NEg were observed. The DM degradation was 50.63% at 72 h, CP showed 17.5% degradation, the degradation kinetics parameters for DM were a = 4.73, b =48.66 and c = 0.05. It is concluded that the jasmine tea residue is a viable option as a source of fiber in the ruminant diet.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the quality of service in the purchase decision of customers who go shopping to malls in Peru. Method: The type of research was descriptive and relational with a longitudinal non-experimental design. The population sample was made up of people who went to 47 shopping malls located in the capitals of the departments of Peru, where the sample size was determined by convenience, selecting 10 commercial establishments and choosing 206 customers. The applied technique was the survey and the instrument was the questionnaire. Results: For 60% of Peruvians, the quality of services offered by commercial establishments is of average level. Conclusion: Customers who visit shopping malls say that the quality of service influences their purchase decision, which is based on to the speed of attention, fulfillment of offers, staff agility and friendliness; an element that contributes on the brands’ willingness to improve their customer service.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la calidad de servicio en la decisión de compra de los clientes que acuden a los centros comerciales en el Perú. Método: El tipo de investigación fue descriptiva y relacional y con diseño no experimental de corte longitudinal. La muestra poblacional estuvo conformada por personas que acudieron a 47 centros comerciales ubicados en las capitales de los departamentos y el tamaño fue determinado por conveniencia, seleccionando 10 establecimientos comerciales y eligiendo a 206 clientes. La técnica utilizada fue la encuesta y el instrumento, el cuestionario. Resultados: Para el 60 % de los peruanos, la calidad de servicio ofrecida por los establecimientos comerciales determina un nivel medio. Conclusión: Los clientes que acuden a los centros comerciales precisan que la calidad de servicio influye en su decisión de compra, considerando aspectos como la rapidez en la atención, cumplimiento de los ofrecimientos, agilidad y amabilidad; hecho que repercute en el interés de las marcas por mejorar el trato hacia los clientes.

RESUMO Vinculada às precárias práticas sanitárias, a resistência bacteriana, originalmente associada ao ambiente hospitalar, passou a ser observada também no meio ambiente. Tendo em vista a relação da qualidade da água com a saúde de uma população, sua condição passou a ser avaliada por meio da detecção de microrganismos, sendo a Escherichia coli (E. coli) usada como bioindicador para a contaminação fecal. O Rio Carioca é o primeiro rio urbano tombado no Brasil, possui valor histórico, cultural, paisagístico e simbólico, contudo ainda é local de lançamento de efluentes em diferentes pontos, sendo potencial reservatório para a manutenção e disseminação de genes de resistência. Nessa perspectiva, objetivou-se estabelecer o perfil de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de E. coli isoladas em amostras de águas do Rio Carioca, Rio de Janeiro, levando em consideração a presença de águas residuais de origem doméstica e hospitalar nesse curso d’água. Foram obtidas amostras de água superficial de cinco pontos do rio. Os parâmetros cor aparente, turbidez, condutividade elétrica, temperatura e pH foram analisados. Realizou-se a detecção da presença/ausência de bactérias do grupo dos coliformes nas amostras, com posteriores cultivo, isolamento e identificação de E. coli. Os isolados foram submetidos ao teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Isolados resistentes a quatro diferentes antimicrobianos foram encontrados no ponto mais degradado. Assim sendo, este estudo pode contribuir para a compreensão dos mecanismos pelos quais as pessoas podem ser expostas e colonizadas, fortalecendo estratégias de saúde, sanitárias e ambientais.

ABSTRACT Linked to unsafe health practices and originally associated with the hospital environment, bacterial resistance has also started to be observed in nature. Given the relationship between water quality and the health of a population, its condition started to be assessed by detecting microorganisms, and Escherichia coli was used as a bioindicator. The Carioca River is the first urban river listed in Brazil. It has historical, cultural, landscape, and symbolic value. However, it is still a place for effluent discharge at different spots and is a potential reservoir for the maintenance and dissemination of resistance genes. From this perspective, the objective was to establish the profile of susceptibility to E. coli antimicrobials isolated in water samples from the Carioca River, Rio de Janeiro, considering the domestic and hospital wastewater in this watercourse. Surface water samples were collected from five River points. Apparent color, turbidity, electrical conductivity, temperature, and pH were the parameters analyzed. Presence/absence of coliform bacteria were detected in the samples, with subsequent cultivation, isolation, and identification of E. coli. The isolates were submitted to the Antimicrobial Sensitivity Test. Isolates resistant to four different antimicrobials were found at the most degraded point. Thus, this study can help to understand the mechanisms by which the population is exposed and colonized, strengthening health, sanitary, and environmental strategies.

Abstract Forests provide ecosystem services (ES) that confer comparative advantages to the land market. The aim of research was to value forests that support ES in agricultural systems located in the Colombian Amazon piedmont. The hedonic price method was used to observe the influence of the forest on the price of farms and the contingent valuation method was used to find urban inhabitants’ Willingness to Pay (WTP) for the conservation of the forests that guarantee these ES. Landowners identified carbon storage as the forest’s main ES, but the price of the land did not reflect the economic benefits derived from these: the marginal WTP was $ 964.4 dollars, a value that represents the opportunity cost of land use. However, the WTP per household was 0.33 dollars per year, a value that shows potential in the implementation of environmental conservation policy. JEL Classification: Q510, Q570, R11.

Resumen Los bosques proveen servicios ecosistémicos (SE) que otorgan ventajas comparativas al mercado de tierras. El objetivo de este artículo fue valorar los bosques que sustentan SE en sistemas agropecuarios ubicados en el piedemonte amazónico colombiano. Se empleó el método de precios hedónicos para observar la influencia del bosque en el precio de las fincas y el método de valoración contingente para hallar la disponibilidad a pagar (DAP) de los habitantes en la zona urbana por la conservación de bosques que garantizan estos SE. Los propietarios identificaron el almacenamiento de carbono como principal SE del bosque, pero el precio de las tierras no reflejó los beneficios económicos derivados de estos: la DAP marginal fue de -$ 2 115 200, valor que representa el costo de oportunidad de uso del suelo. Sin embargo, la DAP por hogar fue de $ 1124 anuales, valor que vislumbra un potencial en la implementación de política ambiental hacia la conservación. Clasificación JEL: Q510, Q570, R11.

Abstract Tofacitinib has emerged as a new option for ulcerative colitis. Its rapid absorption, metabolism, and clinical improvement make it an interesting option for rescue therapy in acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC), a situation with limited therapeutic options in patients with a long-term disease course and multiple drug failure. The management of ASUC in this setting becomes challenging, underlying the need for new drugs and data on their efficacy and safety. We describe 2 cases of acute episodes in which tofacitinib was used as a rescue therapy.

Resumo O tofacitinib surgiu como uma nova terapêutica para a colite ulcerosa. A rapidez da sua absorção, metabolismo e melhoria clínica tornam-no uma opção apelativa como terapêutica de resgate na colite ulcerosa aguda grave (termo em inglês - ASUC), entidade esta com opções terapêuticas limitadas em doentes com longo curso de doença e falência prévia a múltiplos fármacos. A abordagem da ASUC neste contexto é desafiante, salientando-se a necessidade de novos fármacos e dados reais sobre a sua eficácia e segurança. Descrevemos dois casos de episódios agudos nos quais o tofacitinib foi utilizado como terapêutica de resgate.

RESUMEN Se analizó la relación entre la reflectancia y el contenido de clorofila (Chl) y nitrógeno (N) en hojas de maíz con el fin de identificar índices espectrales útiles para diagnosticar el estado nutricional del cultivo en términos de N. Se realizó un experimento en bloques al azar con cinco tratamientos de fertilizante nitrogenado (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg ha-¹) y cuatro repeticiones y se midieron las respuestas espectrales foliares con un espectro-radiómetro FieldSpec 4 en tres etapas fenológicas, varios índices espectrales se calcularon al igual que los valores de posición del borde rojo (REP) mediante varios métodos. La posición del borde del rojo por el método de la Interpolación lineal (REP-L), por el método de la extrapolación lineal de (REP-LE), la técnica de ajuste de gaussiano invertido REP (REP-IG), la posición del borde del rojo mediante el ajuste de polinomio (REP-P) y el indicie normalizado de vegetación (NDVI) tuvieron la mejor relación con el contenido de clorofila y nitrógeno. La primera derivada de la reflectancia, entre 560 y 760 nm, transformada median la variable de estado normal (SNV) también tuvo coeficientes de correlación altamente significativos con N, Chl y rendimiento. Adicionalmente, el rendimiento de maíz mostró correlaciones altamente significativas con los contenidos de N y Chl. Desde el punto de vista del diagnóstico del estado nutricional del maíz, los índices espectrales y valores de REP fueron apropiados para establecer el estado nutricional del maíz con relación al N en los estados fenológicos V8 y R1.

ABSTRACT The relationship between reflectance and chlorophyll (Chl) and nitrogen (N) contents in maize leaves was analyzed to identify useful spectral indices for diagnosing the nutritional status of crops in terms of N. An experiment was carried out in random blocks with five treatments of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg ha-¹) and four repetitions and the foliar spectral responses were measured with a FieldSpec 4 spectroradiometer in three phenological stages. Several spectral indices and values of red edge position (REP) were calculated using various methods. Red-edge position linear interpolation (REP-L), Red-edge position linear extrapolation (REP-LE), REP-Inverted Gaussian fitting technique (REP-IG), REP-Polynomial fitting technique (REP-P) and NDVI had the best relationship with chlorophyll and nitrogen contents. The first derivative of reflectance, between 560 and 760 nm, transformed by the normal state variable (SNV) also had highly significant correlation coefficients with the N, Chl, and yield. Additionally, the corn yield showed highly significant correlations with the N and Chl contents. From the point of view of the diagnosis of the nutritional status of corn, the spectral indices and REP values were suitable for establishing the nutritional status of corn in relation to N in the phenological stages V8 and R1.

Abstract Introduction: To ensure a good medical preparation and reduce the risk of mistakes, different methods and techniques for the development of clinical practice are used; cardiac examination skills decrease along the time. For this purpose simulation is implemented on the teaching process, and the impact of it on performance of cardiac auscultation should be assessed. Objective: We aimed to compare 4th-year med students’ performance and diagnostic accuracy during the cardiac examination, before and after training. Method: The sample comprised forty-six 4th year med students randomized into two groups. One group was trained with cardiac simulators and the other with patients exclusively. We assessed their ability to perform a cardiac examination and the diagnostic accuracy by using a standardized assessment checklist for a cardiac examination and then performed a statistic test to compare both groups’ performance. Results: There was a difference between both groups’ initial scores of 2 decimals (7.1 and 7.3 on a 0-10 scale). After training, we found that the patients’ trained group had an average score of 8.6 while the simulators trained group had an average score of 8.8 and higher diagnosis accuracy. Conclusions: Clinical simulation and patient training are two different ways of achieving the same goal. There are many reports that claim simulation is best to train medical students, but in this report, we did not observe a statistical difference among them. This is not however, a disadvantage. Clinical simulation offers better learning experience, shown as a tendency in the scores and better diagnostic accuracy. The lack of significant difference between the simulator/patient groups can be explained by a small sample size.

Resumen Introducción: Para asegurar una buena preparación médica y reducir el riesgo de errores, se utilizan diferentes métodos y técnicas para el desarrollo de la práctica clínica. Las habilidades de exploración cardiaca disminuyen con el tiempo, por lo cual se ha implementado la simulación en el proceso de enseñanza y debe evaluarse su impacto en el rendimiento de la auscultación cardiaca. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue comparar el rendimiento y la precisión diagnóstica de los estudiantes de medicina de cuarto año durante el examen cardiaco, antes y después del entrenamiento. Método: La muestra estuvo compuesta por cuarenta y cinco estudiantes de medicina de cuarto año asignados al azar en dos grupos. Un grupo se entrenó con simuladores cardiacos y el otro exclusivamente con pacientes. En las diferentes pruebas, evaluamos su capacidad para realizar un examen cardiaco y la precisión del diagnóstico mediante el uso de una lista de verificación de evaluación estandarizada para un examen cardiaco. Luego realizamos una prueba estadística para comparar el desempeño de ambos grupos. Resultados: Hubo una diferencia entre las puntuaciones iniciales de ambos grupos de 2 decimales (7.1 y 7.3 en una escala de 0 a 10). Después del entrenamiento, encontramos que el grupo entrenado de pacientes tenía una puntuación media de 8.6, mientras que el grupo entrenado con simuladores tenía una puntuación media de 8.8 y una precisión diagnóstica más alta. Conclusiones: La simulación clínica y el entrenamiento del paciente son dos formas diferentes de lograr el mismo objetivo. Hay muchos informes de que la simulación de reclamos es mejor para capacitar a los estudiantes de medicina, pero en este informe no observamos una diferencia estadística entre ellos. Sin embargo, esto no es una desventaja. La simulación clínica ofrece una mejor experiencia de aprendizaje, que se muestra como una tendencia en los puntajes y una mejor precisión diagnóstica. La falta de diferencia significativa entre los grupos de simulador/pacientes puede explicarse por un tamaño de muestra pequeño.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Determinar o potencial anticárie dos dentifrícios distribuídos pelas unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) de Manaus-AM. MÉTODOS Noventa e nove bisnagas de dentifrícios de quatro marcas comerciais foram coletadas de 7 de outubro de 2019 a 11 de outubro de 2019 em 16 UBS, que foram codificados por marca e UBS de origem. De acordo com a embalagem, os dentifrícios das quatro marcas e seus lotes foram formulados com monofluorofosfato de sódio (Na2FPO3) e a maioria (91%) tinha carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3) como abrasivo. Foram determinadas as concentrações de fluoreto total (FT = FST + Fins) e de fluoreto solúvel total (FST = íons F- ou FPO32-), para certificar se atendiam à resolução ANVISA RDC Nº 530 (máximo de 1.500 ppm de FT) e se tinham potencial anticárie (mínimo de 1.000 ppm de FST). As análises foram feitas com eletrodo íon específico. RESULTADOS As concentrações (ppm F) de FT [média; desvio padrão (DP); n] encontradas nos dentifrícios A (1.502,3; DP = 45,6; n = 33), B (1.135,5; DP = 52,7; n = 48) e D (936,8; DP = 20,5; n = 8) foram próximas ao descrito na embalagem, 1.500, 1.100 e 1.000 ppm F, respectivamente. No dentifrício C, foi encontrada média de 274,1 ppm (DP = 219,7; n = 10) de FT, divergindo da concentração declarada de 1.500 ppm F. Em acréscimo, as cinco bisnagas do lote no 11681118 do dentifrício C não foram fluoretadas. Quanto ao FST, à exceção do dentifrício D (937,9; DP = 40,29), os demais apresentaram concentração inferior ao seu respectivo FT. CONCLUSÃO Observou-se problemas graves de quantidade e qualidade do fluoreto nos dentifrícios distribuídos pelo SUS em Manaus, mostrando a necessidade de vigilância desses produtos e ratificando a urgência da revisão da resolução ANVISA RDC Nº 530.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the anticaries potential of toothpastes distributed by the primary health care public clinics (UBS) of Manaus, AM. METHODS Ninety-nine tubes of toothpaste from four commercial brands were collected from October 7, 2019 to October 11, 2019 in 16 UBS. They were assigned a code by brand and source UBS. According to the information on the packaging, the four brands and their batches were formulated with sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2FPO3) and most (91%) had calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as an abrasive. We determined the concentrations of total fluoride (TF = TSF + InsF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF = F ions- or FPO32-), to certify whether they were in compliance with resolution ANVISA RDC No. 530 (maximum of 1,500 ppm TF) and whether they had anticaries potential (minimum of 1,000 ppm TSF). The analyses were performed with a ion- specific electrode. RESULTS The concentrations (ppm F) of TF [mean; standard deviation (SD); n] found in toothpaste brands A (1,502.3; SD = 45.6; n = 33), B (1,135.5; SD = 52.7; n = 48) and D (936.8; SD = 20.5; N = 8) were close to those stated on the package, 1,500, 1,100 and 1,000 ppm F, respectively. In toothpaste C, we found a mean of 274.1 ppm (SD = 219.7; n = 10) of TF, which diverges from the declared concentration of 1,500 ppm F. In addition, the five tubes of lot no. 11681118 of toothpaste C did not contain fluoride. Regarding TSF, with the exception of toothpaste D (937.9; SD = 40.29), the others had a lower concentration than their respective TF. CONCLUSION We found serious problems of quantity and quality of fluoride in toothpaste distributed by the SUS in Manaus, which shows the need for surveillance of these products and confirms the urgency of revising resolution RDC No. 530.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Determinar o potencial anticárie dos dentifrícios distribuídos pelas unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) de Manaus-AM. MÉTODOS Noventa e nove bisnagas de dentifrícios de quatro marcas comerciais foram coletadas de 7 de outubro de 2019 a 11 de outubro de 2019 em 16 UBS, que foram codificados por marca e UBS de origem. De acordo com a embalagem, os dentifrícios das quatro marcas e seus lotes foram formulados com monofluorofosfato de sódio (Na2FPO3) e a maioria (91%) tinha carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3) como abrasivo. Foram determinadas as concentrações de fluoreto total (FT = FST + Fins) e de fluoreto solúvel total (FST = íons F- ou FPO32-), para certificar se atendiam à resolução ANVISA RDC Nº 530 (máximo de 1.500 ppm de FT) e se tinham potencial anticárie (mínimo de 1.000 ppm de FST). As análises foram feitas com eletrodo íon específico. RESULTADOS As concentrações (ppm F) de FT [média; desvio padrão (DP); n] encontradas nos dentifrícios A (1.502,3; DP = 45,6; n = 33), B (1.135,5; DP = 52,7; n = 48) e D (936,8; DP = 20,5; n = 8) foram próximas ao descrito na embalagem, 1.500, 1.100 e 1.000 ppm F, respectivamente. No dentifrício C, foi encontrada média de 274,1 ppm (DP = 219,7; n = 10) de FT, divergindo da concentração declarada de 1.500 ppm F. Em acréscimo, as cinco bisnagas do lote no 11681118 do dentifrício C não foram fluoretadas. Quanto ao FST, à exceção do dentifrício D (937,9; DP = 40,29), os demais apresentaram concentração inferior ao seu respectivo FT. CONCLUSÃO Observou-se problemas graves de quantidade e qualidade do fluoreto nos dentifrícios distribuídos pelo SUS em Manaus, mostrando a necessidade de vigilância desses produtos e ratificando a urgência da revisão da resolução ANVISA RDC Nº 530.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the anticaries potential of toothpastes distributed by the primary health care public clinics (UBS) of Manaus, AM. METHODS Ninety-nine tubes of toothpaste from four commercial brands were collected from October 7, 2019 to October 11, 2019 in 16 UBS. They were assigned a code by brand and source UBS. According to the information on the packaging, the four brands and their batches were formulated with sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2FPO3) and most (91%) had calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as an abrasive. We determined the concentrations of total fluoride (TF = TSF + InsF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF = F ions- or FPO32-), to certify whether they were in compliance with resolution ANVISA RDC No. 530 (maximum of 1,500 ppm TF) and whether they had anticaries potential (minimum of 1,000 ppm TSF). The analyses were performed with a ion- specific electrode. RESULTS The concentrations (ppm F) of TF [mean; standard deviation (SD); n] found in toothpaste brands A (1,502.3; SD = 45.6; n = 33), B (1,135.5; SD = 52.7; n = 48) and D (936.8; SD = 20.5; N = 8) were close to those stated on the package, 1,500, 1,100 and 1,000 ppm F, respectively. In toothpaste C, we found a mean of 274.1 ppm (SD = 219.7; n = 10) of TF, which diverges from the declared concentration of 1,500 ppm F. In addition, the five tubes of lot no. 11681118 of toothpaste C did not contain fluoride. Regarding TSF, with the exception of toothpaste D (937.9; SD = 40.29), the others had a lower concentration than their respective TF. CONCLUSION We found serious problems of quantity and quality of fluoride in toothpaste distributed by the SUS in Manaus, which shows the need for surveillance of these products and confirms the urgency of revising resolution RDC No. 530.