Summary: Currently, agricultural activity is constantly threatened by the effects of climate change and radical expression of environmental factors as irregular rainfall distribution responsible for water availability and deficit. These factors generate water stress in productive systems, whose negative effect is reflected on morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects of vegetative growth. The use of biostimulants arises as a strategy to counteract this impact, improving crop efficiency in the use of resources and generating responses, as metabolite production, among other substances that mitigate the effects of oxidative stress. In this context, waxes, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA) and ALGAENZIMSMR were used on raspberry plants subjected to moderate water stress (-0. 8 MPa) to evaluate the fruit response in aspects of vegetative growth, physiological and biochemical quality. For the establishment, a completely randomized design was used with 5 treatments: Green Cover as 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, salicylic acid 0.27 mM, ALGAENZIMSMR 7.5 mL L-1 and the control with 50% recovery of the transpired volume as well as water potential similar to the rest of plants and 4 replicates. The results showed that waxes, SA and algal extract increased the photosynthetic rate; the four treatments increased root length; waxes increased root height; and H2O2 increased root biomass. Compared to the control, higher levels of vitamin C and anthocyanins were produced in fruits - a very important aspect due to the functionality of these compounds in human health. Therefore, the use of these biostimulants are a very useful tool for crop management in environments with water restriction.

Resumen: En la actualidad la actividad agrícola se ve amenazada constantemente por los efectos del cambio climático y la expresión radical de los factores ambientales, como la irregularidad en la distribución pluvial responsable de la disponibilidad del agua y déficit, que genera estrés hídrico en los sistemas productivos, cuyo efecto negativo se refleja en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, morfológicos, fisiológicos y bioquímicos. El uso de bioestimulantes surge como estrategia para contrarrestar este impacto, mejorando la eficiencia de los cultivos en el uso de los recursos y generar respuestas, como la producción de metabolitos entre otras sustancias, que mitigan los efectos del estrés oxidativo. Bajo este contexto se planteó el uso de ceras, peróxido de hidrogeno (H2O2), ácido salicílico (AS) y algaenzims, sobre plantas de frambuesa sometidas a estrés hídrico moderado (-0.8 MPa) con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, fisiológicos y calidad bioquímica de frutos, para el establecimiento se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con 5 tratamientos: greencover as® 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, ácido salicílico 0.27 mM, algaenzims® 7.5 mL L-1 y el control con recuperación del 50% del volumen transpirado y con potencial hídrico similar al resto de plantas y 4 repeticiones. Como resultados se obtuvo que las ceras, AS y el extracto de algas incrementaron la tasa fotosintética, los cuatro tratamientos aumentaron la longitud de raíces, las ceras la altura, y el H2O2 la biomasa de raíz. Por otro lado, en comparación con el control, se produjeron mayores niveles de vitamina C y antocianinas en frutos, un aspecto muy importante por la funcionalidad de estos compuestos en la salud humana. Por lo tanto, el uso de estos bioestimulantes se puede visualizar como una herramienta de gran utilidad para el manejo de cultivos en ambientes con restricción de agua.

Summary: The cocoa crop is very susceptible to nutritional deficiencies and moniliasis caused by the phytopathogen Moniliophthora roreri. One of the alternatives to synthetic chemicals are compounds based on silicon (Si). In the present investigation, the ef fect of silicon as a biostimulant in cocoa cultivation and as a biological control agent for M. roreri was evaluated. In the experiment, five Si treatments were used: T1 (4.00 kg ha-1), T2 (3.00 kg ha-1), T3 (2.00 kg ha-1) and T4 (1.5 kg ha-1) and a control treatment (without application). Production indicators, ear number, fresh and dry weight of almonds, dry weight of 100 almonds and crop yield were determined. In addition, the incidence and severity of the disease at 60, 120 and 180 days af ter the application of Si and the ef ficiency of the treatments. The significantly higher results for the variables: Production, ear number, fresh and dry weight of almond and dry weight of 100 almonds, were obtained by applying 4 kg ha-1 of Si, all doses of Si exceeded the control (P ≤ 0.05) in the variables related to production. In the control of the phytopathogen (M. roreri), the dose of 4 kg ha-1 Si decreased the incidence and severity of the disease by more than 50%. The application of Si can be an option in cocoa cultivation as a biostimulant and biological control agent for M. roreri.

Resumen: El cultivo del cacao es muy susceptible a deficiencias nutrimentales y a la moniliasis ocasionada por el fitopatógeno Moniliophthora roreri. Una de las alternativas a los productos químicos sintéticos son los compuestos a base de silicio (Si). En la presente investigación se evaluó el efecto del silicio como bioestimulante en el cultivo de cacao y agente de control biológico de M. roreri. En el experimento se utilizaron cincos tratamientos de Si: T1 (4.00 kg ha-1), T2 (3.00 kg ha-1), T3 (2.00 kg ha-1) y T4 (1.5 kg ha-1) y un tratamiento control (sin aplicación). Se determinaron los indicadores de producción, número de mazorca, peso fresco y seco de almendras, peso seco de 100 almendras y el rendimiento del cultivo. Además, de la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad a los 60, 120 y 180 días después de la aplicación del Si y la eficiencia de los tratamientos. Los resultados significativamente superiores para las variables: Producción, número mazorca, peso fresco y seco de almendra y peso seco de 100 almendra, se obtuvieron mediante la aplicación de 4 kg ha-1 de Si, todas las dosis de Si superaron al control (P ≤ 0.05) en las variables relacionas a la producción. En el control del fitopatógeno (M. roreri), la dosis de 4 kg ha-1 Si disminuyó la incidencia y la severidad de la enfermedad en más del 50%. La aplicación de Si puede ser una opción en el cultivo de cacao como bioestimulante y agente de control biológico de M. roreri.

Summary: Chitosan as a natural biostimulant promotes the growth and development of crops, development and yield of crops. Several studies have proven the efficacy of chitosan to improve cucumber production, the study of the response to different doses of chitosan is necessary, therefore the objective of the present study was determine the effect of six concentrations of chitosan on the growth and production of the cucumber crop. Six treatments: T1= Control; T2= QuitoMax® 100 mg L-1; T3= QuitoMax® 200 mg L-1; T4= QuitoMax® 300 mg L-1; T5= 400 mg L-1 and T6= 500 mg L-1, were applied by manual spraying at 15, 30 and 45 days after transplanting the hybrid cucumber Diamante F1, using a randomized block experimental design with three repetitions and five plants per experimental unit. The variables length of the guide, number of fruits per plant, length, diameter and weight of the fruit, and yield in kg ha-1 were recorded. The length of the guide was measured at 15, 30 and 45 days, so for this variable a model of repeated measurements in time and comparison of means by least squares, for the rest of the variables an orthogonal polynomial analysis was used to determine the response of the variables to the different concentrations of chitosan. All variables presented a positive linear response to the application of chitosan. It is concluded that chitosan influences the growth and development of the cucumber plant. Increasing its yield as the dose of chitosan increases. The dose of 500 mg L-1 in this study was the one that had the best results. The need to study higher doses of chitosan is suggested.

Resumen: El quitosano como bioestimulante natural, promueve el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de los cultivos. Diversos estudios han probado la eficacia del quitosano para mejorar la producción de pepino, el estudio de la respuesta a diferentes dosis de quitosano se hace necesario, por ello el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto de seis concentraciones de quitosano sobre el crecimiento y producción del cultivo de pepino. Seis tratamientos: T1 = Testigo; T2 = QuitoMax® 100 mg L-1 ; T3 = QuitoMax® 200 mg L-1 ; T4 = QuitoMax® 300 mg L-1 ; T5 = QuitoMax® 400 mg L-1 y T6 = QuitoMax® 500 mg L-1, fueron aplicados mediante aspersión manual a los 15, 30 y 45 días después del trasplante del hibrido de pepino Diamante F1, utilizando un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones y cinco plantas por unidad experimental. Se registraron las variables longitud de la guía (cm), número de frutos por planta, longitud (cm), diámetro (cm) y peso del fruto (g), y el rendimiento en kg ha-1. La longitud de la guía se midió a los 15, 30 y 45 días, por lo que para esta variable se utilizó un modelo de mediciones repetidas en el tiempo y comparación de medias por mínimos cuadrados, para el resto de las variables se utilizó un análisis de polinomios ortogonales para determinar la respuesta de las variables a las diferentes concentraciones de quitosano. Todas las variables presentaron una respuesta lineal positiva a la aplicación de quitosano. Se concluye que el quitosano influye en el crecimiento y desarrollo de la planta del pepino, incrementando su rendimiento conforme se incrementa la dosis de quitosano. La respuesta lineal positiva sugiere que dosis de 500 mg L-1 o mayores de quitosano son recomendables para mejorar el rendimiento del cultivo de pepino.

Resumo Fundamento: O fondaparinux é um anticoagulante eficaz e seguro usado no tratamento de síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCAs). No entanto, devido à baixa representatividade de indivíduos obesos em ensaios clínicos, os efeitos de se aplicar os resultados desse medicamento nesta população continuam incertos. Objetivos: Comparar o fondaparinux à enoxaparina no tratamento de obesos com SCA. Métodos: Este é um estudo do tipo coorte retrospectivo, incluindo indivíduos obesos (IMC ≥ 30 Kg/m2) internados com Infarto do Miocárdio sem Elevação do Segmento ST (IAMSSST) ou Angina Instável (AI) e tratados com fondaparinux ou enoxaparina entre 2010 e 2020. Os grupos que receberam fondaparinux e enoxaparina foram comparados quanto suas características clínicas e laboratoriais usando o teste do qui-quadrado e o teste de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. A incidência dos desfechos primários (morte, reinfarto, acidente vascular cerebral, sangramento maior) foi comparada entre os grupos. Um p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo em todas as análises. Resultados: Um total de 367 pacientes obesos com IAMSSST ou AI foi incluído, dos quais 258 usaram fondaparinux e 109 usaram enoxaparina. A idade média foi 64 ± 12 anos, 52,9% eram do sexo masculino. A prevalência e diabetes, hipertensão, dislipidemia, doença arterial coronariana prévia, acidente vascular cerebral prévio, e implementação de estratégia invasiva foi similar entre os grupos. A incidência do desfecho primário foi 4,7% no grupo fondaparinux e 5,5% no grupo enoxaparina (p = 0,729). Não houve diferença entre os grupos quando os componentes do desfecho primário foram analisados separadamente. Conclusão: Em uma amostra de pacientes obesos com IAMSSST ou AI, não houve diferença na ocorrência do desfecho composto (morte, acidente vascular cerebral, reinfarto, sangramento maior) entre os pacientes que utilizaram fondaparinux ou enoxaparina. Fundamento SCAs. SCAs . (SCAs) entanto clínicos incertos Objetivos SCA Métodos retrospectivo IMC 3 Kg/m2 Kgm2 Kgm Kg m2 m (IAMSSST (AI 201 2020 quiquadrado qui quadrado MannWhitney, MannWhitney Mann Whitney, Whitney Mann-Whitney apropriado morte, morte (morte reinfarto maior p005 p 0 05 p<0,0 análises Resultados 36 incluído 25 10 6 1 anos 529 52 9 52,9 masculino diabetes hipertensão dislipidemia prévia prévio 47 4 7 4,7 55 5 5,5 0,729. 0729 0,729 729 0,729) separadamente Conclusão (SCAs Kg/m 20 202 p00 p<0, 2 52, 4, 5, 072 0,72 72 p0 p<0 07 0,7 p< 0,

Abstract Background: Fondaparinux is an effective and safe anticoagulant in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, due to the low representation of obese individuals in clinical trials, the effects of applying the results of this drug to this population remain uncertain. Objectives: To compare Fondaparinux to Enoxaparin in the treatment of obese patients with ACS. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study, including obese individuals (BMI ≥ 30 Kg/m2) admitted with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA) and treated with Fondaparinux or Enoxaparin between 2010 and 2020. The Fondaparinux and Enoxaparin groups were compared for their clinical and laboratory characteristics using chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests, as appropriate. The incidence of primary outcomes (death, reinfarction, stroke, major bleeding) was compared between groups. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant for all analyses. Results: A total of 367 obese patients with NSTEMI or UA were included, of whom 258 used Fondaparinux and 109 used Enoxaparin. Mean age was 64 ± 12 years, and 52.9% were male. The prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, prior coronary artery disease, prior stroke, and implementation of invasive strategy was similar between groups. The incidence of the primary outcome was 4.7% in the Fondaparinux group and 5.5% in the Enoxaparin group (p = 0.729). There was no difference between groups when analyzing the components of the primary outcome separately. Conclusion: In a sample of obese patients with NSTEMI or UA, there was no difference in the occurrence of the composite outcome (death, stroke, reinfarction, major bleeding) between patients who used Fondaparinux or Enoxaparin. Background ACS . (ACS) However trials uncertain Objectives Methods study BMI 3 Kg/m2 Kgm2 Kgm Kg m2 m nonSTsegment non ST segment (NSTEMI (UA 201 2020 chisquare chi square MannWhitney Mann Whitney tests appropriate death, death (death reinfarction stroke bleeding Pvalue P value 005 0 05 0.0 analyses Results 36 included 25 10 6 1 years 529 52 9 52.9 male diabetes hypertension dyslipidemia disease 47 4 7 4.7 55 5 5.5 p 0.729. 0729 0.729 729 0.729) separately Conclusion (ACS Kg/m 20 202 00 0. 2 52. 4. 5. 072 0.72 72 07 0.7

Abstract Background: “Rendez-vous” (RV) technique is a mixed-technique which uses both laparoscopic and endoscopic skills; however, the evidence is contradictory regarding the implementation of this technique or the 2-step sequential technique (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP] followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy [LC]) in the management of cholecysto-choledocholitiasis. Objective: To estimate the association between the implementation of RV technique and the presence of post-surgical complications as primary outcome, using as comparator the 2-step sequential technique. Method: An observational, analytical, retrospective study was conducted, using as exposed cohort the medical records from patients with a diagnosis of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, or mild biliary pancreatitis. The exposed cohort underwent RV technique, while the unexposed cohort were those which underwent two step technique. Results: There was a lower post-surgical complication rate in the RV group (0%) compared with the 10.1% (p = 0.3617) in the control group. Also, RV technique showed a lesser hospitalization time (p = 0.0377) and a lesser post-surgical hospitalization time (p < 0.0001) Conclusions: RV technique is superior when compared with the 2-step sequential technique (ERCP followed by LC), based on a better surgical success rate, a fewer complications rate and less hospitalization time.

Resumen Antecedentes: La técnica de «Rendez-vous» (RV) es una técnica mixta en la que se combinan las habilidades endoscópicas y laparoscópicas. La evidencia es contradictoria respecto al uso de RV frente a la técnica secuencial en dos tiempos (colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica [CPRE] seguida de colecistectomía laparoscópica [CL]) para el manejo de la colecisto-coledocolitiasis. Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre el uso de la técnica RV y la presencia de complicaciones posquirúrgicas como desenlace primario, en comparación con la técnica secuencial. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico retrospectivo que tomó como cohorte expuesta las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de colelitiasis, colecistitis o pancreatitis leve de origen biliar sometidos a la técnica RV, y se compararon con registros en los que se realizó la técnica de dos tiempos. Resultados: La tasa de complicaciones posquirúrgicas en el grupo de RV fue del 0%, frente al 10.1% (p = 0.3617) en el grupo control. Además, la RV presentó menor tiempo de hospitalización global (p = 0.0377) y posquirúrgica (p < 0.0001). Conclusiones: La técnica RV es superior a la técnica secuencial de CPRE seguida de CL, por su mayor tasa de éxito, menor tasa de complicaciones y menor tiempo hospitalario.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the dry matter (DM) accumulation by component, yield, and nutritional composition of forage of four corn hybrids harvested at 121, 128, 135 and 142 d after sowing. In each harvest, five plants were randomly taken and separated into their components (stem, leaves, grain, cob, bracts, and tassel) and DM was determined; chemical composition and in-situ digestibility were analyzed in a composite sample of a whole plant. The accumulation of grain in the total DM increased from 35.8 to 43.9 % from 121 to 142 d to harvest, respectively, and diluted the other components, especially the proportion of stem and leaves, which decreased inversely proportional to the accumulation of grain. Total DM content differed between hybrids, from 3.8 and up to 8.3 percentage units on the same days to harvest. Nonetheless, the hybrid did not affect DM yield or grain production, increasing by 2.1 and 1.4 t ha-1 between harvests, respectively. NDF content decreased and starch increased (both linearly), affecting net energy for lactation, which increased from 1.49 to 1.56 Mcal kg-1 from 121 to 142 d to harvest, respectively. The interaction between days to harvest and hybrid affected starch content, which was 5.2 units higher in a hybrid with similar NFC and NDF content than its counterparts. DM, NDF and starch digestibilities were affected by the hybrid, but not by the days to harvest.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la acumulación de materia seca (MS) por componente, rendimiento y composición nutricional del forraje de cuatro híbridos de maíz cosechados a 121, 128, 135 y 142 días después de la siembra. En cada cosecha, se tomaron al azar cinco plantas y se separaron en sus componentes (tallo, hojas, grano, olote, brácteas y espiga) y se determinó la MS; en una muestra compuesta de planta completa se analizó la composición química y digestibilidad in situ. La acumulación de grano en la MS total se incrementó de 35.8 a 43.9 % de los 121 a 142 días a cosecha, respectivamente, y diluyó a los demás componentes, sobre todo la proporción de tallo y de hojas, que decrecieron inversamente proporcional a la acumulación de grano. El contenido de MS total difirió entre híbridos de 3.8 y hasta 8.3 unidades porcentuales a mismos días a cosecha. Sin embargo, el híbrido no afectó el rendimiento de MS ni la producción de grano incrementándose 2.1 y 1.4 t ha-1 entre cosecha, respectivamente. El contenido de FDN disminuyó y el almidón se incrementó (ambos linealmente), afectando la energía neta de lactancia que aumentó de 1.49 a 1.56 Mcal kg-1 de los 121 a 142 días a cosecha, respectivamente. La interacción entre días a cosecha e híbrido afectó el contenido de almidón, el cual fue 5.2 unidades superior en un híbrido con similar contenido de CNF y FDN que sus contrapartes. Las digestibilidades de la MS, de la FDN y del almidón fueron afectadas por el híbrido, pero no por los días a cosecha.

Resumo O estudo fundamenta-se em uma análise geral das geociências do colapso nos campos de cultivo de Santa María Zacatepec, na cidade de Juan C. Bonilla, México. A técnica de sensoriamento remoto é aplicada no desenvolvimento, permitindo a interpretação de combinações de bandas e a determinação da geometria, geologia, geomorfologia e cartografia do local. É apresentada uma análise resumida do trabalho realizado, além de modelos de simulação do gasto hidrológico e da aceleração da água nos taludes estruturais de escoamento. Esses dados foram utilizados para o mapeamento final e a modelagem gráfica. Foi realizado um estudo geomorfológico, geológico e topográfico do local, utilizando técnicas telemétricas aéreas e de satélite. Também foi utilizado um software especializado para levantamentos geodésicos e mapeamento em modelos 2D e 3D da área de análise. Os levantamentos do local foram realizados com o objetivo de conhecer o formato da estrutura e identificar áreas de risco potencial para a população próxima ao colapso. Foram obtidas ortofotos para calcular e determinar a inclinação por distância-elevação, aceleração-altura, fluxo de água e força, o que serviu para concluir as possíveis causas que levaram ao colapso e para ter dados técnicos suficientes que foram compartilhados com as autoridades de proteção civil.

Abstract This paper presents a general analysis from the geosciences of structural collapses. The analysis was conducted in the crop fields of Santa María Zacatepec, in the city of Juan C. Bonilla, Mexico. The analysis implemented the Remote Sensing technique, facilitating the interpretation of band combinations and determining the geometry, geology, geomorphology and cartography of the site under study. A summary analysis of the work performed is presented, in addition to showing simulation models of the hydrological outflow and water acceleration in the runoff structural slopes, data that were used for the final mapping and graphic modeling. A geomorphological, geological, and topographical study of the site was conducted, using satellite and aerial telemetric techniques. Specialized software was also used for geodetic surveys, mapping in 2D and 3D models of the analysis area. Surveys of the site were carried out to determine the shape of the structure and identify potentially risk areas for the population near the collapse events. Orthophotos were obtained to calculate and determine the slope by distance-elevation, acceleration-height, water flow and force, which served to conclude the possible causes that led to the collapses and have sufficient technical data that were shared with the civil protection authorities.

Resumen El trabajo se basa en un análisis general desde las geociencias del colapso en los campos de cultivo de Santa María Zacatepec, de la ciudad Juan C. Bonilla. En el desarrollo se aplica la técnica de Percepción Remota, permitiendo interpretar combinaciones de bandas y determinar la geometría, geología, geomorfología y cartografía del sitio. Se presenta un análisis resumido del trabajo que se realizó, además de mostrar modelos de simulación del gasto hidrológico y la aceleración del agua en las pendientes estructurales de escorrentía, datos que se usaron para la cartografía y modelado gráfico finales. Se realizó un estudio geomorfológico, geológico y topográfico del lugar, con técnicas telemétricas satelitales y aéreas; también se utilizó software especializado que se aplicó para levantamientos geodésicos, realizando cartografía en modelos 2D y 3D del área de análisis. Las prospecciones del lugar se realizaron con el objetivo de conocer la forma de la estructura e identificar áreas potencialmente riesgosas para la población cercana al colapso. Se obtuvieron ortofotos para calcular y determinar la pendiente por distanciaelevación, la aceleración-altura, el gasto y la fuerza del agua; que sirvió para concluir las posibles causas que ocasionaron el colapso, y contar con datos técnicos suficientes que se compartieron con las autoridades de protección civil.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the standard surgical times of the four most common general surgery procedures (unilateral inguinal hernioplasty, bilateral inguinal hernioplasty, umbilical hernioplasty and cholecystectomy) in a second-level hospital and to estimate the probability of extending the time of each of the procedures. Efficiency is a widely studied subject in economics. It involves the need for fewer elements in the production of a certain level of goods and services. Therefore, it is extremely important to consider it in the field of surgery. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study. It used the operating room records from 2017 to 2019 of the General Surgery service in a second-level hospital. Based on this information, the time required for each procedure was standardized using the mean for each one (umbilical hernioplasty, unilateral or bilateral inguinal hernioplasty and cholecystectomy). The probability of extending surgical times was estimated based on the obtained data and confidence interval. Results: The mean for unilateral inguinal hernioplasty was 76 min (95.00 % CI: 72-80 min, SD 23), for bilateral inguinal hernioplasty 104.38 min (95.00 % CI: 91-116 min, SD 41.7), for umbilical hernioplasty 59.31 min (95.00 % CI: 54-63 min, SD 29.99) and for cholecystectomy 85.735 min (95.00 % CI: 83-88 min). The probability of scheduling three surgical interventions and completing all of them on time (upper limit of the CI) is 92.69 %, and the probability of scheduling three surgical interventions and extending the time of all of them is 0.0016 % (lower limit of the CI). Conclusions: Planning scheduled operations using standardized surgical times is feasible. Updated statistics on surgical procedures (average time for each procedure) are required since it is possible to more accurately detect and supervise operating room dynamics by identifying opportunity areas. This will make operating room time more efficient for the benefit of health care systems and patients.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los tiempos quirúrgicos estándar de los cuatro procedimientos más comunes en cirugía general (hernioplastia inguinal unilateral, hernioplastia inguinal bilateral, hernioplastia umbilical y colecistectomía) de un hospital de segundo nivel y calcular la probabilidad de extensión de cada uno de los procedimientos. La eficiencia es un fenómeno ampliamente estudiado en el ámbito económico, pues hace referencia a la necesidad de menor cantidad de factores para la producción de un determinado nivel de bienes y servicios, por ello, es de vital importancia incluirlo en el ámbito quirúrgico. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se utilizaron los registros de quirófano de un hospital de segundo nivel del año 2017 al 2019 del servicio de Cirugía General. A partir de esta información, se estandarizó el tiempo necesario para cada procedimiento mediante la media de cada uno (hernioplastia umbilical, hernioplastia inguinal unilateral o bilateral y colecistectomía). Se calculó la probabilidad de extensión de las cirugías tomando en consideración los datos obtenidos y el intervalo de confianza. Resultados: Para el procedimiento de hernioplastia inguinal unilateral se obtuvo una media de 76 min (IC 95,00 %: 72-80 min, DE 23); en hernioplastia inguinal bilateral, una media de 104,38 min (IC 95,00 %: 91-116 min, DE 41,7); en hernioplastia umbilical, una media de 59,31 min (IC 95,00 %: 54-63 min, DE 29,9), y en colecistectomía, una media de 85,735 min (IC 95,00 %: 83-88 min). La probabilidad de que se programen tres cirugías y todas estén a tiempo (límite superior del IC) es de 92,69 %, la probabilidad de que se programen tres cirugías y todas se prolonguen es de 0,0016 % (límite inferior del IC). Conclusiones: Es posible realizar la planeación de las cirugías programadas mediante el uso de tiempos quirúrgicos estandarizados. Se requiere contar con estadística actualizada de los procedimientos quirúrgicos (promedios del tiempo de realización de cada procedimiento), ya que es posible detectar y supervisar de manera más precisa la dinámica de quirófano mediante la detección de las áreas de oportunidad, de esta manera, se eficientizará el tiempo de quirófano para beneficio de los sistemas de salud y los pacientes.

Resumo O linfoma anaplásico de grandes células cutâneo primário (C-ALCL) é um linfoma não-Hodgkin raro com expressão do antígeno CD30 e que não possui manifestações extracutâneas no momento do diagnóstico. O surgimento de pápulas ou nódulos solitários, localizados principalmente no tronco e nas extremidades, são característicos da doença. Neste relato de caso, discorre-se sobre paciente do sexo feminino, 58 anos, com lesão em panturrilha direita de aspecto nodular com crescimento acelerado. Na biópsia, anatomopatológico evidenciou neoplasia maligna de células linfoides/epitelioides. Os aspectos morfológicos, associados ao perfil imunoistoquímico, revelaram desordem linfoproliferativa CD30 positiva em pele, compatível com C-ALCL. Após primeira exérese, surgimento de novas lesões dolorosas em placa de coloração violácea, com realização de nova biópsia. Foi realizada radioterapia durante quatro semanas e as lesões regrediram, porém, recidivaram cerca de um ano após o tratamento. Houve indicação de um novo ciclo de radioterapia para a paciente. A excepcionalidade do C-ALCL justifica o desenvolvimento desse relato de caso, a fim de salientar a importância de se considerar este diagnóstico como uma possibilidade nos linfomas cutâneos de grandes células.

Abstract Primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (C-ALCL) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, CD30 positive that does not exhibit extracutaneous manifestations at the time of diagnosis. The emergence of solitary papules or nodules, on the trunk and extremities, characterizes the disease. This case reports a 58-year-old female who presented with a rapidly enlarging nodule on her right calf. The biopsy revealed a malignant neoplasm of large cells. The morphological features, combined with the immunohistochemical profile, revealed a CD30-positive and anaplastic lymphoma kinase-negative lymphoproliferative disorder, consistent with C-ALCL. Shortly after the first excision, new lesions manifested in violaceous papules and nodules, and a new biopsy was performed, confirming the initial diagnosis. The patient underwent radiotherapy for 4 weeks and the lesions regressed but recurred about a year after. The patient is currently under treatment. The main goal is to emphasize the importance of considering this diagnosis as a possibility in large-cell cutaneous lymphomas.

Abstract One of the crucial aspects to be considered for successful in vitro production (IVP) of embryos is the composition of the various media used throughout the stages of this reproductive biotechnology. The cell culture media employed should fulfill the metabolic requirements of both gametes during oocyte maturation and sperm development, as well as the embryo during its initial cell divisions. Most IVP protocols incorporate blood serum into the media composition as a source of hormones, proteins, growth factors, and nutrients. Numerous studies have suggested Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) as a substitute for fetal sera in cell culture, particularly for stem cells. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the potential use of PRP as a replacement for fetal bovine serum (FBS) during oocyte maturation for in vitro production of bovine embryos. During in vitro maturation (IVM), cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were allocated into the following experimental groups: Group G1 (IVM medium with 5% PRP); Group G2 (MIV medium with 5% PRP and 5% SFB); Group G3 (MIV medium with 5% SFB); and Group G4 (MIV medium without either PRP or SFB). Subsequently, the cumulus-oocyte complexes were fertilized with semen from a single bull, and the resulting zygotes were cultured for seven days. Cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were assessed on days 2 and 7 of embryonic development, respectively. The quality of matured COCs was also evaluated by analyzing the gene expression of HSP70, an important protein associated with cellular stress. The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences among the experimental groups in terms of embryo production rates, both in the initial cleavage stages and blastocyst formation (except for the G4 group, which exhibited a lower blastocyst formation rate on D7, as expected). This indicates that PRP could be a cost-effective alternative to SFB in the IVP of embryos. (IVP biotechnology development divisions hormones proteins factors nutrients PlateletRich Platelet Rich (PRP cells Therefore FBS (FBS IVM, IVM , (IVM) cumulusoocyte cumulus (COCs G 5 PRP) MIV SFB) SFB. . Subsequently bull respectively HSP70 HSP stress except group D7 D expected. expected expected) costeffective cost effective HSP7

Abstract Introduction: Between 1500 and 1822, Brazil was under the colonial rule of Portugal, and it was only in 1808 that the first two official medical schools were opened in its territory. For more than three centuries after the European discovery of Brazil, the lack of local institutions to train health professionals was a problem for a population vulnerable to both tropical and imported diseases. In this context, the knowledge, beliefs and practices of Jesuit priests, indigenous shamans and enslaved Africans predominated, often with conflicting perspectives. Development: This essay aims to address the teaching of health care in colonial Brazil and reflect on this historical period and its influences on the training of doctors in the country. Conclusion: Medical education is currently facing many challenges, and we understand that pedagogical, scientific and technological advances must be adopted, but without disregarding the historical and cultural context and the plurality of the population and the national health system. More than five hundred years have passed since the arrival of the Portuguese, and to this day Brazil remains a country with unique territorial, ethnic, cultural, economic and religious complexity. Introduction 150 1822 Portugal 180 territory diseases knowledge priests predominated perspectives Development Conclusion challenges pedagogical adopted system Portuguese territorial ethnic complexity 15 182 18 1

Resumo Introdução: Entre os anos de 1500 e 1822, o Brasil esteve sob o domínio colonial de Portugal, e apenas em 1808 as duas primeiras escolas oficiais de Medicina foram abertas em seu território. Por mais de três séculos após o descobrimento, a falta de instituições locais para formar profissionais de saúde foi um problema diante de uma população vulnerável tanto às doenças tropicais quanto às enfermidades importadas. Nesse contexto, predominava a disseminação de conhecimentos, crenças e práticas dos padres jesuítas, pajés indígenas e africanos escravizados, frequentemente com perspectivas conflitantes. Desenvolvimento: Este ensaio tem como objetivos abordar o ensino dos cuidados de saúde no Brasil colonial e refletir sobre esse período histórico e suas influências para a formação de médicos no país. Conclusão: A educação médica tem enfrentado atualmente muitos desafios, e entendemos que os avanços pedagógicos, científicos e tecnológicos devem ser adotados, sem desconsiderar os contextos histórico e cultural, e a pluralidade da população e do sistema de saúde nacional. Mais de 500 anos se passaram desde a chegada dos portugueses, e ainda hoje o Brasil continua sendo um país com complexidades territorial, étnica, cultural, econômica e religiosa ímpares. Introdução 150 1822 Portugal 180 território descobrimento importadas contexto conhecimentos jesuítas escravizados conflitantes Desenvolvimento Conclusão desafios pedagógicos adotados cultural nacional 50 portugueses territorial étnica ímpares 15 182 18 5 1

Abstract When processed conventionally, aluminum-bronze alloys with high mechanical strength require machining after the raw state of fusion, and the waste (chips), if not reused, can cause problems for the environment and costs for the company. Therefore, this article proposes an alternative for recycling aluminum bronze through the new route via Powder Metallurgy (PM), analyzing the resulting microstructure. This study compares the microstructures of the aluminum bronze derived from extraction (the samples received - SR) and the state after the powder metallurgy (PM) process with the addition of vanadium carbides (VC). The study also analyzes the distribution of VC in the microstructure of the PM composite as well as the influence of the TQ30 heat treatment on this composite. For the PM process, aluminum alloy and bronze chips were ground together with vanadium carbide (VC) in a high-energy mill for 50 hours. The powders obtained were pressed uniaxially (400 MPa) to achieve good compaction. The samples were then sintered (900°C/lh), water quenched (900°C/2h), and subjected to treatment according to the TQ30 standard, which, in addition to the previous treatments, also includes tempering at 500°C for 2 hours (ASTM B150/B150M-12 standard). The microstructure observed in the SR samples was martensitic (in needles), with secondary phases dispersed in the matrix. On the other hand, the microstructure of the PM samples showed equiaxed grains of the alpha phase (a), as well as the secondary phases kapa (k) and beta line (β1), in contrast to the needle-shaped microstructure of the conventional melting process. conventionally aluminumbronze fusion chips, , (chips) reused company Therefore PM, (PM VC. . TQ TQ3 (VC highenergy energy 5 400 (40 MPa compaction 900°C/lh, 900Clh Clh 900°C/lh 900 C lh (900°C/lh) 900°C/2h, 900C2h Ch 900°C/2h 2h h (900°C/2h) standard which treatments 500C 500 ASTM B150/B150M12 B150B150M12 BBM B150/B150M 12 B150 B150M B M B150/B150M-1 standard. standard) needles, needles needles) matrix hand a, (a) k (k β1, β1 β (β1) needleshaped needle shaped (chips 40 (4 90 (900°C/lh (900°C/2h B150M12 B150/B150M1 B150B150M1 B150B150M 1 B15 BM B150/B150M- (a (β1 4 ( 9 B150M1 B1 (β

Abstract This article presents a typological study based on the personal attributes and economic activities of associates of solidarity economy enterprises. The main focus is on the different social actors that integrate the different types of solidarity initiatives, intending to demonstrate their multiple demands and challenges. We used Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) with variables extracted from the sample survey of the partners of the solidary economy, carried out by Senaes, in 2013, in the five regions of Brazil. MFA allowed summarizing and hierarchizing the results of the statistical data modeling, defining the existence of common factors and dissimilarity among the 2,895 respondents. The formed clusters resulted in three types, named family farmers (type 1), traditional peoples and communities (type 2), and associated urban workers (type 3). The characterization of the types and their demands may constitute a tool to provide subsidies to formulators and executors of public policies for job and income generation since it allows the targeting of actions that reflect the needs and specificities of each grouping. enterprises initiatives challenges (MFA Senaes 2013 Brazil modeling 2895 2 895 2,89 respondents type 1, 1 , 1) 2, 2) 3. 3 . 3) grouping 201 289 89 2,8 20 28 8

Resumen Estudio tipológico basado en los atributos personales y las actividades económicas de los asociados de los emprendimientos de la economía solidaria. La atención se centra principalmente en los diferentes actores sociales que componen las diversas modalidades de iniciativas solidarias. El objetivo es demostrar sus múltiples demandas y desafíos. Empleamos el análisis factorial múltiple (AFM) junto con variables extraídas de la encuesta por muestreo a socios de la economía solidaria, realizada por la Secretaría Nacional de Economía Popular y Solidaria (Senaes) en las regiones de Brasil, en 2013. El AFM permitió resumir y, al mismo tiempo, clasificar los resultados de la modelización estadística de los datos, definiendo la existencia de factores comunes y de disimilitud entre los 2.895 encuestados. Las agrupaciones formadas dieron lugar a tres tipos, denominados “agricultor familiar” (tipo 1), “pueblos y comunidades tradicionales” (tipo 2), y “trabajadoras asociadas urbanas” (tipo 3). La caracterización de los tipos y sus demandas podría constituirse en una herramienta para brindar apoyo a los formuladores y ejecutores de políticas públicas de generación de trabajo y renta, ya que permite direccionar acciones que reflejen las necesidades y especificidades de cada agrupación. solidaria solidarias desafíos (AFM Senaes (Senaes Brasil 2013 tiempo datos 2895 2 895 2.89 encuestados agricultor familiar tipo 1, 1 , 1) pueblos tradicionales 2, 2) trabajadoras urbanas 3. 3 . 3) renta agrupación 201 289 89 2.8 20 28 8 2.

Resumo Estudo tipológico baseado nos atributos pessoais e nas atividades econômicas dos associados dos empreendimentos de economia solidária. O foco principal são os diferentes atores sociais que integram as diversas modalidades de iniciativas solidárias. O objetivo é demonstrar suas múltiplas demandas e desafios. Empregamos a análise fatorial múltipla (AFM), juntamente com variáveis extraídas da pesquisa amostral dos sócios e das sócias da economia solidária, realizada pela Secretaria Nacional de Economia Popular e Solidária (Senaes) nas regiões do Brasil, em 2013. A AFM permitiu sumarizar e, ao mesmo tempo, hierarquizar os resultados da modelagem estatística dos dados, definindo, assim, a existência de fatores comuns e de dissimilitude entre os 2.895 respondentes. Os clusters formados resultaram em três tipos, nomeados “agricultor familiar” (tipo 1), “povos e comunidades tradicionais” (tipo 2), e “trabalhadoras associadas urbanas” (tipo 3). A caracterização dos tipos e das suas demandas poderá se constituir ferramenta para dar subsídios aos formuladores e executores de políticas públicas de geração de trabalho e renda, uma vez que permite o direcionamento de ações que reflitam necessidades e especificidades de cada agrupamento. solidária solidárias desafios AFM, , (AFM) Senaes (Senaes Brasil 2013 tempo dados definindo assim 2895 2 895 2.89 respondentes agricultor familiar tipo 1, 1 1) povos tradicionais 2, 2) trabalhadoras urbanas 3. 3 . 3) renda agrupamento (AFM 201 289 89 2.8 20 28 8 2.

Abstract In reproductive technologies, uncovering the molecular aspects of oocyte and embryo competence under different conditions is crucial for refining protocols and enhancing efficiency. RNA-seq generates high-throughput data and provides transcriptomes that can undergo additional computational analyses. This study presented the transcriptomic profiles of in vitro matured oocytes and blastocysts produced in vitro from buffalo crossbred (Bubalus bubalis), coupled with gene co-expression and module preservation analysis. Cumulus Oophorus Complexes, obtained from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries, were subjected to in vitro maturation to yield metaphase II oocytes (616) or followed in vitro fertilization and culture to yield blastocysts for sequencing (526). Oocyte maturation (72%, ±3.34 sd) and embryo development (21.3%, ±4.18 sd) rates were obtained from three in vitro embryo production routines following standard protocols. Sequencing of 410 metaphase II oocytes and 70 hatched blastocysts (grade 1 and 2) identified a total of 13,976 genes, with 62% being ubiquitously expressed (8,649). Among them, the differentially expressed genes (4,153) and the strongly variable genes with the higher expression (fold-change above 11) were highlighted in oocytes (BMP15, UCHL1, WEE1, NLRPs, KPNA7, ZP2, and ZP4) and blastocysts (APOA1, KRT18, ANXA2, S100A14, SLC34A2, PRSS8 and ANXA2) as representative indicators of molecular quality. Additionally, genes exclusively found in oocytes (224) and blastocysts (2,200) with specific biological functions were identified. Gene co-expression network and module preservation analysis revealed strong preservation of functional modules related to exosome components, steroid metabolism, cell proliferation, and morphogenesis. However, cell cycle and amino acid transport modules exhibited weak preservation, which may reflect differences in embryo development kinetics and the activation of cell signaling pathways between buffalo and bovine. This comprehensive transcriptomic profile serves as a valuable resource for assessing the molecular quality of buffalo oocytes and embryos in future in vitro embryo production assays. technologies efficiency RNAseq RNA seq highthroughput high throughput analyses Bubalus bubalis, bubalis , bubalis) coexpression co Complexes slaughterhousederived slaughterhouse derived ovaries 616 (616 526. 526 . (526) 72%, 72 (72% 334 3 34 ±3.3 sd 21.3%, 213 21 (21.3% 418 4 18 ±4.1 41 7 grade 2 13976 13 976 13,97 62 8,649. 8649 8,649 8 649 (8,649) them 4,153 4153 153 (4,153 foldchange fold change 11 BMP15, BMP15 BMP (BMP15 UCHL1 UCHL WEE1 WEE NLRPs KPNA7 KPNA ZP2 ZP ZP4 APOA1, APOA1 APOA (APOA1 KRT18 KRT ANXA2 ANXA S100A14 SA S A SLC34A2 SLCA SLC PRSS Additionally 224 (224 2,200 2200 200 (2,200 components metabolism proliferation morphogenesis However bovine assays 61 (61 52 (526 72% (72 33 ±3. 21.3% (21.3 ±4. 1397 97 13,9 6 864 8,64 64 (8,649 4,15 415 15 (4,15 BMP1 (BMP1 (APOA KRT1 S100A1 SLC34A 22 (22 2,20 220 20 (2,20 (6 5 (52 (7 ±3 21.3 (21. ±4 139 9 13, 86 8,6 (8,64 4,1 (4,1 (BMP S100A (2 2,2 (2,2 ( (5 ± 21. (21 8, (8,6 4, (4, 2, (2, (8, (4 (8