Abstract Osmotic dehydration (OD) is a widely used technique for lowering the moisture content and water activity of biological products. During OD, food is immersed in an aqueous hypertonic solution of salt and/or sugar. Food and the surrounding osmotic solution have different osmotic pressures which allows for the transportation of solute from the osmotic solution into the food product. OD could be utilized as a fortification method by addition of solutes of interest to the osmotic solution. Adding vitamins, dietary fibers, and minerals (such as calcium, iron, and zinc) to the osmotic solution can be used to create food with specific health-promoting qualities. Fortification of fruit and vegetable goods would effectively minimize and prevent diseases linked to nutritional inadequacies due to the high consumption rate of these products. OD could be a simple, affordable, and effective way to fortify food for social, economic, and health benefits. This study compiles data from existing studies dating back approximately two decades, focusing on the possibility of adding or impregnating bioactive compounds into fruits and vegetables through OD as well as the effects of combining OD with vacuum, ultrasound, and pulse electric field techniques on the incorporation of these bioactive compounds into solid food matrices. A brief overview of current OD trends is also provided, highlighting the use of lower-calorie sugar replacements to improve process efficiency and raise overall product quality. This study emphasizes the need for more research into OD to fortify, improve functionality, and incorporate nutraceutical characteristics in the food industry. (OD products andor vitamins fibers such calcium iron zinc healthpromoting promoting qualities simple affordable social economic benefits decades vacuum ultrasound matrices provided lowercalorie lower calorie quality functionality industry

Abstract Apple (Malus Demestica cv. Cortland) is a perishable fruit due to its high moisture content. In this study, apple sticks were dried to increase their shelf life. Osmotic dehydration was used as pretreatment followed by microwave-assisted hot air drying (MAHD) at different temperatures (45 ºC, 55 ºC, 65 ºC) and microwave power densities (0, 0.5, 1 W/g). Optimum process parameters were estimated by the central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the temperature and power density had a significant effect on response variables. Optimum conditions of moisture content (9.54%), time (100 minutes) and change in color (7.54) were found at 65 ºC and 1 W/g microwave power density (MWPD). Then the samples dried at optimum conditions were stored at ambient temperature and analyzed for color, moisture content, texture and total fungal count at regular intervals for 75 days. The results showed a non-significant change in color and fungal counts from 10.45 to 10.73 and from 0.45 to 0.69 log cfu/g respectively, and a significant decrease in moisture content from 10.11% to 5.69% was observed from 0 to 75 days. While increasing firmness resulted in increased force and energy to the breaking point and micrographs of electron microscope showed shrinkage in cell structure along with storage. The brittleness of apple sticks increased significantly during storage but remained acceptable till the end of 75 storage days. Malus cv Cortland study life microwaveassisted assisted MAHD (MAHD 45 (4 5 6 0, (0 05 0.5 W/g. Wg . W g W/g) RSM. RSM (RSM) variables 9.54%, 954 9.54% , 9 54 (9.54%) 100 (10 minutes 7.54 754 7 (7.54 MWPD. MWPD (MWPD) days nonsignificant non 1045 10 10.4 1073 73 10.7 045 0.4 069 69 0.6 cfug cfu respectively 1011 11 10.11 569 5.69 4 ( 0. (RSM 95 9.54 (9.54% (1 7.5 (7.5 (MWPD 104 10. 107 04 06 101 10.1 56 5.6 9.5 (9.54 7. (7. 5. 9. (9.5 (7 (9. (9

Abstract Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important tropical fruits with inimitable taste, unique flavor, fragrance, and therapeutic traits. It is the national fruit of Pakistan and is commonly called the king of fruits, however, it is very challenging to protect the keeping quality of the fruit. To enhance the shelf life and overcome the microbial count, edible biodegradable (aloe-pectin) coatings were applied on minimally processed (osmotically treated) fresh-cut mango slices. Pre-treatment of Osmotic Dehydration (OD) was performed at 45 °C for 3 hours by 55 °Brix solutions of sucrose and glucose, respectively. The coating solution was made by aloe vera gel with combination of 0.2% CaCl2 (w/v) and 0.5% pectin (w/v). Total Fungal Count (TFC) (yeast and mold growth), Moisture Contents (MC), and Total Soluble Solids (TSS) of minimally processed (osmo-coated) mango slices were analyzed during 15 days of storage at 5 °C. A minimum increase in Total Fungal Count (TFC) from 1.00 to 2.53 Log CFU/g, TSS from 25.30 to 27.16 °Brix, and a decrease in moisture contents from 62.43 to 60.65% was observed in double-coated with osmo-sucrose treated (osmotic dehydration in 55˚Brx sucrose solution before coating) samples from 0 to 15 days respectively. However, significant changes in the TFC, moisture contents, and TSS, were observed in double-coated with osmo-glucose treated (osmotic dehydration in 55 °Brix glucose solution before coating) samples after 10 days of storage. According to the results of the current study, the aloe-pectin coating can significantly reduce the TFC, decrease the TSS, and minimize the moisture loss during storage, when used after osmo-sucrose pre-treatment. Mangifera L. L taste flavor fragrance traits however count aloepectin (aloe-pectin osmotically freshcut fresh cut Pretreatment Pre treatment OD (OD 4 C Brix respectively 02 2 0.2 CaCl w/v wv w v (w/v 05 0.5 w/v. . TFC (TFC yeast growth, growth , growth) MC, MC (MC) (TSS osmocoated osmo coated (osmo-coated 1 100 00 1.0 253 53 2.5 CFUg CFU g CFU/g 2530 25 30 25.3 2716 27 16 27.1 6243 62 43 62.4 6065 60 65 60.65 doublecoated double osmosucrose osmotic 55Brx Brx However osmoglucose study pretreatment. pretreatment pre treatment. pre-treatment 0. (MC 1. 2. 25. 271 27. 624 6 62. 606 60.6 60.

Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) is a widely used measure to quantify the burden of diseases or illness. DALYs for a disease is calculated as the sum of the Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to premature mortality in the population and the equivalent healthy Years Lost due to Disability (YLD). The only difference from the YLD and Days Lost due to Disability (DLD) calculation is that instead of considering the duration of Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) in years, it is calculated in days. Objective: DLD was measured for diclofenac tablets to prepare the ADR profile. Methods: The study was done on the patients (18-65 years old) attending the community pharmacy at Kasaragod district, South India, with prescription of diclofenac tablets. Patients reported ADRs on their next visit to the pharmacy or they had called to the provided phone number and reported it. Disability Weight (DW) was calculated in an analogue scale from 0-1. Zero represent complete health and 1 represent death or equivalent condition. DW was multiplied with occurrence and duration of ADRs in days. Results: About 943 patients received diclofenac tablets in 1000 prescriptions were successfully followed up for possible, probable and definite ADRs. A total of 561 reactions reported in 2010 for diclofenac tablet in the study population. There were 34 different types of ADRs under 12 physiological systems/organs. Most common reactions were on gastrointestinal (GI) system (48%), followed by skin (14%), Central Nervous System (10%), renal (7%), and cardiovascular (7%). Abdominal pain, cramps or flatulence was the highest occurring GI ADR (107), followed by 43 rashes, 42 nausea/vomiting, 37 indigestion, 34 peptic ulcers, 31 edema etc. DLD for peptic ulcer was considerably high (0.078) per 1000 of the study population on diclofenac. The most damaging ADR were peptic ulcer with or without perforation, followed by rash 0.036 DLD and edema 0.027 DLD. There was considerable DLD by acute renal failure (0.012) Steven-Johnson syndrom (0.013) even though few cases were reported. Conclusion: Diclofenac has a complex adverse drug profile. Around 34 types of reactions were reported. Diclofenac was widely prescribed because of the experiential belief of comparative safety with other NSAIDs. The study shows the importance of pharmacovigilance even on the most prescribed medicine. Most disabling ADR for the study population was peptic ulcer with or without perforation. YLD or DLD are useful measures of calculating disability caused by ADRs. Future studies could focus on improving the usefulness & precision of DLD.

Los años de vida ajustados a la discapacidad (DALY) es una medida ampliamente usada para cuantificar el daño de la enfermedad. Los DALY para una enfermedad se calculan por la suma de los años de vida perdidos (YLL) debido a mortalidad prematura en la población y el equivalente años de vida saludable perdidos por la discapacidad (YDL). La única diferencia en el cálculo de los YLD y los días perdidos por discapacidad (DLD) es que en lugar de considerar la duración de la reacción adversa en años, se calcula en días. Objetivo: Se midió los DLD por el diclofenaco tabletas para preparar el perfil de RAM. Métodos: El estudio se realizó en pacientes (18-65 años) que visitaron la farmacia comunitaria del distrito de Kasaragod, Sur-India, con una receta de diclofenac en tabletas. Los pacientes comunicaron las RAM en su posterior visita a la farmacia o llamaron o se les llamó por teléfono y las comunicaron. El peso de la discapacidad (DW) se calculó en una escala de 0-1. Cero representaba la salud completa y 1 representaba la muerte o situación equivalente. El DW se multiplicaba por la aparición y duración en días de las RAM. Resultados: Unos 943 pacientes que recibieron diclofenac tabletas en 1000 recetas fueron seguidos con éxito para sus RAM posibles, probables y confirmadas. Durante 2010 se comunicó un total de 561 reacciones en la población en estudio. Hubo 34 tipos diferentes de RAM sobre 12 órganos o sistemas diferentes. Las reacciones más comunes fueron en el sistema gastrointestinal (48%), seguidas de piel (14%), sistema nervioso central (10%), renal (7%), y cardiovascular (7%). Dolor abdominal, calambres o flatulencia fueron las RAM GI más frecuentes, seguidas de 43 irritaciones, 42 nauseas/vómitos, 37 indigestiones, 34 úlceras pépticas, y 31 edemas. Los DLD para úlcera péptica fueron considerablemente elevados (0,078) por 1000 individuos en estudio con diclofenac. La RAM más dañina fue la úlcera péptica con o sin perforación, seguida de la irritación con 0,036 DLD y el edema con 0,027 DLD. Hubo considerables DLD por fallo renal agudo (0,012) e incluso se comunicaron algunos casos de síndrome de Steven-Johnson (0,013). Conclusión: El diclofenac tiene un perfil de reacciones adversas complejo. Se comunicaron 34 tipos de reacciones. El diclofenac era ampliamente prescrito por la creencia empírica de la seguridad comparativa contra otros AINE. El estudio demuestra la importancia de la farmacovigilancia, incluso en los fármacos más prescritos. La RAM más incapacitante para la población de estudio fue la úlcera péptica con o sin perforación. Los YLD o los DLD son medidas útiles para calcular la incapacidad causada por RAM. Futuros estudios podrían centrarse en mejorar la utilidad y precisión de los DLD.