RESUMO Os tumores de parede torácicas são relativamente inusitados, representando 1 a 2% de todas as neoplasias, e cerca de 5% das neoplasias torácicas. Sarcomas são tumores raros e com apresentação heterogênea. São divididos em dois grandes grupos: tumores ósseos e de partes moles. A ocorrência na parede torácica é rara, representando 8% de todos os sarcomas. O tratamento de escolha é a ressecção com margens ampliadas e, quando ocorre a invasão de estruturas profundas, a toracectomia é indicada. A reconstrução do arcabouço ósseo é realizada com materiais de síntese, proporcionando estabilidade, e é seguida da reconstrução de partes moles com retalhos musculares, musculocutâneos ou locais ao acaso. Os tumores malignos primários da parede torácica correspondem a menos de 1% de todas as neoplasias e incluem grande variedade de lesões ósseas e de tecidos moles. Os condrossarcomas representam 20% dos tumores primários da parede torácica, sendo que 80% têm origem nas costelas e 20% no esterno. inusitados 2 5 heterogênea grupos rara 8 sarcomas profundas indicada síntese estabilidade musculares acaso 20 80 esterno

ABSTRACT Chest wall tumors are relatively uncommon, representing 1 to 2% of all neoplasms, and approximately 5% of thoracic neoplasms. Sarcomas are rare tumors with heterogeneous presentation. They are divided into two large groups: bone and soft tissue tumors. Occurrence in the chest wall is rare, representing 8% of all sarcomas. The treatment of choice is resection with wide margins and, when invasion of deep structures occurs, thoracotomy is indicated. The reconstruction of the bone framework is carried out with synthetic materials, providing stability, and is followed by the reconstruction of soft tissues with muscular, musculocutaneous, or random local flaps. Primary malignant tumors of the chest wall account for less than 1% of all neoplasms and include a wide variety of bone and soft tissue lesions. Chondrosarcomas represent 20% of primary tumors of the chest wall, with 80% originating in the ribs and 20% in the sternum. uncommon 2 5 presentation groups 8 sarcomas occurs indicated materials stability muscular musculocutaneous flaps lesions 20 80 sternum

ABSTRACT Objective. Systematize the experience and identify challenges and lessons learned in the implementation of an initiative for integrated serosurveillance of communicable diseases using a multiplex bead assay in countries of the Americas. Methods. Documents produced in the initiative were compiled and reviewed. These included concept notes, internal working papers, regional meetings reports, and survey protocols from the three participating countries (Mexico, Paraguay, and Brazil) and two additional countries (Guyana and Guatemala) where serology for several communicable diseases was included in neglected tropical diseases surveys. Information was extracted and summarized to describe the experience and the most relevant challenges and lessons learned. Results. Implementing integrated serosurveys requires interprogrammatic and interdisciplinary work teams for the design of survey protocols to respond to key programmatic questions aligned to the needs of the countries. Valid laboratory results are critical and rely on the standardized installment and roll-out of laboratory techniques. Field teams require adequate training and supervision to properly implement survey procedures. The analysis and interpretation of serosurveys results should be antigen-specific, contextualizing the responses for each disease, and triangulated with programmatic and epidemiological data for making decisions tailored to specific population socioeconomic and ecologic contexts. Conclusions. Integrated serosurveillance as a complementary tool for functional epidemiological surveillance systems is feasible to use and key components should be considered: political engagement, technical engagement, and integrated planning. Aspects such as designing the protocol, selecting target populations and diseases, laboratory capacities, anticipating the capacities to analyze and interpret complex data, and how to use it are key.

RESUMO Objetivo. Sistematizar a experiência e identificar desafios e lições aprendidas na implementação de uma iniciativa de vigilância sorológica integrada de doenças transmissíveis, usando ensaio de micro-esferas multiplex em países das Américas. Métodos. Os documentos produzidos na iniciativa foram compilados e examinados, e incluíram notas conceituais, documentos internos de trabalho, relatórios de reuniões regionais e protocolos de pesquisa dos três países participantes (México, Paraguai e Brasil) e de dois países adicionais (Guiana e Guatemala), onde a vigilância sorológica de várias doenças transmissíveis foi incluída em pesquisas sobre doenças tropicais negligenciadas. As informações foram extraídas e resumidas para descrever a experiência e os desafios e as lições aprendidas mais relevantes. Resultados. A implementação de inquéritos sorológicos integrados requer equipes de trabalho interprogramáticas e interdisciplinares para o delineamento de protocolos que respondam a questões programáticas chave, alinhadas com as necessidades dos países. Resultados laboratoriais válidos são essenciais, e dependem da instalação e implantação padronizadas de técnicas laboratoriais. As equipes de campo precisam de treinamento e supervisão apropriados para implementar adequadamente os procedimentos de pesquisa. A análise e a interpretação dos resultados dos inquéritos sorológicos devem ser antígeno-específicas, contextualizando as respostas para cada doença, e trianguladas com dados programáticos e epidemiológicos para a tomada de decisões adaptadas aos contextos socioeconômicos e ecológicos específicos de cada população. Conclusões. A vigilância sorológica integrada como ferramenta complementar para sistemas de vigilância epidemiológica funcionais é viável. Os componentes-chave a seguir devem ser considerados: engajamento político, engajamento técnico e planejamento integrado. Aspectos como o delineamento do protocolo, a seleção de populações-alvo e doenças-alvo, a capacidade laboratorial, a previsão das capacidades para análise e interpretação de dados complexos e como usá-los são fundamentais.

Resumen Objetivo. Sistematizar la experiencia y determinar los desafíos y las enseñanzas obtenidas durante la aplicación de una iniciativa de serovigilancia integrada de enfermedades transmisibles mediante un ensayo de perlas múltiples en países de la Región de las Américas. Métodos. Se recopilaron y revisaron los documentos generados en el marco de la iniciativa. Estos incluían notas conceptuales, documentos de trabajo internos, informes de reuniones regionales y protocolos de encuesta de los tres países participantes (Brasil, México y Paraguay) y otros dos países (Guatemala y Guyana) donde en las encuestas sobre enfermedades tropicales desatendidas también se incluía la serología para varias enfermedades transmisibles. Se recabó y resumió la información para describir tanto la experiencia como los desafíos y las enseñanzas de mayor relevancia. Resultados. La realización de encuestas serológicas integradas requiere equipos de trabajo interprogramáticos e interdisciplinarios para la elaboración de protocolos de encuesta que permitan responder a cuestiones programáticas fundamentales y ajustadas a las necesidades de los países. Es imprescindible contar con resultados de laboratorio válidos, para lo que es preciso que sus técnicas e instalaciones estén estandarizadas. Para que los equipos de campo puedan ejecutar correctamente los procedimientos de la encuesta, deben contar con una formación y supervisión adecuadas. El análisis y la interpretación de los resultados de las encuestas serológicas deben ser específicos para cada antígeno, situar las respuestas en el contexto de cada enfermedad y triangularse con los datos programáticos y epidemiológicos para tomar decisiones adaptadas a los contextos socioeconómicos y ecológicos específicos de la población. Conclusiones. Es uso de la vigilancia serológica integrada como una herramienta complementaria en los sistemas funcionales de vigilancia epidemiológica es algo posible; para esto deben tenerse en cuenta ciertos elementos fundamentales: el compromiso político, el compromiso técnico y la planificación integrada. A tal efecto, son fundamentales ciertos elementos como el diseño del protocolo, la selección de los grupos poblacionales y las enfermedades objetivo, la capacidad de los laboratorios, y la previsión de las capacidades de análisis e interpretación de datos complejos y la forma de utilizarlos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar se existe relação entre polimorfismos dos genes IL10 e IL17 e controle da asma grave e reversibilidade com broncodilatador em crianças e adolescentes com asma grave. Métodos: Estudo transversal, aninhado em um estudo prospectivo de coorte com pacientes com asma grave. Foram avaliados dois desfechos: controle da asma e reversibilidade com broncodilatador. Extraímos DNA do sangue periférico e genotipamos três polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único: rs3819024 e rs2275913 no gene IL17A e rs3024498 no gene IL10. Para as análises de associação, realizamos regressão logística em três modelos genéticos (alélico, aditivo e dominante). Resultados: O alelo C do polimorfismo rs3024498 do gene IL10 apresentou relação com asma que permaneceu descontrolada mesmo com tratamento regular (p = 0,02). No entanto, o alelo G do polimorfismo rs3819024 do gene IL17A apresentou relação com ausência de resposta ao estímulo com b2-agonista. O polimorfismo rs2275913 do gene IL17A não apresentou relação com controle da asma ou reversibilidade com broncodilatador. Conclusões: Em pacientes pediátricos com asma grave, o polimorfismo do gene IL10 parece estar relacionado com ausência de controle clínico, ao passo que o polimorfismo do gene IL17A parece estar relacionado com pior resposta ao broncodilatador. O conhecimento a respeito do envolvimento desses polimorfismos abre perspectivas futuras para estudos farmacogenéticos e para a implantação de manejo terapêutico individualizado da asma grave em pacientes pediátricos. Objetivo IL IL1 Métodos transversal desfechos único rs rs381902 rs227591 ILA A rs302449 associação alélico, alélico (alélico dominante. dominante . dominante) Resultados p 0,02. 002 0,02 0 02 0,02) entanto b2agonista. b2agonista bagonista b2 agonista. agonista b b2-agonista Conclusões clínico rs38190 rs22759 rs30244 00 0,0 rs3819 rs2275 rs3024 0, rs381 rs227 rs302 rs38 rs22 rs30 rs3 rs2

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine whether polymorphisms of the IL10 and IL17 genes are associated with severe asthma control and bronchodilator reversibility in children and adolescents with severe asthma. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, nested within a prospective cohort study of patients with severe asthma. Two outcomes were evaluated: asthma control and bronchodilator reversibility. We extracted DNA from peripheral blood and genotyped three single nucleotide polymorphisms: rs3819024 and rs2275913 in the IL17A gene; and rs3024498 in the IL10 gene. For the association analyses, we performed logistic regression in three genetic models (allelic, additive, and dominant). Results: The rs3024498 C allele in the IL10 gene was associated with failure to achieve asthma control despite regular treatment (p = 0.02). However, the G allele of the IL17A rs3819024 polymorphism was associated with failure to respond to stimulation with a b2 agonist. The rs2275913 polymorphism of the IL17A gene showed no relationship with asthma control or bronchodilator reversibility. Conclusions: In pediatric patients with severe asthma, the IL10 polymorphism appears to be associated with failure to achieve clinical control, whereas the IL17A polymorphism appears to be associated with a worse bronchodilator response. Knowledge of the involvement of these polymorphisms opens future directions for pharmacogenetic studies and for the implementation of individualized therapeutic management of severe asthma in pediatric patients. Objective IL IL1 Methods crosssectional cross sectional evaluated rs rs381902 rs227591 ILA A rs302449 analyses allelic, allelic (allelic additive dominant. dominant . dominant) Results p 0.02. 002 0.02 0 02 0.02) However b agonist Conclusions response rs38190 rs22759 rs30244 00 0.0 rs3819 rs2275 rs3024 0. rs381 rs227 rs302 rs38 rs22 rs30 rs3 rs2

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The class II skeletal anomaly has a 16-22,5% prevalence worldwide. When class II patients undergo mandibular advancement through Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy (BSSO), they can present a postoperative instability, evidenced as a relapse. Objective: To describe the stability of mandibular advancement through BSSO in skeletal class II patients. Materials and method: An electronic search was performed in the databases PubMed, EBSCO, The Cochrane Library, Tripdatabase and Scopus using the keywords “mandibular stability”, “skeletal stability”, “mandibular advancement”, “sagittal split osteotomy”, “sagittal split ramus osteotomy”, “class II”, “class III” and “distraction osteogenesis”, related to each other with the Boolean terms AND, OR and NOT. Also “mandibular advancement” and “Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy” MeSH terms were included. In parallel, a manual search in the journals AJODO, BJOMS, JOMS and EJO was performed. Results and discussion: 29 articles were selected: 24 analytic observational studies, 2 systematic reviews and 3 randomized clinical trials. Mandibular advancement through BSSO is stable. However, multiple pre and intraoperative factors that could cause a treatment relapse must be taken into account.

RESUMEN: Introducción: La anomalía esqueletal clase II posee un 16 a 22,5% de prevalencia mundial. Cuando estos pacientes se someten al avance mandibular mediante osteotomía sagital de rama mandibular pueden presentar un grado de inestabilidad postoperatoria evidenciándose como recidiva de éste. Objetivo: Describir la estabilidad del avance mandibular mediante osteotomía sagital bilateral de rama mandibular en pacientes clase II esqueletal. Material y método: Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos PubMed, EBSCO, The Cochrane Library, Tripdatabase y Scopus mediante las palabras clave “mandibular stability”, “skeletal stability”, “mandibular advancement”, “sagittal split osteotomy”, “sagittal split ramus osteotomy”, “class II”, “class III” y “distraction osteogenesis”, relacionadas entre sí con los términos booleanos AND, OR y NOT. También se incluyeron los términos MeSH “mandibular advancement” y “Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy”. Paralelamente se realizó una búsqueda manual en las revistas AJODO, BJOMS, JOMS y EJO. Resultados y discusión: Se seleccionaron 29 artículos: 24 estudios observacionales analíticos, 2 revisiones sistemáticas y 3 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. El avance mandibular mediante osteotomía sagital de rama mandibular es estable. No obstante, se debe tener en cuenta la existencia de múltiples factores pre e intraquirúrgicos que podrían generar recidiva del tratamiento.

Abstract Dental caries can be effectively managed and prevented from developing into cavitated lesions while preserving tooth structure at all levels. However, the strong correlation between caries and socioeconomic factors may compromise the efficacy of preventive strategies. The high prevalence of persistent inequalities in dental caries in Latin American and Caribbean countries (LACC) is a matter of concern. The estimates of the burden of disease in some countries in this region are outdated or absent. This paper aims to summarize and present the final recommendations of a regional Consensus for Dental Caries Prevalence, Prospects, and Challenges for LACC. This consensus is based on four articles that were written by a team of Latin American experts, reviewed by dental associations, and presented and discussed in two consensus events. The following domains were explored: epidemiology, risk factors, prevention strategies, and management of dental caries with a focus on restorative procedures. Dental caries can manifest throughout the lifespan of an individual, making it a matter of concern for infants, children, adults, and older people alike. The prevalence rates of untreated caries in deciduous and permanent teeth are high in many parts of the world, including LACCs. Previous evidence suggests that the prevalence of dental caries in 12-year-olds is moderate to high in most Latin American countries. Moreover, the prevalence of treatment needs and dental caries in the adult and elderly population can also be regarded as high in this region. The risk/protective factors (e.g., sugar consumption, exposure to fluoride, and oral hygiene) probably operate similarly in all LACCs, although variations in the interplay of these factors in some countries and within the same country cannot be ruled out. Although salt and water fluoridation programs are implemented in many countries, there is a need for implementation of a surveillance policy. There is also room for improvement with regard to the introduction of minimal intervention techniques in practice and public health programs. Dental caries is a marker of social disadvantage, and oral health promotion programs and interventions aimed at reducing the burden of dental caries in LACCs must consider the complexity of the socioeconomic dynamics in this region. There is an urgent need to promote engagement of stakeholders, policymakers, medical personnel, universities, dental associations, community members, and industries to develop regional plans that enhance the oral health agenda for LACCs. A list of recommendations has been presented to underpin strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence and severity of dental caries and improving the quality of life of the impacted LACC population in the near future.

Abstract Soil-structure interaction (SSI) evaluates how soil or rock deformability imposes on the structure a different load path in a hypothesis of fixed supports, altering the loads acting on the structural elements and the ground. This paper discusses the results of the SSI effects in two buildings with a reinforced concrete structure and shallow foundations in a rock mass. The settlements were monitored by field instrumentation in five stages of their construction, making it possible to estimate through interpolation curves the settlements values of some points. The numerical modeling and structural analysis of the buildings were obtained for two different cases of soil-structure interaction. The structure was considered having fixed supports (non-displaceable) and displaceable supports (with stiffness spring coefficients K). The results reveals the occurrence of SSI effects, with a load redistribution between the columns that occurred differently for the different construction stages. Structural modeling proved to be quite representative, pointing to higher vertical load values than the average values present in building edge zones, which contradicts the conventional idea that central columns are more loaded than the edge columns. The soil-structure interaction analyses resulted in different behaviors regarding both towers; pointing out that low settlements and building symmetry in plan minimize the effects of interaction, with no tendency of load redistribution between columns as the structure rigidity increases, as construction development.

Abstract: Periodontal diseases are considered a worldwide public health problem, owing to their high prevalence in developed and developing countries. Periodontitis may lead to tooth loss, which can impact oral health-related quality of life. Gingivitis and periodontitis have been extensively studied regarding their etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention and treatment outcomes. However, most of these aspects are studied and discussed globally, which may hamper a clear interpretation of the findings and the design of effective plans of action for specific regions or populations. For example, in Latin America, epidemiological data about the distribution of periodontal diseases is still scarce, mainly when it comes to nationwide representative samples. This Consensus aimed to address the following topics related to periodontal diseases in Latin America: a) The impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on health: a global reality; b) Periodontal diseases in Latin America; c) Strategies for the prevention of periodontal diseases in Latin America; d) Problems associated with diagnosis of periodontal conditions and possible solutions for Latin America; e) Treatment of Periodontitis. This consensus will help to increase awareness about diagnosis, prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases, in the context of Latin American countries.

RESUMEN Basándose en el marco de los indicadores de derechos humanos para la política pública, el presente artículo brinda un análisis de la perspectiva fiscalista empleada por el gobierno de Ecuador después del terremoto del 16 de abril de 2016, para administrar y gestionar el desastre natural y la reconstrucción. Dicha perspectiva conllevó a la vulneración de algunos derechos humanos, afectó las capacidades de resiliencia de la población, y dificultó la generación de condiciones adecuadas para mejorar la situación de las poblaciones afectadas en Muisne, Chamanga y Canoa. De esta manera, empleando herramientas etnográficas y georreferenciales, este artículo permite entender la lógica de la aguda verticalidad de la gestión de reconstrucción y los efectos que tiene sobre la población, así como los procesos de reconstitución del tejido socioeconómico.

ABSTRACT Based on the framework for human rights indicators for public policy, the present article aims to provide an analysis of the fiscal perspective adopted by the Ecuadorian government as a result of the April 16, 2016 earthquake, focusing particularly on its management of response to overcome this natural disaster. It is argued that this perspective has exacerbated violations to certain human rights, affected resilience-oriented capacities of the affected population, and complicated the establishment of adequate conditions for improving the situation of the affected populations particularly in the coastal areas of Muisne, Chamanga and Canoa. Utilizing both ethnographic and geo-mapping methods, the present article examines the logic behind the distinctly vertical approach to reconstruction and its effects on local populations as well as processes for reforming socio-economic fabrics.

RESUMEN: El propósito de este estudio es ofrecer una mirada innovadora al problema persistente de la espera, examinando las percepciones de los consumidores, con el fin de identificar cuáles pueden ser sus causas. La espera es un fenómeno común asociado a la provisión de bienes y servicios, que tiene unas consecuencias negativas tanto para las empresas como para los consumidores. De manera general, se ha pensado que las empresas son las culpables de la espera. Para ello, se utiliza una metodología cualitativa y los datos se han recogido a través de 19 entrevistas en profundidad y 7 diarios personales. Los resultados del estudio han demostrado que las empresas no son las únicas culpables de la espera, sino que en muchas ocasiones son los propios consumidores sus causantes, porque, por ejemplo, no están preparados para recibir el servicio o llegan todos al mismo momento. Además, se ha encontrado que cuando la espera es culpa de la empresa, esta puede deberse, por una parte, a una mala gestión (porque hay una falta de personal o porque la reducción del tiempo de espera no es la prioridad para la organización) o, por otra, a los trabajadores de la empresa (porque, por ejemplo, no están bien preparados o no están por el trabajo). Estos resultados tienen una serie de implicaciones prácticas para las empresas, ya que implican una complicación más en la gestión de la espera. Las empresas no solo tienen que esforzarse para gestionar y reducir la espera, sino que también tienen que preocuparse para que esta no se deba a causas que escapan de su control, como comportamientos o actitudes de sus trabajadores o de sus clientes. Clasificación JEL: M30, M31, M39

RÉSUMÉ: Le but de cette étude est d'offrir un regard novateur sur le problème persistant de l'attente, en examinant les perceptions des consommateurs, afin d'identifier ses causes. L'attente est un phénomène commun associé à l'approvisionnement de biens et de services, qui a des conséquences négatives pour les entreprises comme pour les consommateurs. En général, on a pensé que les entreprises étaient responsables de l'attente. Pour ce faire, on a utilisé une méthodologie qualitative dont les données furent collectées à l'aide de 19 entretiens approfondis et de sept journaux personnels. Les résultats de l'étude ont montré que les entreprises ne sont pas les seules coupables de l'attente, mais souvent les consommateurs eux-mêmes, parce que, par exemple, ils ne sont pas prêts à recevoir le service, ou bien ils arrivent tous à la fois. En outre, il a été constaté que lorsque l'attente est la faute de l'entreprise, cela peut se devoir, d'une part, à une mauvaise gestion (parce qu'il y a un manque de personnel ou parce que la réduction du temps d'attente n'est pas la priorité pour l'organisation) ou, d'autre part, aux travailleurs de l'entreprise (parce que, par exemple, ils ne sont pas bien préparés ou ne sont pas au travail). Ces résultats ont une série d'implications pratiques pour les entreprises, car ils impliquent une complication supplémentaire dans la gestion de l'attente. Les entreprises doivent non seulement s'efforcer de gérer et de réduire l'attente, mais aussi s'inquiéter pour qu'elle ne se doive à des causes qui échappent à son contrôle, telles que les comportements ou les attitudes de ses employés ou de ses clients. Clasificación JEL: M30, M31, M39

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to provide an innovative view to the persistent problem of waiting times, analyzing consumers' perceptions, in order to identify its possible causes. Waiting time is a common phenomenon linked to the delivery of goods and services that may have negative consequences for both companies and consumers. Generally, it has been thought that companies are to blame for waiting times. To study this issue we have used a qualitative methodology collecting data by means of 19 in-depth interviews and 7 personal logs. The results of this research show that companies are not the only ones to blame for waiting times. In many cases, consumers themselves are the cause of the problem, because, as an example, they are not prepared to receive the service or they all arrive at the same time. Additionally, it has been found that when the waiting time is caused by the company this may be due, on the one hand, to a poor management (because there is a lack of staff or because reducing waiting times is not a priority for the company), or due to the workers of the company (they are not well prepared for the job or they are absent), on the other. These results have a series of practical implications for companies, since they represent an extra challenge for waiting time management. Therefore, companies not only have to strive to manage and reduce waiting times, but also worry these are not caused by issues beyond their control, such as behaviors or attitudes of their workers or their customers. Clasificación JEL: M30, M31, M39

RESUMO: O propósito deste estudo é oferecer uma visão inovadora ao problema persistente da espera, examinando as percepções dos consumidores, com o objetivo de identificar quais podem ser suas causas. A espera é um fenômeno comum associado com a provisão de bens e serviços que tem consequências negativas tanto para as empresas quanto para os consumidores. De maneira geral, pensa-se que as empresas são as culpadas pela espera. Para isso, utiliza-se metodologia qualitativa; os dados foram coletados por meio de 19 entrevistas em profundidade e 7 diários pessoais. Os resultados do estudo demonstram que as empresas não são as únicas culpadas pela espera, mas também que, em muitas ocasiões, são os próprios consumidores seus causadores, porque, por exemplo, não estão preparados para receber o serviço ou chegam todos ao mesmo tempo. Além disso, constata-se que, quando a espera é culpa da empresa, esta pode ter ocorrido, por um lado, a uma má gestão (por falta de pessoal ou por redução do tempo de espera não ser a prioridade para a organização) ou, por outro, aos trabalhadores da empresa (por não estarem preparados ou por não estarem pelo trabalho). Esses resultados têm consequências práticas para as empresas, já que implicam uma complicação a mais na gestão da espera. As empresas não somente têm que se esforçar para administrar e reduzir a espera, mas também têm que se preocupar para que esta não seja por causas que fogem de seu controle, como comportamentos ou atitudes de seus trabalhadores ou de seus clientes. Clasificación JEL: M30, M31, M39

ABSTRACT This paper presents a short description of the coring operations undertaken to recover the full lacustrine sedimentary sequence from Chalco. Geophysical techniques were used to determine the distribution and thickness of the sediments in order to select the drilling site. Resonance frequencies determined from H/V spectral ratios were used to determine an area where lake sediments reached 300 m thickness. Electromagnetic survey showed two changes in electric resistivity which were related to changes in sediment composition, the first from 100 to 120 m, related to an increase in volcanoclastic sediments and the second from 330 to 400 m related to the presence of a basaltic flows. Three wells were drilled with continuous recovery, reaching depths of 420 m in well A, 310 in B and 520 in C. Samples for geomicrobiological and metagenomics studies were collected during drilling operations. A total of 1152 m of core sediments were recovered reaching a maximum depth of 520 m. Recovery percentages were between 88 and 92 % in the three wells. Magnetic susceptibility analyses in the three sequences show that the first 260 m are mostly lake sediments, between 260 and 300 m sediments are coarser and below 300 m they are mostly volcaniclastic. Analysis of the sedimentary sequence of Lake Chalco that covers the last ~300000 years will allow documenting and extending the knowledge of climate variability in area, the paleoenvironmental history, basin closure history, lacustrian system development and volcanic activity recurrence. Studies of the physical properties of this sequence will be important for seismic propagation and basin structure modeling, and also will improve modeling of the subsidence process that this region experiences.

RESUMEN En este artículo se presenta un resumen de las actividades realizadas para la recuperación de la totalidad de la secuencia lacustre del lago de Chalco. Mediante estudios geofísicos se determinó la distribución y espesor de los sedimentos lacustres con base en lo cual se seleccionó el sitio de perforación. Con datos de los espectros H/V de sísmica pasiva se hizo un mapa de isofrecuencias que definieron una región con sedimentos lacustres y material volcánico granulado de hasta 300 m de espesor. El uso de métodos electromagnéticos mostró cambios en la resistividad eléctrica relacionados con variaciones en la composición de la columna sedimentaria; entre 100 - 120 m de profundidad hay un primer aumento en la resistividad asociado al incremento de materiales volcaniclásticos, y entre 330 - 400 m de profundidad un segundo aumento asociado a la presencia de coladas de basalto. Fueron perforados tres pozos con recuperación continua, llegando a profundidades de 420 m en el pozo A, 310 m en el B y 520 en el C. Durante el trabajo de perforación se tomaron muestras para el análisis geomicrobiológicos y de metagenómica. Durante el proceso de perforación se recuperó un total de 1152 m de sedimentos con una profundidad máxima de 520 m. El porcentaje de recuperación de la columna sedimentaria varió entre 88 a 92 % en los tres sondeos. Los resultados del análisis de susceptibilidad magnética en las tres secuencias indica que los primeros 260 m son sedimentos lacustres, entre 260 y 300 m los sedimentos son más gruesos y debajo de los 300 m son predominantemente volcaniclásticos. El análisis de la secuencia sedimentaria del lago de Chalco de los últimos ~300000 años, permitirá documentar y ampliar el conocimiento acerca de la variabilidad climática de la zona, la historia paleoambiental, la historia del cierre de la cuenca, el desarrollo del sistema lacustre y la recurrencia de la actividad volcánica en la cuenca. Además, el estudio de las propiedades físicas de esta secuencia sedimentaria es importante para la modelación de la propagación de ondas sísmicas y de la estructura de la cuenca, así como para mejorar la capacidad de modelación del proceso de subsidencia del terreno que experimenta esta región.

This study analyzed the importance of zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals as potential Public Health Emergencies of International Concern to build an evidence base for future efforts to reduce risk of infection at the animal/human health interface. The events recorded in the World Health Organization (WHO) Event Management System (EMS) database for the Americas during the 18 months since the implementation of the 2005 revised version of WHO's International Health Regulations (15 June 2007-31 December 2008) were the main source for this analysis. Of the 110 events recorded by the EMS for the Americas during the study period, 86 were classified as communicable diseases-77 (70.0%) "within the animal/human health interface," 9 (8.2%) "not common to man and animals," 16 (14.5%) "syndromes with unknown etiologies," and 8 (7.3%) "product-related/ other." Of the 77 events within the animal/human health interface, 48 were "substantiated" (the presence of hazard was confirmed and/or human cases occurred clearly in excess of normal expectancy). These results confirm previous research and underscore the importance of the animal/human health interface as well as inter-sectoral collaboration.

En este estudio se analizó la importancia de las zoonosis y las enfermedades transmisibles comunes a los seres humanos y los animales como posibles emergencias de salud pública de importancia internacional, a fin de sentar una base científica para las actividades futuras destinadas a reducir el riesgo de infección en la interfaz entre animales y seres humanos. La fuente principal para este análisis fueron los eventos registrados en la base de datos del Sistema de Gestión de Eventos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para las Américas durante los 18 meses que transcurrieron (15 de junio del 2007 al 31 de diciembre del 2008) desde la puesta en marcha del Reglamento Sanitario Internacional de la OMS (versión revisada en el 2005). De los 110 eventos registrados por el Sistema de Gestión de Eventos para las Américas durante el período de estudio, 86 se clasificaron como enfermedades transmisibles -77 (70,0%) como "dentro de la interfaz entre animales y seres humanos" y 9 (8,2%) como "no comunes a seres humanos y animales"-, 16 (14,5%) como "síndromes de etiología desconocida", y 8 (7,3%) como "relacionados con productos/otros". De los 77 eventos comprendidos dentro de la interfaz entre animales y seres humanos, se fundamentaron 48 (se confirmó la presencia del riesgo u ocurrieron casos en seres humanos que claramente superaron los casos esperados). Estos resultados confirman las investigaciones anteriores y destacan la importancia de la interfaz entre la salud humana y la sanidad animal, así como la importancia de la colaboración intersectorial.

Se evaluaron tendencias en la variación de características físico-químicas y sensoriales debidas al país de origen (PDO), de muestras mexicanas y estadounidenses (EUA) de tres músculos del cerdo: Rectus femoris (RF, n = 20 por PDO), Vastus medialis (VM, n = 20 por PDO), and Longissimus dorsi (LD, n = 10 por PDO) mediante dos encuestas exploratorias separadas, a baja escala, conducidas en la Ciudad de México. Los resultados mostraron que músculos porcinos de los dos orígenes tienen propiedades físicas, químicas y sensoriales muy similares, aunque las muestras mexicanas mostraron mayor variabilidad. Las muestras de LD de EUA tuvieron mayor (P<0,05) capacidad de retención de agua y emulsificación, y al igual que las de RF, requirieron menos fuerza de corte que las mexicanas (P<0,05). Los consumidores no pudieron detectar diferencias entre muestras de diferente origen. Debido al limitado número de observaciones en las muestras encuestadas, los resultados deben considerarse preliminares y si bien no permiten caracterizar adecuadamente las poblaciones de cada país, las mismas revelan tendencias importantes para los rasgos seleccionados de la carne de cerdo procedente de México y EUA disponibles actualmente en el mercado local.

Trends in variation of physical, chemical and sensory traits due to country of origin (COO) were evaluated for samples from United States of America (U.S.A.) and Mexico of three pork muscles, Rectus femoris (RF, n = 20 from each COO), Vastus medialis (VM, n = 20 from each COO), and Longissimus dorsi (LD, n = 10 from each COO) in two separate, small-scale, exploratory surveys conducted at Mexico City. Compositional, physical and chemical properties and consumer acceptability traits of these Mexican and U.S.A. pork samples were quite similar, though Mexican pork samples generally were more variable. LD samples from U.S.A. had greater (P<0.05) water-holding and emulsifying capacities whereas both RF and LD from U.S.A. required lower shear force (P<0.05) compared to Mexican counterparts. Ratings from consumers did not indicate preference for pork from any of the countries. Because of the limited number of observations for the samples surveyed these results are preliminary and may not adequately characterize the populations of each country, but they did reveal important trends for selected traits of Mexican and U.S.A. pork currently available at the local market.

Background. Intussusception (IS) is a potentially severe disease that affects an undetermined number of Chilean infants. The withdrawal of a rotavirus vaccine in 1999 due to its association with IS, highlighted the need for updated information on IS worldwide including Chile, before introduction of new vaccines. Aim: To estimate the incidence and to describe the epidemiology and clinical presentation of IS in the Metropolitan Area of Chile. Material and methods. IS cases occurring between 1996 and 2001 in the seven public pediatric hospitals and in six private clinics (during 2000 and 2001) were identified. Incidence rates were calculated using updated population estimates. A systematic review of the medical charts of IS cases occurring in the public hospitals for 2000-2001 was performed. Results. IS incidence rates for the Public Sector ranged from 32 to 39 per 100.000 children < 2 years of age. These figures did not vary significantly among the different Health Care Services, nor after inclusion of the private clinics. IS was more common in males (66%) and infants younger than 12 months (83%), with 67% of cases occurring between 3 and 8 months of age. The most common presenting symptoms were abdominal pain (90%), vomiting (86%), and rectal bleeding (75%). Ileocolic IS predominated (83%) and surgical correction was the preferred treatment (81%). No death occurred in this series. Conclusions: IS incidence rates were intermediate compared to other series, stable over time, and similar between the public and private sector. Clinical characteristics were similar to those previously reported with a disproportionately high use of surgical correction over enema, currently considered the preferred treatment option. (Rev Méd Chile 2004; 132: 565-72)

Java has adopted a mechanism to support parameterized types that will be available in the next major release. A draft specification to add generics to the JavaTM Programming Language was published two years ago [1] and a new version of it in June 23, 2003 [2]. An extension of the type system based on F-bounded quantification is proposed. A binary method is a method that has one or more parameters of the same type as the object that receives the message. F-Bounded polymorphism and binary methods can't be combined smoothly in object-oriented languages with nominal subtyping and single dispatch [3]. In this paper, we address some problems that can arise when binary methods are needed in parameterized classes and interfaces in the implementation of a Java program.

El lenguaje de programación Java ha adoptado un mecanismo para definir tipos parametrizados, el cual estará disponible para los usuarios en la próxima versión de su compilador. La primera especificación formal para incluir genéricos en Java fue publicada hace dos años y una nueva versión el pasado mes de Junio del 2003. En esta especificación, se propone extender el sistema de tipos basandose en el sistema de cuantificación restringida F (F-Bounded quantification) con el fin de soportar directamente polimorfismo paramétrico en Java. Un método binario en aquel que contiene uno o más parámetros del mismo tipo del objeto que recibe el mensaje. El polimorfismo basado en el sistema de restricción F y los métodos binarios no pueden ser combinados en forma sencilla en aquellos lenguajes de programación orientados a objectos que contienen un sistema de tipos nominal y basan la selección del metodo a ejecutar solo en el tipo del objeto que recibe el mensaje. En este articulo, se presentan algunos problemas que aparecen en la implementación de programas en Java cuando es necesario definir clases e interfaces parametrizadas.