Resumen En el sector Mogotes-San Joaquín (SW del Macizo de Santander) aflora una sucesión de rocas metamórficas, cortadas por rocas ígneas y parcialmente cubiertas por rocas sedimentarias, con edades desde el pre-Cámbrico hasta el Mesozoico. Estas variedades litológicas están afectadas por familias de fallas, entre las cuales destaca la Falla Mogotes con dirección NW-SE. Esta falla define la estructura termal de la sucesión metamórfica presente, ya que pone en contacto dos secuencias metamórficas contrastantes en grado de metamorfismo y edad. Al norte de la Falla aflora una secuencia de rocas metamórficas de mayor grado de metamorfismo (filitas, cuarcitas y esquistos grafitosos), edad pre-Cámbrica, con presencia de biotita neoformada. Al sur de la Falla afloran rocas metamórficas de menor grado, de aspecto filítico, con máxima edad de depositación del Devónico Temprano y que hacen parte de la Formación Floresta metamorfizada. Otras rocas en el área corresponden a metacalizas impuras, metacalizas, metaareniscas, metagrauvacas, con edades desde Devónico Medio al Permo-Carbonífero. Las litologías tanto al norte como al sur de la Falla son cortadas por rocas ígneas de edad Triásico Tardío-Jurásico Temprano, que se extienden por el Macizo de Santander. Tres eventos metamórficos afectaron las rocas al norte de la Falla Mogotes. Evento M1 de carácter regional, con pico metamórfico en facies esquistos verdes, zona de la biotita (458°C en esquisto grafitoso, temperaturas obtenidas mediante el análisis de espectros microraman en grafito). Evento M2 de metamorfismo de contacto, en facies corneana anfibólica con cordierita y biotita como minerales del pico metamórfico. Evento M3, correspondiente a un metamorfismo de dislocación. Las rocas metamórficas al sur de la Falla de Mogotes se caracterizan por la ausencia de biotita y temperaturas de metamorfismo inferiores a 410°C.

Abstract In the Mogotes-San Joaquín sector (SW of the Santander Massif) a succession of metamorphic rocks emerges, cut by igneous rocks and partially covered by sedimentary rocks, with ages from the pre-Cambrian to the Mesozoic. These lithological varieties are affected by families of faults, among which the Mogotes Fault with a NW-SE direction stands out. This fault defines the thermal structure of the present metamorphic succession, since it brings into contact two contrasting metamorphic sequences in degree of metamorphism and age. To the north of the Fault, a sequence of metamorphic rocks with a higher degree of metamorphism (phyllites, quartzites and graphitic schists) outcrops, pre-Cambrian age, with the presence of newly formed biotite. To the south of the Fault, lower grade metamorphic rocks emerge, with a phyllitic appearance, with a maximum depositional age of the Early Devonian and that are part of the metamorphosed Floresta Formation. Other rocks in the area correspond to impure metalimestone, metalimestone, metasandstone, and metagraywacke lithologies, with ages from Middle Devonian to Permo-Carboniferous. The lithologies both north and south of the Fault are cut by igneous rocks of Late Triassic-Early Jurassic age, which extend across the Santander Massif. Three metamorphic events affected the rocks north of the Mogotes Fault. Event M1 of regional character, with metamorphic peak in greenschist facies, biotite zone (458°C in graphite shale, temperatures obtained through the analysis of microraman spectra in graphite). Event M2 of contact metamorphism, in amphibolic corneal facies with cordierite and biotite as minerals of the metamorphic peak. Event M3, corresponding to a dislocation metamorphism. The metamorphic rocks south of the Mogotes Fault are characterized by the absence of biotite and metamorphism temperatures lower than 410°C.

Abstract Valproic acid (VPA) is an effective and inexpensive anticonvulsant commonly prescribed as an antiepileptic. However, there is a percentage of susceptible patients who experience unwanted effects, such as weight gain and fatty liver. Ivermectin (IVM), a versatile antiparasitic, has shown potential in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this study, the potential hepatoprotective effect of ivermectin on valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated in rats. VPA (250 mg/kg/day) was orally administered for 14 consecutive days to induce hepatocellular damage in adult Wistar rats, after which the animals were treated with a subcutaneous injection of IVM (0.4 and 1.3 mg/kg/day) for another five days. Animals receiving VPA developed obesity and microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis. They also had increased levels of plasma triglycerides and aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes. IVM treatment significantly decreased serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels and attenuated valproic acid-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in rats. These results were confirmed by histopathological examination. (VPA antiepileptic However effects IVM, , (IVM) antiparasitic nonalcoholic non alcoholic disease study acidinduced induced rats 250 (25 mg/kg/day mgkgday mg kg day 1 0.4 04 0 4 (0. 13 3 1. steatosis enzymes examination (IVM 25 (2 0. (0 2 (

Resumen Introducción: La determinación del efecto de reabrir las escuelas sobre las tasas de infección pediátrica por SARS-CoV-2 (síndrome respiratorio agudo grave coronavirus 2) incrementó la necesidad de trasmitir la experiencia de los gobiernos de muchas regiones geográficas para mejores decisiones futuras en emergencias sanitarias similares. Métodos: Mediante un estudio prospectivo basado en una cohorte poblacional se dio seguimiento a los alumnos de 18,988 escuelas del Estado de México que iniciaron con el regreso a clases. Se implementaron filtros sanitarios diarios en cada escuela y cotidianamente se informaban a los enlaces jurisdiccionales a través de una red negativa. Los casos identificados eran confirmados a través de RT-PCR (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa). Se estimaron frecuencias simples de casos, porcentajes e incidencias de COVID-19. Las incidencias del estado se compararon con la incidencia nacional. Resultados: Un total de 3,586 casos fueron confirmados; 2,048 (57.1%) correspondieron a niños. Veinticuatro (0.6%) fueron hospitalizados por COVID-19 moderado a grave; nueve (37.5%) fallecieron, y solamente una correspondió a un escolar. A partir de la semana 36 se observó una tasa promedio de infecciones de 0.36. En la semana epidemiológica 40 se observó la mayor tasa de infección en escolares (1.01); a partir de esta semana se observa un declive de los casos hasta la semana 50. Conclusiones: La implementación de intervenciones no farmacéuticas tiene más ventajas que limitaciones, siempre y cuando las estrategias sean homogéneas y correctamente ejecutadas, lo que asegurará un adecuado control en los contagios.

Abstract Background: Determining the effect of reopening schools on pediatric SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection rates increased the need to share the experience of governments in many geographic regions for better future decision-making in similar health emergencies. Methods: Through a prospective study based on a population-based cohort, students from 18,988 schools in the State of Mexico who began returning to school were followed. Daily sanitation filters were implemented in each school and district liaisons were informed on a daily basis through a negative network. Identified cases were confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Simple case frequencies, percentages, and incidences of COVID-19 were estimated. State incidences were compared with the national incidence. Results: A total of 3,586 cases were confirmed; 2,048 (57.1%) were children. Twenty-four (0.6%) were hospitalized for moderate to severe COVID-19; nine (37.5%) died, and only one was a schoolchild. From week 36, an average infection rate of 0.36 was observed. The highest infection rate in schoolchildren was observed in epidemiologic week 40 (1.01); from this week on, a decrease in the number of cases was observed until week 50. Conclusions: The use of non-pharmaceutical interventions has more advantages than limitations, as long as the strategies are homogeneous and properly implemented to ensure adequate control of infections.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las características clínicas y demográficas de pacientes con anafilaxia, atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel de Medellín, Colombia Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, al que se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico con anafilaxia entre 2009 y 2019. La información de los pacientes se obtuvo a partir de los expedientes clínicos, mediante un instrumento de recolección. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo, de proporciones y medidas de tendencia central de las variables de interés. Resultados: Se revisaron 1820 expedientes y se incluyeron los datos de 253 pacientes. Los agentes etiológicos más frecuentes fueron: medicamentos (52.1%), alimentos (34.7%), picadura de insectos (13.8%) y agentes no especificados (17.7%). Las manifestaciones cutáneas y respiratorias fueron las más frecuentes asociadas con anafilaxia. El 94.7% de los casos tuvo concentraciones normales de triptasa. La adrenalina, los corticosteroides y antihistamínicos fueron los fármacos de elección en el 39.9, 34.3 y 39.9% de los casos, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Las características de anafilaxia coinciden con las reportadas en la mayor parte de los estudios en Latinoamérica. Aunque existen guías mundiales de tratamiento de la anafilaxia, no suelen aplicarse de forma uniforme, lo que hace necesario adiestrar al personal de salud y desarrollar guías nacionales al respecto.

Abstract Objective: To characterize demographically and clinically the patients with anaphylaxis treated in a third level health institution in Medellin, Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out, which includedpatients were diagnosed with anaphylaxis between 2009 and 2019. Information was retrieved from medical records through a collection instrument. Subsequently, a descriptive statistical analysis of proportions and measures of central tendency of the variables of interest was performed. Results: A total of 1820 records were reviewed and data from 253 patients were included. Among the reported comorbidities, drug allergy was the most prevalent (28%). The most frequent manifestations of anaphylaxis were cutaneous and respiratory. Most of the cases presented basal tryptase values ≤ 11.4 ng/mL (94.7%). Different etiological agents (food, drugs, insects and latex) were reported, and their frequency varied according to age. Adrenaline, steroids, and antihistamines were the treatments of choice in 39.9, 34.3, and 39.9% of cases, respectively. Conclusions: The characteristics of anaphylaxis in a medical center in Colombia coincide with those reported in Latin American. The treatment of anaphylaxis is not standardized, which makes it necessary to educate the health personnel and develop national guidelines.

Abstract The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic factors and a high cumulative score of the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) in a Chilean adult group. A cross-sectional study was performed with the Ethics Committee’s approval from the Universidad de los Andes. A consecutive adult (18 to 46 years old) sampling (n = 553) from the Health Center in San Bernardo-Chile, was selected from September 2016 to January 2017. Dental exams were performed by two trained and calibrated examiners, according to the BEWE index. In order to search for potentially related factors, a hetero-applied questionnaire previously developed and evaluated was applied. Our interest was individuals with severe erosion tooth wear (BEWE ≥ 14). Logistic regression models reporting crude odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR by age, 95% confidence interval (95%CI), and p-values were estimated. Variables, odds ratios and 95% CI related with BEWE ≥ 14 were: age (OR 1.1 [1.07–1.14]); currently drinking alcohol (OR 1.59 [1.06-2.39]); esophagitis (OR 8.22 [1.60–42.22]); difficulty to swallow (OR 2.45 [1.10–5.44]); chest pain (OR 2.07 [1.18–3.64]); anorexia (OR 3.82 [1.07–13.68]); vitamin C intake (OR 1.92 [1.08–3.43]). Age, alcohol consumption, self-reported esophagitis, history of gastric symptoms, anorexia, and vitamin C intake were related as risk factors to high BEWE scores in this sample of Chilean adults in San Bernardo, Chile.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to describe clinical and imaging changes of non-invasive therapies applied to patients with degenerative bone disorders of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ). To carry out this study, 25 patients with degenerative bone disorders of TMJ without previous treatment at the time of diagnosis, were evaluated. Non-invasive treatment was performed and one year later they were evaluated according to clinical and imaging criteria DC/TMD and Ahmad. Results were presented by descriptive statistics, odds ratio, confidence interval, comparisons of means, and correlations. 50 TMJs, 72 % women, (32.2 years mean of age) were studied. Significant improvement was observed in the parameters: pain (p=0.0001), synovitis (p=0.001), and increased sclerosis of the bone trabeculae (p=0,051) at one-year post-treatment. After one year of the establishment of non-invasive therapies in patients with degenerative joint disease of TMJ, it was observed positive changes, both clinical and imaging, reducing painful symptomatology, limiting effect on the progression of degenerative bone damage, and recovery of synovitis cases.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir los cambios clínicos e imagenológicos de las terapias no invasivas aplicadas a pacientes con alteraciones óseas degenerativas de las articulaciones temporomandibulares (ATM). Metodología: Se evaluaron 25 pacientes con alteraciones óseas degenerativas de las ATM, sin tratamiento previo de trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) al momento del diagnóstico. Se realizó tratamiento no invasivo y un año después fueron evaluados según criterios clínicos e imagenológicos DC/TMD y Ahmad. Los resultados fueron presentados por medio de estadística descriptiva, odds ratio con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza, comparaciones de medianas y correlaciones. Se estudiaron 50 ATM, 72 % mujeres (32,2 años promedio). Se observó mejora significativa en los parámetros: dolor (p=0,0001), sinovitis (p=0,001) e incremento de la esclerosis del trabeculado óseo (p=0,051) a un año post-tratamiento. Después de un año del establecimiento de terapias no invasivas en pacientes con alteraciones óseas degenerativas de las ATM, se observaron cambios positivos tanto clínicos como imagenológicos, reduciéndose significativamente la sintomatología dolorosa, limitándose la progresión del daño óseo degenerativo, y observándose recuperación de los casos de sinovitis.

ABSTRACT Objective: To create competencies for the educational actions of nurses in the care and management work processes at the Family Health Strategy. Method: This is an exploratory, descriptive research, with a qualitative approach, on nurses of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) from a municipality in the Greater São Paulo. It was performed through semi-structured interviews and workshops. Results: There is a set of specific competencies for the educational actions of the nurse in care work, geared towards meeting the health needs of users/community; and for educational actions in management work, focused on work organization of the health team, indicating the importance of this work to FHS. Final considerations: Creating competencies proved to be significant to reflect on the educational actions of the FHS nurses and can be used as a strategy in permanent education processes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Construir competencias para la acción educativa de las enfermeras en el proceso de trabajo asistencial y gerencial en la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia. Método: La Investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, con el abordaje cualitativo de enfermeras de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia (ESF), de un municipio de la gran ciudad de São Paulo, por medio de encuestas semiestructuradas y talleres de trabajo. Resultados: Hay un conjunto de competencias específicas para la acción educativa de la enfermera en el trabajo asistencial, dirigido a la atención a las necesidades de salud de los usuarios/la comunidad, y para la acción educativa en el trabajo gerencial, con enfoque en la organización del trabajo del equipo de salud, indicando la importancia de ese trabajo en el contexto de la ESF. Consideraciones finales: La construcción de competencias se mostró significativa para reflejar sobre las acciones educativas de las enfermeras en la ESF, pudiendo ser utilizada como estrategia en los procesos de educación permanente.

RESUMO Objetivo: Construir competências para ação educativa de enfermeiras no processo de trabalho assistencial e gerencial na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Método: Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa de enfermeiras da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), de um município da grande São Paulo, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e oficinas de trabalho. Resultados: Há um conjunto de competências específicas para a ação educativa da enfermeira no trabalho assistencial, voltado ao atendimento das necessidades de saúde dos usuários/comunidade, e para a ação educativa no trabalho gerencial, com foco na organização do trabalho da equipe de saúde, indicando a importância desse trabalho no contexto da ESF. Considerações finais: A construção de competências mostrou-se significativa para refletir sobre as ações educativas das enfermeiras na ESF, podendo ser utilizada como estratégia em processos de educação permanente.

RESUMO Objetivo: Construir competências para ação educativa de enfermeiras no processo de trabalho assistencial e gerencial na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Método: Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa de enfermeiras da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), de um município da grande São Paulo, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e oficinas de trabalho. Resultados: Há um conjunto de competências específicas para a ação educativa da enfermeira no trabalho assistencial, voltado ao atendimento das necessidades de saúde dos usuários/comunidade, e para a ação educativa no trabalho gerencial, com foco na organização do trabalho da equipe de saúde, indicando a importância desse trabalho no contexto da ESF. Considerações finais: A construção de competências mostrou-se significativa para refletir sobre as ações educativas das enfermeiras na ESF, podendo ser utilizada como estratégia em processos de educação permanente.

ABSTRACT Objective: To create competencies for the educational actions of nurses in the care and management work processes at the Family Health Strategy. Method: This is an exploratory, descriptive research, with a qualitative approach, on nurses of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) from a municipality in the Greater São Paulo. It was performed through semi-structured interviews and workshops. Results: There is a set of specific competencies for the educational actions of the nurse in care work, geared towards meeting the health needs of users/community; and for educational actions in management work, focused on work organization of the health team, indicating the importance of this work to FHS. Final considerations: Creating competencies proved to be significant to reflect on the educational actions of the FHS nurses and can be used as a strategy in permanent education processes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Construir competencias para la acción educativa de las enfermeras en el proceso de trabajo asistencial y gerencial en la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia. Método: La Investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, con el abordaje cualitativo de enfermeras de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia (ESF), de un municipio de la gran ciudad de São Paulo, por medio de encuestas semiestructuradas y talleres de trabajo. Resultados: Hay un conjunto de competencias específicas para la acción educativa de la enfermera en el trabajo asistencial, dirigido a la atención a las necesidades de salud de los usuarios/la comunidad, y para la acción educativa en el trabajo gerencial, con enfoque en la organización del trabajo del equipo de salud, indicando la importancia de ese trabajo en el contexto de la ESF. Consideraciones finales: La construcción de competencias se mostró significativa para reflejar sobre las acciones educativas de las enfermeras en la ESF, pudiendo ser utilizada como estrategia en los procesos de educación permanente.

Objective: This study aimed to adapt and validate the results of the Batería de Instrumentos para la Evaluación de Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial (Battery of Instruments for the Evaluation of Psychosocial Risk Factors) developed by the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia in 2010. Materials and methods: An instrumental study was conducted with a total of 478 workers who underwent an occupational medical examination from March to September 2014. The following analyses were performed: psychometric properties by judges’ criteria, validity by Aiken’s V coefficient, construct validity by exploratory factor analysis, and reliability and internal consistency by Cronbach’s Alpha. Results: In the content validity analysis using judges’ criteria, only items with V = 1 (p = 0.032) were considered, resulting in 108 items in the Inside-Work scale form A, 96 items in the Inside-Work scale form B, and 29 items in the Outside-Work scale. A higher-than-standard item homogeneity level (rit > 0.20), and adequate reliability and internal consistency levels were demonstrated by Cronbach’s Alpha in the Inside-Work scale form A, Inside-Work scale form B, Outside-Work scale and Stress scale. In the convergent validity analysis, statistical significant correlations were obtained in most of the dimensions between the Outside-Work scale and Stress scale, and the Inside-Work scale form A and Stress scale. Conclusions: Criteria validity and convergent validity were determined in the Inside-Work scale form A, Inside-Work scale form B and Outside-Work scale, with empiric evidence of measurements consistent with the psychosocial risk construct being found. Moreover, internal consistency coefficients were estimated, with adequate levels being obtained in the assessed dimensions, according to the minimum level suggested for the research

Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo el objetivo de adaptar y validar los resultados de la Batería de Instrumentos para la Evaluación de Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial desarrollado por el Ministerio de la Protección Social de Colombia en el 2010. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio instrumental con los trabajadores que pasaron examen médico ocupacional de marzo a setiembre 2014, con un total de 478 personas. Se procedió al análisis de propiedades psicométricas mediante criterio de jueces, análisis de validez mediante el coeficiente V de Aiken, análisis de validez de constructo mediante análisis factorial de tipo exploratorios y el análisis de confiabilidad mediante la consistencia interna con el coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach. Resultados: Como resultados del análisis de la validez de contenido, al aplicar el criterio de jueces, se consideraron solo aquellos ítems con V = 1 (p = 0,032), quedando en la Forma A, 108 reactivos, en la Forma B, 96 y en Extralaborales, 29 ítems. Se evidenciaron índices de homogeneidad de los ítems mayor al criterio (rit > 0,20) e índices adecuados de confiabilidad por el método de consistencia interna con el estadístico Alfa de Cronbach en las escalas Intralaboral Forma A, Forma B, Extralaboral y Estrés. Para el grado de validez convergente, se obtuvieron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas en la mayoría de dimensiones entre las escalas Extralaboral y Estrés, y entre la Forma A y Estrés. Conclusiones: Se determinó la validez de criterio y validez convergente en las escalas Intralaboral A, Intralaboral B y Extralaboral, encontrándose evidencias empíricas de mediciones coherentes al constructo de Riesgos Psicosociales; asimismo, se calcularon los coeficientes de consistencia interna, obteniéndose en las dimensiones evaluadas adecuados índices de acuerdo al criterio mínimo sugerido para la investigación

Reports indicate that statins (cholesterol-lowering drugs), in addition to lowering cholesterol, have an immunomodulatory effect. This effect may be beneficial for the treatment of several diseases, including periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of an atorvastatin-medicated dentifrice on CD4+ T cell proliferation. CD4+ T cell proliferation assays and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) viability assays were conducted on PBMCs from healthy donors cultured under the following conditions: control, atorvastatin solution, atorvastatin-medicated dentifrice, and dentifrice without atorvastatin at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 µM. A Generalized Equation Estimation (GEE) model was used to analyze concentration versus proliferation and concentration versus percentage of dead cells within each group evaluated. Atorvastatin-medicated dentifrice (p-value <0.0001) and atorvastatin solution (p-value <0.0001) significantly inhibited CD4+ T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner compared with the dentifrice without atorvastatin and control conditions. Only the relationship between atorvastatin solution and percentage of dead cells was significant compared to the other conditions (p-value 0.019). The results revealed that atorvastatin-medicated dentifrice at concentrations of 1 to 100 µM had immunomodulatory effects, inhibiting CD4+ T cell proliferation without affecting PBMC viability. The other components of the dentifrice did not affect CD4+ T cell proliferation or cell viability, indicating its utility as a vehicle to achieve the desired effects of atorvastatin in periodontal tissue. Controlled clinical trials are still needed to evaluate the clinical effects of an atorvastatin-medicated dentifrice on the periodontium.

La literatura indica que las estatinas (medicamentos para bajar el colesterol), además de reducir el colesterol, tienen un efecto inmunomodulador. Este efecto puede ser beneficioso para el tratamiento de varias enfermedades, incluyendo la enfermedad periodontal. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el efecto inmunomodulador de una pasta dental medicada con atorvastatina sobre la proliferación celular de linfocitos T CD4+. A partir de células mononucleares de sangre periférica de donantes sanos (PBMC), se realizaron ensayos de proliferación y viabilidad de linfocitos T CD4+ bajo las siguientes condiciones: control, solución de atorvastatina, dentífrico medicado con atorvastatina y dentífrico sin atorvastatina, en concentraciones 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 µM. Se realizó el análisis estadístico utilizando el modelo Generalized Equation Estimation (GEE) a fin de analizar la concentración versus la proliferación y la concentración versus el porcentaje de muerte celular para cada uno de los grupos. El dentífrico medicado con atorvastatina (valor p <0,0001) y solución de atorvastatina (valor p <0,0001) inhibieron significativamente la proliferación de células T CD4 + de una manera dependiente de la dosis en comparación con el dentífrico sin atorvastatina y condiciones de control. Sólo la relación entre la atorvastatina solución y el porcentaje de células muertas fue significativa en comparación con las otras condiciones (vale-p 0,019). Los resultados revelaron que el dentífrico medicado con atorvastatina en concentraciones de 1 a 100 mM tenía efectos inmunomoduladores, inhibiendo la proliferación de células T CD4 + sin afectar la viabilidad de PBMC. Los otros componentes del dentífrico no afectaron la proliferación de células T CD4 + o la viabilidad celular, indicando su utilidad como vehículo para conseguir los efectos deseados de atorvastatina en el tejido periodontal. Todavía se necesitan ensayos clínicos controlados para evaluar los efectos clínicos de un dentífrico medicado con atorvastatina sobre el periodonto.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar e validar as intervenções/atividades desenvolvidas pela equipe de enfermagem em unidade pediátrica. Método Pesquisa descritiva, transversal, observacional, desenvolvida na Clínica Pediátrica do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, organizada nas etapas: identificação das atividades realizadas pela equipe (registros em prontuários e observação direta); mapeamento e validação das atividades identificadas em intervenções, segundo a Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC). Resultados As 275 atividades identificadas foram mapeadas em 63 intervenções, 22 classes e sete domínios da NIC, 25 atividades associadas e 13 pessoais. Após validação, o número de atividades passou para 244, correspondendo a 53 intervenções, 20 classes e seis domínios da NIC, 30 atividades associadase nove pessoais. Conclusão A identificação das intervenções/atividades executadas pela equipe de enfermagem favorece a mensuração da carga de trabalho, constituindo importante contribuição para a superação das dificuldades relacionadas à operacionalização do processo de dimensionamento de profissionais na área de pediatria.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify and validate interventions/activities developed by a nursing team in a Brazilian pediatric unit. Method A descriptive, cross-sectional, and observational study was developed in the pediatric clinic of the university hospital of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. It was organized in the following stages: identifying activities carried out by the team (from records in patient charts and from direct observation); mapping out and validating activities identified in interventions according to the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC). Results The 275 identified activities were mapped out into 63 interventions, 22 NIC classes and 7 NIC domains, and 25 associated and 13 personal activities. After validation, the number of activities decreased to 244, corresponding to 53 interventions, 20 NIC classes and 6 NIC domains, and 30 associated activities and 9 personal activities. Conclusion Identifying the interventions/activities performed by the nursing team can help measure workload and is an important contribution to overcoming difficulties when it comes to operationalizing the process of sizing professional teams in the field of pediatrics.

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar y validar intervenciones/actividades desarrolladas por el equipo de enfermería en una unidad pediátrica. Método Estudio descriptivo, transversal, observacional desarrollado en la Clínica Pediátrica del Hospital Universitario de la Universidad de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, organizado en las siguientes etapas: identificación de las actividades realizadas por el equipo (registros en archivos y observación directa); mapeo y validación de las actividades identificadas en las intervenciones, de acuerdo con la Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería (CIE). Resultados Las 275 actividades identificadas fueron mapeadas en 63 intervenciones, 22 clases y siete dominios de la CIE, 25 actividades asociadas y 13 personales. Después de la validación, el número de actividades pasó para 244, lo que corresponde a 53 intervenciones, 20 clases y seis dominios de la CIE, 30 actividades asociadas y nueve personales. Conclusión la identificación de las intervenciones/actividades realizadas por el equipo de enfermería favorece la medición de la carga de trabajo siendo una importante contribución a la superación de las dificultades relacionadas con la aplicación del proceso de dimensionamiento de profesionales en el área de pediatría.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify and validate interventions/activities developed by a nursing team in a Brazilian pediatric unit. Method A descriptive, cross-sectional, and observational study was developed in the pediatric clinic of the university hospital of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. It was organized in the following stages: identifying activities carried out by the team (from records in patient charts and from direct observation); mapping out and validating activities identified in interventions according to the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC). Results The 275 identified activities were mapped out into 63 interventions, 22 NIC classes and 7 NIC domains, and 25 associated and 13 personal activities. After validation, the number of activities decreased to 244, corresponding to 53 interventions, 20 NIC classes and 6 NIC domains, and 30 associated activities and 9 personal activities. Conclusion Identifying the interventions/activities performed by the nursing team can help measure workload and is an important contribution to overcoming difficulties when it comes to operationalizing the process of sizing professional teams in the field of pediatrics.

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar y validar intervenciones/actividades desarrolladas por el equipo de enfermería en una unidad pediátrica. Método Estudio descriptivo, transversal, observacional desarrollado en la Clínica Pediátrica del Hospital Universitario de la Universidad de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, organizado en las siguientes etapas: identificación de las actividades realizadas por el equipo (registros en archivos y observación directa); mapeo y validación de las actividades identificadas en las intervenciones, de acuerdo con la Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería (CIE). Resultados Las 275 actividades identificadas fueron mapeadas en 63 intervenciones, 22 clases y siete dominios de la CIE, 25 actividades asociadas y 13 personales. Después de la validación, el número de actividades pasó para 244, lo que corresponde a 53 intervenciones, 20 clases y seis dominios de la CIE, 30 actividades asociadas y nueve personales. Conclusión la identificación de las intervenciones/actividades realizadas por el equipo de enfermería favorece la medición de la carga de trabajo siendo una importante contribución a la superación de las dificultades relacionadas con la aplicación del proceso de dimensionamiento de profesionales en el área de pediatría.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar e validar as intervenções/atividades desenvolvidas pela equipe de enfermagem em unidade pediátrica. Método Pesquisa descritiva, transversal, observacional, desenvolvida na Clínica Pediátrica do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, organizada nas etapas: identificação das atividades realizadas pela equipe (registros em prontuários e observação direta); mapeamento e validação das atividades identificadas em intervenções, segundo a Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC). Resultados As 275 atividades identificadas foram mapeadas em 63 intervenções, 22 classes e sete domínios da NIC, 25 atividades associadas e 13 pessoais. Após validação, o número de atividades passou para 244, correspondendo a 53 intervenções, 20 classes e seis domínios da NIC, 30 atividades associadase nove pessoais. Conclusão A identificação das intervenções/atividades executadas pela equipe de enfermagem favorece a mensuração da carga de trabalho, constituindo importante contribuição para a superação das dificuldades relacionadas à operacionalização do processo de dimensionamento de profissionais na área de pediatria.

There are several types of oral and pharyngeal cancer, with the most frequent being squamous cell carcinoma (90%). It is more common in men, in adulthood. It is associated with multiple risk factors, mainly smoking and alcohol consumption. Objective To describe mortality due to oral and pharyngeal cancer in Chile between 2002 and 2010. Method Ecological study. The data obtained from death certificates from the Department of Health Statistics and Information, Ministry of Health of Chile and were analyzed according to anatomical location, sex, age, education level, and area of urban/rural residence. Results The mortality rate in the period studied ranged from 1.11 to 1.25 per 100000 inhabitants. The male:female ratio ranged from 2.3:1, with 50% mortality in women over 75 years-old, while in men it was 24.86%. Most cases (90.7%) lived in an urban area. A total of 54.61% of deaths occurred in people with basic/primary education level. Tongu cancer accounted for 17.7% of the deaths. Conclusions The mortality rate for oral and pharyngeal cancer in Chile remained stable throughout the study period, and was higher in men. The women died at an older age than men. The deaths were mostly in people with a lower educational level. The most common anatomical location was the tongue.

Existen diversos tipos de cáncer oral y faríngeo, siendo más frecuente el carcinoma de células escamosas (90%). Se presenta más en hombres en edades adultas. Se asocia a múltiples factores de riesgo, principalmente tabaco y alcohol. Objetivo Describir la mortalidad por cáncer oral y faríngeo en Chile entre los años 2002 y 2010. Método Estudio ecológico. Los datos de defunción se obtuvieron del Departamento de Estadística e Información de Salud del Ministerio de Salud de Chile y fueron analizados según el sexo, la edad, el nivel de instrucción, el área de residencia urbano/rural y la ubicación anatómica. Resultados El rango de la tasa de mortalidad en el período fue de 1,11 a 1,25 por 100.000 habitantes. La razón hombre:mujer fue de 2,3:1, un 50% de las mujeres falleció después de los 75 años, en los hombres esto correspondió a un 24,86%. Un 54,61% de las defunciones ocurrieron en personas con nivel educativo básico. El 90,7% correspondió al sector urbano. Un 17,7% de las muertes fue por cáncer de lengua. Conclusiones La tasa de mortalidad por cáncer oral y faríngeo en Chile se mantuvo estable a lo largo del período estudiado, siendo mayor en hombres. Las mujeres fallecieron a mayor edad que los hombres. Los fallecidos fueron mayoritariamente de nivel de instrucción bajo. La ubicación anatómica más frecuente fue la lengua.

Objective To describe changes in periodontal clinical status of patients according to systemic statin use prescribed by a cardiologist. Material and methods A descriptive study was performed on patients with chronic periodontitis referred from the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases of Dávila Clinic. A group of them began statin therapy. Clinical measurements of periodontal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level, bleeding index, periodontal inflamed surface area, and gingival index, were performed at baseline (before starting statin therapy) and 6 months later. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results A total of 10 patients participated in the study, and five of them received statin therapy. The statin group compared to the group without statins, showed a mean decrease in: PD (0.4 mm versus 0.13 mm); percentage of PS sites ≥ 5 mm (4.16% versus 1.09%); clinical attachment level (0.5 mm versus 0.2 mm), bleeding index (27.16% versus 8.8%), and periodontal inflamed surface area (305.68 versus 121.35 mm2). Conclusions These results suggest that patients with chronic periodontitis may benefit from systemic therapy with statins. Randomized clinical trials with optimal sample size are required to check the effect and impact of statins on the periodontal status.

Objetivos Describir los cambios del estado clínico periodontal de pacientes según el consumo sistémico de estatinas por indicación del cardiólogo. Material y método Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el cual se reclutaron pacientes con periodontitis crónica derivados desde cardiología de la Clínica Dávila. Un grupo de ellos iniciaría terapia de estatinas. Se realizaron mediciones clínicas periodontales de profundidad al sondaje (PS), nivel de inserción clínico, índice de sangrado, área de superficie periodontal inflamada, e índice gingival, al inicio (antes de comenzar la terapia de estatinas) y 6 meses después. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando estadística descriptiva. Resultados Diez pacientes participaron del estudio, 5 con indicación de estatinas. El grupo con estatinas en comparación con el grupo sin estatinas presentó una disminución en promedio: de PS (0,4 mm versus 0,13 mm); porcentaje de sitios con PS ≥ 5 mm (4,16% versus 1,09%); de nivel de inserción clínico (0,5 mm versus 0,2 mm), índice de sangrado (27,16% versus 8,8%) y área de superficie periodontal inflamada (305,68 mm2 versus 121,35). Conclusiones Estos resultados sugieren que pacientes con periodontitis crónica podrían obtener beneficios de la terapia sistémica con estatinas. Se requiere de estudios clínicos con asignación aleatoria y el óptimo tamaño muestral que comprueben el efecto e impacto de las estatinas sobre el estado periodontal.

Muitos carrapatos argasídeos são conhecidos somente por descrições larvais, nas quais a quetotaxia associada a outros caracteres morfológicos tem sido usada para separar gêneros e espécies. No entanto, as ilustrações sobre esses caracteres são baseadas somente em microscopia óptica e muitos deles não estão claramente definidos. Devido às dificuldades em determinar estágios larvais e ninfais de alguns gêneros, elaboramos chaves ilustradas para os estágios imaturos de argasídeos, incluindo uma lista atualizada de espécies conhecidas da região Neotropical. Incluímos também uma chave ilustrada para larvas das espécies de Ornithodoros do Brasil baseada em microscopia eletrônica de varredura.

Many argasid tick species are known only through their larval descriptions, in which the chaetotaxy, together with other external morphological characteristics, has been used to separate genera and species. However, the illustrations of these features are based on optical microscopy alone and many of these features are not clearly defined. Because of the difficulties in determining the larval and nymph stages of some genera, we have prepared illustrated keys for the immature stages of argasids, including an up-to-date list of the known species of the Neotropical region. We have also included an illustrated key for larvae of the Ornithodoros species from Brazil, based on scanning electron microscopy.