ABSTRACT Objective. To identify the most frequent demographic features and clinical findings in dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis (CaOx) in Mexico. Materials and methods. Dogs with CaOx uroliths were selected from the laboratory database, and a comparison analysis was performed between two different dog populations to identify the demographic risk factors. Clinical data for urinalysis and the radiographic and physical characteristics of the uroliths were described. The statistical analysis was descriptive, and association measures and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify risk factors. Results. In Mexico, CaOx uroliths accounted for 27.3% of the cases, making it the second most common urolithiasis in dogs. Males, small-sized dogs, and dogs older than 6 years had higher probabilities (p<0.001) of developing CaOx urolithiasis. The clinical findings observed in dogs with this urolithiasis were a mean urine pH of 6.5, urine specific gravity greater than 1.030, highly radiopaque uroliths, multiple and shorter than 20 mm in length. Overall, 31.8% of the CaOx uroliths came from urolithiasis recurring dogs. Conclusions. The identification of the epidemiological features of dogs with CaOx urolithiasis in Mexico, such as sex, breed, size, and age, as well as urinalysis and radiographic findings, may contribute to predict the composition of CaOx uroliths before their extraction and earlier identification in predisposed dogs.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar características demográficas y hallazgos clínicos más frecuentes en perros con urolitiasis de oxalato de calcio (OxCa) en México. Materiales y métodos. De la base de datos del laboratorio se seleccionaron perros que forman urolitos de OxCa y se realizó un análisis de comparación entre dos distintas poblaciones de perros para identificar los factores de riesgo demográficos. Se describieron los datos clínicos del análisis de orina y las características radiográficas y físicas de los urolitos. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo, y se utilizaron medidas de asociación y regresión logística multivariada para la identificación de factores de riesgo. Resultados. En México la frecuencia de OxCa en los urolitos analizados fue del 27.3%, siendo el segundo tipo de urolitiasis más común en perros. Los perros machos, los de talla pequeña y los mayores de 6 años tuvieron una mayor probabilidad (p<0.001) de desarrollar urolitiasis de OxCa. Las características clínicas observadas en perros con esta urolitiasis fueron: pH urinario promedio de 6.5, densidad urinaria mayor de 1.030, urolitos altamente radiopacos, múltiples y menores de 20 mm de longitud. Se observó que el 31.8% de los urolitos de OxCa procedían de perros con episodios previos de urolitiasis. Conclusiones. La identificación de las características epidemiológicas de los perros con urolitiasis de OxCa en México como sexo, raza, talla y edad, así como los hallazgos en el urianálisis y en los estudios radiográficos contribuirán a predecir la composición de urolitos de OxCa antes de su extracción y la identificación temprana en perros predispuestos.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la correlación de los biomarcadores de funcionamiento renal en la primera evaluación en perros con diferentes factores de riesgo identificados para desarrollar enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo de casos y controles de 388 animales, divididos en cinco grupos: grupo control (GC), y cuatro grupos de perros potencialmente enfermos renales (pERC). Se analizaron historia clínica, examen físico, condición corporal (CC), hemograma, perfil bioquímico con dimetilaginina simétrica (SDMA), urianálisis, ratio proteinuria/creatininuria (UPC) y medición de presión arterial sistémica. Se utilizó estadística no paramétrica y los datos fueron expresados en medianas y percentiles; para la CC se utilizó Xi2. Para los biomarcadores se realizó correlación de Spearman. Resultados. Para SDMA y la creatinina sérica (CrS) se observó una correlación moderada para pERC (r=0.69, p<0.001). Se observaron diferencias significativas en las variables edad (p=0.002), y CC (p<0.001) entre el GC y los pERC. Los animales azotemia leve (CrS 125-250 μmol/L) y/o con un valor de SDMA de 18-35 μg/dL, con o sin proteinuria tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de presentar un incremento de SDMA cuando se presentó una CC por debajo de 5/9 (OR=3.55, p=0.005). Conclusiones. El SDMA es un biomarcador complementario útil en etapas preazotémicas y en estadios avanzados donde existen caquexia y sarcopenia. Los biomarcadores deben evaluarse en conjunto para tener perspectiva completa de la función renal en los animales con factores de riesgo para desarrollar ERC.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the correlation of kidney function biomarkers at the first evaluation in dogs with different risk factors identified for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and methods. A descriptive, prospective study of cases and controls of 388 animals, divided into five groups: control group (CG), and four groups of potentially kidney-diseased dogs (pCKD) was carried out. Clinical history, physical examination, body condition score (BCS), complete blood count, biochemical profile with symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA), urinalysis, urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPC), and systemic blood pressure were analyzed. Non-parametric statistics were used, and data were expressed as medians and percentiles; for BCS, Xi2 was used. For biomarkers, Spearman's correlation was performed. Results. For SDMA and serum creatinine (sCr), a moderate correlation was observed for pCKD (r=0.69, p<0.001). Significant differences were observed in the variables age (p=0.002) and BCS (p<0.001) between the CG and the pCKD. Animals with mild azotemia (sCr 125-250 μmol/L) and/or with an SDMA value of 18-35 μm/dL, with or without proteinuria, had a greater probability of presenting an increase in SDMA when the BCS was below 5/9 (OR=3.55, p=0.005). Conclusions. SDMA is a useful complementary biomarker in pre-azotemic stages and advanced stages where there is cachexia and sarcopenia. Biomarkers must be evaluated together to have a complete perspective of renal function in animals with risk factors for developing CKD.

ABSTRACT Two clinical cases of young dogs with signs of acute respiratory distress, without a history of trauma, are described, in which, once other pathologies were ruled out, a final diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax was reached.

RESUMEN Se describen dos casos clinicos de perros jóvenes con signos de distrés respiratorio agudo, sin antecedentes de traumatismos, en los cuales, una vez descartadas otras patologías se llegó a un diagnóstico final de neumotórax espontáneo.

RESUMO: Doenças do trato urinário inferior (DTUI) incluem várias condições clínicas que afetam a bexiga, próstata e uretra. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de diferentes doenças relacionadas, caracterizar a população afetada, e determinar os fatores de risco em cães. Os casos clínicos com DTUI foram diagnosticados através de exame físico, estudos laboratoriais e de imagem. Os cães machos apresentam uma maior predisposição para DTUI. Foram afectados cães com idades compreendidas entre os 3 meses a 18 anos, com uma mediana de oito anos, sendo as raças mais predispostas os Poodle, Labrador, Pastor Alemão, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel e Chihuahua. A etiologia DTUI apresentou as seguintes frequências: 34,02% foram originadas em infecção do trato urinário inferior; 22,68% em distúrbios miccionais; 20,61% em urolitíase; 14,43% em doença prostática; 8,24% em problemas traumáticos. Sessenta e sete por cento dos casos de DTUI estavam associados a doenças específicas, tais como infecções bacterianas do trato urinário não complicadas e complicadas, retenção urinária neurogénica e urolitíase por sílica.

ABSTRACT: Lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) include different conditions that affect the urinary bladder, urethra and prostate. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of different related diseases, to characterize the population affected, and to determine risk factors in dogs. The clinical cases were diagnosed with LUTD through physical examination, and clinical laboratory and imaging studies. Male dogs had a greater predisposition to present a LUTD. Dogs from 3 months to 18 years with a median of 8 years were affected, and the most affected breeds were Poodle, Labrador, German shepherd, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel and Chihuahua. The LUTD presented with the following frequencies: bacterial urinary tract infection 34.02%; micturition disorders 22.68%; urolithiasis 20.61%; prostatic disease 14.43%; traumatic problems 8.24%. Sixty-seven per cent of the cases were specific diseases, such as uncomplicated and complicated bacterial urinary tract infections, urinary retention of neurologic origin and silica urolithiasis.

Xanthinuria is a very rare disease in cats. Its etiology may have a genetic origin or may be due to an iatrogenic xanthine-dehydrogenase inhibition that finally results in urolithiasis. The present work reports two cases of xanthine urolithiasis in European Shorthair unrelated male and female cats. Both uroliths were analyzed by stereoscopic microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Besides the report of these two clinical cases, a detailed pathophysiologic review and some updated recommendations for diagnosis and treatment for this condition were done.

La xantinuria es una patología que se presenta raramente en los gatos. Su etiología puede tener origen genético o deberse a una inhibición yatrogénica de la enzima xantina deshidrogenasa, que generalmente se manifiesta con urolitiasis. En este trabajo se informa el hallazgo de dos urolitos de xantina en dos gatos, un macho y una hembra, de raza Europea de pelo corto, no emparentados. Los urolitos fueron analizados mediante microscopía estereoscópica, espectroscopía infrarroja y microscopía electrónica de barrido. Además de informar sobre estos casos clínicos, se hace una revisión detallada de la fisiopatología y de las recomendaciones actuales para el diagnóstico y manejo médico de esta patología.