Resumen Los árboles frutales de cuajinicuil (Inga spuria) y guanábana (Annona muricata) presentaron manchas foliares que alcanzaron una severidad del 50% en junio del 2019. El presente estudio se estableció con el objetivo de identificar a través de la secuenciación del ITS a los hongos asociados al follaje de ambos árboles. Para ello se seleccionaron 10 huertas por frutal en Peña Negra, Santa Lucía Monteverde, Oaxaca, México, en donde se colectaron cinco hojas sintomáticas por huerta. Los hongos aislados de cuajinicuil presentaron conidios ovoides, aseptados y hialinos. Los conidios aislados de guanábana fueron subovoides a elipsoidales, con ápices redondeados, hialinos y aseptados (inmaduros), con un septo y color café (maduros). Los postulados de Koch se realizaron en hojas sanas de ambos frutales, en 10 cámaras húmedas por frutal. Una vez demostrada su patogenicidad se identificaron molecularmente. En cuajinicuil se identificó a Diaporthe sp. (NCBI: MW418007) y en guanábana a Lasiodiplodia sp. (NCBI: MW418003). Estas especies se reportan por primera vez en los árboles frutales de esta comunidad. Estos hallazgos representan un aporte científico en beneficio de pequeñas comunidades agrícolas de México.

Abstract Cuajinicuil (Inga spuria) and soursop (Annona muricata) fruit trees presented leaf spots that reached a severity of 50% in June 2019. The present study was established with the aim of identifying through ITS the fungi of the foliage of both trees. For this purpose, 10 orchards per fruit tree were selected in Peña Negra, Santa Lucía Monteverde, Oaxaca, Mexico, where five symptomatic leaves per orchard were collected. Fungi isolated from cuajinicuil presented ovoid, aseptate and hyaline conidia. The conidia isolated from soursop were subovoid to ellipsoidal, with rounded apices, hyaline and aseptate (immature), with a septum and brown in color (mature). Koch’s postulates were carried out on healthy leaves of both fruit trees, in 10 moist chambers per each. Once their pathogenicity was demonstrated, isolates were identified. In cuajinicuil Diaporthe sp. (NCBI: MW418007) and in soursop to Lasiodiplodia sp. (NCBI: MW418003) were identified. These species are reported for the first time in the fruit trees of this community. These findings represent a scientific contribution for the benefit of small agricultural communities in Mexico.

Background: The laparoscopic cholecystectomy’s technique has a great relevance in training programs. Their teaching requires a methodology that incorporates technical details that are lost with just reading or watching the procedure. Aim: This study presents the description of the surgical steps associated to an anatomical e-learning support that includes strategic and technical elements. Materials and Method: A standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy was used to make an educational video highlighting the critical aspect and concepts of its execution. The video incorporated drawings, painting and animations that fa- cilitate understanding. It was split and linked to Qr codes. Results: The detailed description of the steps of a cholecystectomy, such as a proper exposure of the surgical field, the dissection of the hepatocystic triangle, the safety view or gallbladder release, was associated with a Qr link. Conclusión: A step-by-step laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a dynamic and innovative way with an audiovisual support that facilitate learning.

Resumen Introducción: La Colecistectomía laparoscópica es una de las cirugías más frecuentes en nuestro país. Diversas dificultades han limitado una buena formación al respecto. Contar con un apoyo educativo capaz de transmitir la experiencia quirúrgica que facilite su aprendizaje, resulta imprescindible. Objetivo: Describir la técnica quirúrgica de una colecistectomía laparoscópica estándar incorporando elementos propios de la decisión quirúrgica, apoyado en tecnología e-learning. Materiales y Método: Estudio descriptivo. Se confeccionó material audiovisual de una colecistectomía laparoscópica, editado con apoyo de dibujo y animación 3D, e incorporando elementos técnicos propios del acto quirúrgico. Finalmente se redactó el texto de la técnica y se enlazó a través de códigos QR a capsulas del material audiovisual confeccionado. Resultados: Cinco pasos descriptivos claves de la colecistectomía laparoscópica apoyados con enlaces directos, tanto a través de un link asociado al texto como a través de una imagen QR anexa, a capsulas audiovisuales con información técnica y estratégica propia del ejercicio quirúrgico intraoperatorio. Conclusión: Técnica quirúrgica de una colecistectomía laparoscópica expuesta paso a paso apoyado con material audiovisual de una forma dinámica e innovadora, basado en nuevas tecnologías facilitadoras del aprendizaje.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify the causes of nonimmune fetal hydrops fetalis in an obstetric referral hospital in Western Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case series study, with non-probabilistic sampling by convenience, carried out from October 2014 to September 2015 which included patients (between 15 and 38 weeks of pregnancy), of legal age (in cases of minors, informed consent was requested from parents or guardians), with a diagnosis of fetal hydrops fetalis by obstetric ultrasound. For statistical analysis, an Excel database was generated and descriptive statistics were applied. RESULTS: Thirty-three pregnant women were included, in whom non-immune fetal hydrops fetalis was the most frequent (94%) and idiopathic was the most common cause (n = 10), followed by inborn errors of metabolism, chromosomal and cardiac alterations (n = 6 each). This was followed by hematologic (n = 4), lymphatic and syndromic causes (n = 3 each), and infectious and tumor causes (n = 1 each). In this study, inborn errors of metabolism (specifically Sly syndrome) had a higher frequency than that reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Inborn errors of metabolism, chromosomal and cardiac abnormalities were the second most frequent cause of nonimmune fetal hydrops. It is suggested that metabolic causes be taken into account in the diagnostic approach to fetal hydrops, especially for the establishment of early treatment.

Resumen OBJETIVO: Identificar las causas de hidrops fetal no inmunitario en un hospital obstétrico de referencia del Occidente de México. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de serie de casos, con un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, llevado a cabo de octubre de 2014 a septiembre de 2015 al que se incluyeron pacientes (entre las 15 y 38 semanas de embarazo), mayores de edad (en casos de menores de edad se solicitó consentimiento informado a los padres o tutores), con diagnóstico de hidrops fetal por ultrasonido obstétrico. Para el análisis estadístico se generó una base de datos en Excel y se aplicó estadística descriptiva. RESULTADOS: Se reunieron 33 embarazadas en quienes el hidrops fetal no inmunitario fue el más frecuente (n = 31) y la causa idiopática más común (n = 10) seguida por errores innatos del metabolismo, alteraciones cromosómicas y cardiacas (n = 6 de cada una). Posteriormente, las causas hematológicas (n = 4), linfáticas y sindrómicas (n = 3 de cada una), y las infecciosas y tumorales (n = 1 de cada una). En este estudio los errores innatos del metabolismo (específicamente síndrome Sly) tuvieron una frecuencia superior a la referida en la bibliografía. CONCLUSIONES: Los errores innatos del metabolismo, las anomalías cromosómicas y cardiacas fueron la segunda causa más frecuente de hidrops fetal no inmunitario. Se sugiere tener en cuenta las causas metabólicas en el enfoque diagnóstico del hidrops fetal, sobre todo para el establecimiento del tratamiento temprano.

Resumen El artículo explora la segunda y definitiva supresión del tribunal de la Inquisición de México en 1820. Nuestra hipótesis es que, a diferencia de lo que sucedió en la península, los inquisidores de México tuvieron oportunidad de negociar con el gobierno una supresión a modo que facilitó un tránsito suave y hasta cierto punto benéfico para sus intereses. Ello permitió que sobreviviera el archivo inquisitorial y se mantuviera latente la posibilidad de que el tribunal se restableciera o fuera remplazado por otra institución que asumiera funciones semejantes. A partir de la documentación generada por la comisión que registró e incautó los bienes, ofrecemos también una idea del estado en que se encontraba el tribunal.

Abstract This article explores the second and last suppression of the Mexican Tribunal of the Holy Office in 1820. Our aim is to demonstrate that, contrary to what happened in Spain, the inquisitors of Mexico had the opportunity to negotiate with the government an attainable suppression, which resulted in a smooth transit with certain benefits to their interests. This ensured the survival of the inquisitorial archive and kept latent the possibility of the Tribunal being reestablished or replaced by another institution that would assume similar functions. Based on the documentation generated during the seizure of property, we also offer an idea of the condition of the Tribunal in its last days of existence.

Resumen El pato golondrino (Anas acuta) es una especie migratoria que invierna en México, y ha sufrido declinación en su población a nivel continental, lo que hace imperativo conocer su ecología invernal para el manejo de su hábitat con fines de conservación. En este estudio determinamos la composición de la dieta invernal del pato golondrino en las Ciénegas del Lerma, Estado de México. Analizamos 135 muestras esofágicas de ejemplares cazados en las temporadas de caza de 2004 y 2005. El análisis del peso seco agregado y la frecuencia de ocurrencia mostraron que la dieta del pato golondrino se compuso de un 99.2% de semillas y 0.77% de invertebrados. Las semillas de Eleocharis macrostachya (58.3% de biomasa vegetal consumida) y Echinochloa holciformis (23.8% de biomasa vegetal) fueron las más representativas de la dieta, mientras que las moscas de las riberas (Ephydridae) y caracoles de agua dulce (Physidae) fueron los principales componentes animales consumidos (44.8% de biomasa animal). La dieta de hembras y machos fue similar, en el 77% de especies vegetales y 84.6% de invertebrados. Igualmente, no hubo diferencias significativas en las cantidades consumidas de cada especie en la dieta entre machos y hembras, aunque las hembras consumieron 243% más invertebrados que los machos, posiblemente por las necesidades de mayor proteína por la muda prereproductiva, y en preparación para la reproducción. Dado la alta importancia de plantas acuáticas en la dieta del pato golondrino durante el invierno, el manejo del hábitat debe promover el crecimiento de las plantas nativas en los humedales y áreas aledañas.

Abstract The Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) is a migratory species that winters in Mexico, and has suffered a continental-level population decline, making it essential to understand their winter ecology for conservation-based habitat management. In this study we determined the winter diet composition of the Northern Pintail in Ciénegas del Lerma, Mexico State. We analyzed 135 esophageal samples of Pintail ducks shot in the hunting seasons of 2004 and 2005. The analysis of aggregated dry weight and frequency of occurrence showed that the diet of the Northern Pintail comprised 99.2% of seeds and 0.77% invertebrates. Seeds of Eleocharis macrostachya (58.3% of plant biomass consumed) and Echinochloa holciformis (23.8% of plant biomass) were most representative in the diet, while river flies (Ephydridae) and freshwater snails (Physidae) were the main animal components consumed (44.8% of animal biomass). Male and Female Pintail diets were similar, in 77% of plant species consumed in the diet, and 84.6% of invertebrates. Similarly, there were no significant differences between males and females in the amount consumed of each species in the diet, although females ate 243% more invertebrates than males, possibly to meet higher protein requirements for pre-reproductive molt and in preparation for breeding. Given the importance of aquatic plants in the winter diet of the Northern Pintail, habitat management should promote the growth of native plants in wetlands and surrounding areas.

Background: Standardized Simulated Training (SST) has shown to improve both resident and surgeon skills. However, Simulation Centers with validated training programs are scarce and centralized. The current challenge is to provide the surgical community access to these programs. Aim: To describe the first Learning Center (LC), launched during the 90th Chilean Surgical Congress, and to assess its impact and attendees’ perception on simulation in Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) in current surgery residency programs. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional study. LC characteristics are described. A Likert survey was applied to assess its impact and attendees’ perception. Inclusion criteria: to have performed ≥ 1 training sessions. Exclusion criteria: incomplete surveys. Descriptive and non-parametric analytical statistics were applied. Results: The LC was composed of 10 training stations with different difficulty levels. Nine instructors monitored and gave attendees effective feedback. 84 attendees answered the survey adequately. 39% were women. The sample was composed of 41.6% General Surgery Residents, 35.7% Surgeons, 17.9% Medicine Clerks and 4.8% General Practitioners. 85% of participants agreed regarding both the positive impact of the LC as a continuous educational resource during the congress and SST usefulness in development of MIS skills. There were no significant differences according to sex or medical degree. Conclusion: The first LC was widely accepted amongst its participants, constituting a possible permanent resource in the Chilean Surgical Congress. SST in MIS seems to be an accepted resource and perceived as a necessity by the national surgical community.

Resumen Introducción: El entrenamiento estandarizado mediante simulación ha demostrado mejorar habilidades de residentes y cirujanos. Sin embargo, los centros de simulación que imparten programas validados son escasos y centralizados. Favorecer el acceso de la comunidad quirúrgica a estos programas constituye el desafío actual. Objetivo: Describir el primer “Learning Center” (LC) realizado durante el 90° Congreso Chileno de Cirugía, evaluar su impacto y percepción de los asistentes sobre simulación en cirugía mínimamente invasiva (CMI) en los programas de formación actual. Materiales y Método: Estudio de corte transversal. Se describieron las características del LC. Se aplicó una encuesta tipo Likert para evaluar impacto y percepción de los asistentes. Criterios de inclusión: completar ≥ 1 sesión de entrenamiento, exclusión: encuesta incompleta. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva y analítica no paramétrica. Resultados: LC se compuso de 10 estaciones de entrenamiento con distintos niveles de dificultad. Un equipo de 9 instructores monitorizaron y entregaron feedback efectivo a los asistentes. 84 asistentes contestaron la encuesta completa, 39% mujeres. La muestra se conformó por 41,6% residentes de cirugía general, 35,7% cirujanos, 17,9% internos de medicina, y 4,8% médicos generales. 85% manifestó acuerdo con el impacto positivo del LC como recurso educacional continuo durante el congreso, y la utilidad de la práctica simulada para el desarrollo de habilidades en CMI. No hubo diferencias significativas según sexo o nivel de formación. Conclusión: El primer LC se desarrolló con una amplia aceptación entre sus participantes, constituyendo un posible recurso permanente. El entrenamiento simulado en CMI parece ser un recurso aceptado y percibido como una necesidad por la comunidad quirúrgica nacional.

Background: Liver transplantation (LT) is an option for people with liver failure who cannot be cured with other therapies and for some people with liver cancer. Aim: To describe, and analyze the first 300 LT clinical results, and to establish our learning curve. Material and Methods: Retrospective cohort study with data obtained from a prospectively collected LT Program database. We included all LT performed at a single center from March 1994 to September 2017. The database gathered demographics, diagnosis, indications for LT, surgical aspects and postoperative courses. We constructed a cumulative summation test for learning curve (LC-CUSUM) using 30-day post-LT mortality. Mortality at 30 days, and actuarial 1-, and 5-year survival rate were analyzed. Results: A total of 281 patients aged 54 (0-71) years (129 women) underwent 300 LT. Ten percent of patients were younger than 18 years old. The first, second and third indications for LT were non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, chronic autoimmune hepatitis and alcoholic liver cirrhosis, respectively. Acute liver failure was the LT indication in 51 cases (17%). The overall complication rate was 71%. Infectious and biliary complications were the most common of them (47 and 31% respectively). The LC-CUSUM curve shows that the first 30 patients corresponded to the learning curve. The peri-operative mortality was 8%. Actuarial 1 and 5-year survival rates were 82 and 71.4%, respectively. Conclusions: Outcome improvement of a LT program depends on the accumulation of experience after the first 30 transplants and the peri-operative mortality directly impacted long-term survival.

RESUMO Raciona l: A gastrectomia é o tratamento principal para o câncer de junção esofagogástrica (EGJ) e Siewert tipo II-III. Ela está associada à morbidade significativa. As taxas de morbidade total variam entre os diferentes estudos e poucos avaliaram a morbidade pós-operatória de acordo com a gravidade da complicação. Objetivo: Identificar os preditores de morbidade pós-operatória grave. Métodos: Este foi um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de um banco de dados prospectivo. Foram incluídos pacientes tratados com gastrectomia para câncer gástrico ou EGJ em um único centro. A morbidade severa foi definida como escore de Clavien-Dindo ≥3. Análise multivariada foi realizada para identificar preditores de morbidade grave. Resultados: Duzentos e oitenta e nove gastrectomias foram realizadas (67% homens, mediana de idade: 65 anos). A localização do tumor foi EGJ em 14%, o terço superior do estômago em 30%, o terço médio em 26% e o terço inferior em 28%. Em 196 (67%), foi realizada gastrectomia total com dissecção de linfonodos D2 em 85%. Duzentos e onze pacientes (79%) foram submetidos à gastrectomia aberta. O estado T foi T1 em 23% e T3/T4 em 68%. A mortalidade pós-operatória foi de 2,4% e a taxa de morbidade foi de 41%. A morbidade severa foi de 11% e foi representada principalmente por fístula esofagojejunal (2,4%), fístula duodenal (2,1%) e complicações respiratórias (2%). Na análise multivariada, a localização do EGJ e os tumores T3/T4 foram associados com maior morbidade pós-operatória grave. Conclusão: Morbidade pós-operatória severa após gastrectomia foi de 11%. A localização do tumor na junção esofagogástrica e o estado T3/T4 são fatores de risco para a morbidade pós-operatória grave.

ABSTRACT Background: Gastrectomy is the main treatment for gastric and Siewert type II-III esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancer. This surgery is associated with significant morbidity. Total morbidity rates vary across different studies and few have evaluated postoperative morbidity according to complication severity. Aim: To identify the predictors of severe postoperative morbidity. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study from a prospective database. We included patients treated with gastrectomy for gastric or EGJ cancers between January 2012 and December 2016 at a single center. Severe morbidity was defined as Clavien-Dindo score ≥3. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of severe morbidity. Results: Two hundred and eighty-nine gastrectomies were performed (67% males, median age: 65 years). Tumor location was EGJ in 14%, upper third of the stomach in 30%, middle third in 26%, and lower third in 28%. In 196 (67%), a total gastrectomy was performed with a D2 lymph node dissection in 85%. Two hundred and eleven patients (79%) underwent an open gastrectomy. T status was T1 in 23% and T3/T4 in 68%. Postoperative mortality was 2.4% and morbidity rate was 41%. Severe morbidity was 11% and was mainly represented by esophagojejunostomy leak (2.4%), duodenal stump leak (2.1%), and respiratory complications (2%). On multivariate analysis, EGJ location and T3/T4 tumors were associated with a higher rate of severe postoperative morbidity. Conclusion: Severe postoperative morbidity after gastrectomy was 11%. Esophagogastric junction tumor location and T3/T4 status are risk factors for severe postoperative morbidity.

Abstract In this article we present the results of an investigation regarding violence demonstration through WhatsApp among students of Higher Education, carried out in 11 educational programs. To learn the new types of mistreatment that faculty students enrolled in a public university in the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico do and suffer through WhatsApp. 541 students were surveyed as part of a probabilistic sample of a population of 17 000 students, working with a 95% confidence level to estimate a proportion by means of a bilateral interval with a conservative approach obtaining an error limit of. 041 (4.1%). Among the most relevant results, we found that 48% of the sample has felt uncomfortable and disgusted by pornographic photographs that their contacts have sent without their consent; the same happened with 37.4% of the sample of students to whom pornographic videos were sent. These types of messages constitute new abuses that offend those who receive them, which is also the case for 18.7% of the students who have been targets of seemingly harmless memes, however, those who appear in them suffer ridiculing. Another important finding was the one related to indifference and how it has become a new type of violence suffered by 77.8% of students.

Resumen En este artículo se presentan resultados de una investigación sobre algunas manifestaciones de violencia a través de WhatsApp entre alumnos de Educación Superior, realizada en 11 programas educativos. Conocer los nuevos tipos de maltratos que hacen y sufren a través de WhatsApp los alumnos de facultad inscritos en una universidad pública de la ciudad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Fueron encuestados 541 alumnos(as) en una muestra probabilística de una población de 17 000 estudiantes, trabajando con un 95% de nivel de confianza para estimar una proporción por medio de un intervalo bilateral con un enfoque conservador obteniendo un límite de error de .041 (4.1%). Entre los resultados más relevantes encontramos que un 48% de la muestra se ha sentido incómodo y disgustado por fotografías pornográficas que le han enviados sus contactos sin haberlas solicitado y sin que le notificaran del envío de estas imágenes; los mismo ocurre con un 37.4% de la muestra con alumnos(as) a los que enviaron videos pornográficos. Este tipo de mensajes constituyen nuevos maltratos que ofenden a quienes los reciben, como ocurre además con un 18.7% del alumnado a quienes les han hechos memes aparentemente inofensivos, pero que hacen sufrir a quienes en ellos aparecen al ser ridiculizados. Otro hallazgo importante, fue el relacionado con la indiferencia y cómo está se ha convertido en nuevo tipo de violencia que sufren un 77.8% de alumnos.

ABSTRACT The reproductive cycle of the gastropod Hexaplex princeps (Broderip, 1833) from Puerto Ángel was studied through gonadal histology during two annual periods. The sex proportion for the total collected individuals was not statistically different from parity although most of the time the number of males was slightly larger than that of females, which only outnumbered males during the spawning season. The histological analysis of gonad sections permitted to establish six maturity stages for females: 1 Initial oogenesis, 2 Previtellogenic maturity, 3 Vitellogenic maturity, 4 Maturity, 5 Spawning, 6 Resting, and five for males: 1 Initial spermatogenesis, 2 Maturity, 3 Spawning, 4 Onset of the rest, 5 Resting). Monthly variations in the gonad maturation stages showed that H. princeps has an annual reproductive cycle with a long period of gonadal activity. The spawning season comprised from November to March (females) and from December to March (males) with peaks of activity for both sexes in January. Resting periods of females comprised from March to October and for males May and June. Thus the reproductive events were related to high Chlorophyll concentrations which in turn are due to the upwelling processes resulting from the winds during winter months (November to March). This study provides baseline information that may serve to establish measures for adequate exploitation and for aquaculture implementation of this species in the future.

The present study presents the results of the research carried out in the University Center of Administrative Economic Sciences (CUCEA) at the University of Guadalajara, which permitted us to identify the rate of face-to-face mistreatment and the processes of cyberbullying among students at this educational level. The center has a population of approximately 17 000 students, and a representative sample of 2 493 students was taken, comprised of 1 243 men and 1 250 women. The statistical sample was processed by means of descriptive statistic techniques. The results demystify the social conception -more or less generalized among researchers-that bullying and cyberbullying are phenomena exclusive to earlier educational levels, since the evidence found demonstrates not only its existence, but also the specific nuances of this reality in the higher education environment.

En el presente estudio se exponen los resultados de la investigación realizada en el Centro Universitario de Ciencias Económico Administrativas (CUCEA) de la Universidad de Guadalajara que nos permitieron identificar la incidencia de maltrato presencial y los procesos de acoso en el ciberespacio entre estudiantes de este nivel educativo. Este centro cuenta con una población aproximada de 17 000 alumnos, por lo que se determinó tomar una muestra representativa de 2 493 individuos, de los cuales 1 243 fueron hombres y 1 250, mujeres. La muestra probabilística se procesó mediante técnicas de estadística descriptiva. Los resultados desmitifican el imaginario social, más o menos generalizado entre los investigadores, de que la violencia escolar y el ciberacoso o violencia en espacios virtuales son fenómenos exclusivos de los niveles educativos precedentes, ya que las evidencias encontradas nos muestran no sólo su existencia, sino los matices específicos que esta realidad adquiere en el ámbito de la educación superior.