RESUMEN La presente revisión tuvo como objetivo identificar la importancia de la leptospirosis en la salud pública a través de una búsqueda de literatura en bases de datos, donde se tuvieron en cuenta criterios como artículos a partir del año 2004 al 2019, que tuvieran como palabras clave Leptospira spp., epidemiologia, salud pública, entre otras para realizar un aporte teórico a este tema. Se dio a conocer las características de la bacteria Leptospira spp., sus principales reservorios, epidemiología, prevalencias de la enfermedad, ubicaciones geográficas, herramientas diagnósticas, control y prevención de la leptospirosis. Se identificó cuantiosa información en cuanto a generalidades de leptospirosis y sobre el curso de la enfermedad, se denota la ausencia de información en varios sectores sociales para evitar su contagio, controlar la diseminación de la enfermedad, realizar diagnósticos tempranos y los pocos tratamientos para esta zoonosis.

ABSTRACT The objective of this review was to identify the importance of leptospirosis in public health through a literature search on bases where criteria were taken into account as articles from 2004 to 2019, which had as keywords Leptospira spp., epidemiology, public health, among others to make a theoretical contribution to this issue. The characteristics of the bacterium Leptospira spp., its main reservoirs, epidemiology, prevalence of the disease, geographical locations, diagnostic tools, control and prevention of leptospirosis were presented. A large amount of information was identified regarding the generalities of leptospirosis and the course of the disease. There is a lack of information in various social sectors to prevent the spread of the disease, control the spread of the disease, and carry out early diagnosis and the few treatments for this zoonosis.

Abstract: Objective: Conservation schemes according to the reality of Latin America were analyzed, such as Community Based Conservation (CBC). Methodology: relevant documentary information on the subject was revised and integrated. Results: A report was obtained on what the CBC is, its relevance in Latin America and torales themes: socio-ecosystem, multiscale, decision makers, the appropriation of conservation strategies, strategies multi-purpose and prospects CBC for Latin America. Limitations: Limitations and challenges include how to combine this with other conservation strategies, depending on the context. Conclusions: We conclude that the CBC is an appropriate strategy, challenges include funding, institutions and change in federal schemes, which today priority to protected areas as a central strategy.

Resumen: Como objetivo se analizaron esquemas de conservación acordes a la realidad de América Latina, tal como la Conservación Basada en Comunidad (CBC). Para ello se empleó una metodología con la que se revisó e integró la información documental relevante del tema. En los resultados del trabajo se reporta en qué consiste la CBC, su relevancia en Latinoamérica y sus temas torales: el socio-ecosistema, la multiescala, los tomadores de decisiones, la apropiación de las estrategias de conservación, las estrategias multi-objetivo, así como las perspectivas de la CBC para América Latina. Las limitaciones y desafíos incluyen saber combinar esto con otras estrategias de conservación, según el contexto. Concluimos que la CBC es una estrategia adecuada, con retos que incluyen su financiamiento, instituciones y cambio en los esquemas federales, que hoy priorizan a las Áreas Naturales Protegidas como estrategia central.

México es el segundo país con mayor diversidad de cícadas en el mundo. En él, la Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) es una de las regiones biogeográficas con mayor riqueza de estas plantas. El objetivo de este estudio fue plantear la estrategia de conservación de cícadas para el estado de Hidalgo, ubicado en la parte sur de la SMO; para esto se revisó la literatura científica, se consultaron los principales herbarios de México y se hicieron recorridos de campo. Los resultados muestran que Hidalgo alberga tres géneros y ocho especies: Ceratozamia fuscoviridis, C. latifolia, C. mexicana, C. sabatoi, Dioon edule, Zamia fischeri, Z. loddigesii, Z. vazquezii, posicionándose en el cuarto lugar nacional en riqueza de cícadas. Las especies se distribuyen en 26 municipios. Se encontró que la diversidad de cícadas es mayor a la de otras entidades con mayor superficie e incluso a la de algunos países de Centroamérica. La estrategia estatal de conservación de cícadas aquí desarrollada propone conservar cerca de 11 325ha, distribuidas en siete municipios, bajo un esquema mixto de conservación. Esta propuesta será útil para que las instancias gubernamentales establezcan nuevas ANP’s en la región biogeográfica de la SMO.

Mexico has the second largest cycad diversity in the world, and the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) is one of the richest biogeographic regions for these plants. Despite there is a general Cycad National Program in the country, there are no state-level cycad conservation strategies or programs. Thus the aim of this study was to propose a cycad conservation strategy for the state of Hidalgo, which is located in the Southern part of the SMO. For this, a cycad species inventory was made in the state, for which three methods were used: review of published literature; consultation in the main Mexican herbaria to verify botanical specimens; and exhaustive field research to compare findings with previously reported species and to recognize new records at the county and state level. The proposed research work strategy combined the following elements: prioritize the county and local areas with greatest cycad species richness; prioritize the species least resistant to environmental change and/or having restricted geographic distribution; and to consider the main uses of these plants by local residents. The results showed that Hidalgo has three genera and eight species of cycads: Ceratozamia fuscoviridis, C. latifolia, C. mexicana, C. sabatoi, Dioon edule, Zamia fischeri, Z. loddigesii and Z. vazquezii, all of which are considered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This study added two new species records for Hidalgo and 21 at the county level. The species are distributed in 26 counties, of which Chapulhuacán and Pisaflores are notable for their high species richness. Hidalgo has the fourth-greatest cycad species richness among Mexican states, although its area accounts for only 1.07% of the country. The state’s diversity is greater than in other states with larger area, and even than in some other entire countries in Mesoamerica. The presented state cycad conservation strategy proposes that a total of some 11 325ha to be conserved in nine zones, including different vegetation types, distributed in seven counties. The strategy involves a mixed scheme that incorporates conservation in Protected Natural Areas (ANP), Small Farmer Reserves (Reservas Campesinas) and Environmental Management Units (UMA in Spanish). This proposal will be useful for government agencies to take into account in the process of designating land use for the Cloud Forest Biological Corridor (CBBMM in Spanish), a ANP in creation. The state of Hidalgo urgently needs a detailed analysis of trends in changes in vegetation cover and land use, and demographic studies of the cycads. It is recommended that the implementation phase of this state strategy be carried out jointly with local communities, academia, and state and federal agencies responsible for biodiversity conservation.

In Mexico, despite the relatively high seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans in some areas, reported morbidity of Chagas disease is not clear. We determined clinical stage in 71 individuals seropositive to T. cruzi in the state of Puebla, Mexico, an area endemic for Chagas disease with a reported seroprevalence of 7.7%. Diagnosis of Chagas disease was made by two standardized serological tests (ELISA, IHA). Individuals were stratified according to clinical studies. All patients were submitted to EKG, barium swallow, and barium enema. Groups were identified as indeterminate form (IF) asymptomatic individuals without evidence of abnormalities (n = 34 cases); those with gastrointestinal alterations (12 patients) including symptoms of abnormal relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and absent peristalsis in the esophageal body, grade I megaesophagus, and/or megacolon; patients with clinical manifestations and documented changes of chronic Chagas heart disease who were subdivided as follows: mild (8 patients) - mild electrocardiographic changes of ventricular repolarization, sinus bradychardia); moderate (6 patients) - left bundle branch block, right bundle branch block associated with left anterior fascicular block); severe (8 patients) - signs of cardiomegaly, dilated cardiomyopathy); and the associated form (3 cases) that included presence of both cardiomyopathy and megaesophagus. These data highlight the importance of accurate evaluation of the prevalence and clinical course of Chagas disease in endemic and non-endemic areas of Mexico.

The Mexican Gray Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) is one of the most distinctive groups of wild canids. It has been erradicated from most of its original range and there is no solid evidence of wild populations. All known individuals of this species are kept in zoos or special enclosures. Recently a great deal of efforts have been done in oder to reintroduce this subespecies to its natural habitat. Studies on this species are focused on the behavior and social structure, but there are few on the reproductive physiology. In this paper we analyze progesterone (P4), testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) concentrations in feces of a pair of Mexican grey wolves during the Winter and Spring. Steroids were quantified by enzime immunoassay and evaluated using a micro titer plate. We tested the use of hormone levels to determine gender of the animals and found T to be useful. In the male, P4 levels had a cyclic pattern with peaks in January and February that coincided with cyclic variation in T. E2 did not show significant changes. In the female, P4 showed a cyclic pattern with fluctuations from January to April, T followed the same pattern, and E2 peaked in January, February, and April. The peak of February ended with a rise in P4. These results suggest that concentrations of sexual steroid hormones are in general high during the reproductive period.

El lobo gris mexicano (Canis lupus baileyi) es la subespecie genéticamente más distintiva de los lobos que habitan Norteamérica y que ha sido eliminada de las zonas en que residía originalmente en nuestro país. Actualmente no hay evidencia de poblaciones en vida libre, por lo que todos los individuos existentes están en zoológicos o encierros construidos especialmente para su reproducción. Referente a su comportamiento y estructura social hay algunos estudios pero son menos los relacionados a su fisiología reproductiva. El presente trabajo describe en una pareja (macho-hembra) de lobo mexicano los perfiles de hormonas esteroides sexuales (HES) durante las estaciones de invierno y primavera que son cuando se reproduce. La cuantificación de las HES (progesterona, P4; testosterona, T, y estradiol, E2) se hicieron por inmunoanálisis a partir de heces fecales. Realizándose, además, observaciones de su conducta sexual usando el método focal con registros de puntos. Al ser las muestras de sexo desconocido se hizo su sexado a partir de la concentración diferencial de T. Validado lo anterior, el perfil hormonal de P4 y T en el macho resultó ser de tipo cíclico, mientras que el de E2 no tuvo cambios significativos durante toda la temporada; siendo su concentración inferior a las de P4 y T. En las hembras, la P4 tuvo un patrón cíclico con evidentes incrementos, así como el de T pero siendo sus concentraciones inferiores. El E2 tuvo incrementos considerables, sin embargo, sus concentraciones fueron menores que las otras dos hormonas. Se observaron montas del macho sobre la hembra pero sin constatarse cópulas, las cuales coincidieron con el perfil de HES, que concuerda con lo reportado para el estro en cánidos.