Abstract Introduction: The taxonomic identification of aquatic macroinvertebrates allows characterizing biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems, but in many cases some groups (e.g. Diptera) are not classified to the same taxonomic level than other due to difficulties and poor knowledge on these groups. It becomes relevant in regions little studied and affected by anthropic pressures, such as the Garagoa River in the department of Boyacá, Colombia. Objective: To study the biodiversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates from Garagoa river at the lowest taxonomical level possible in an altitudinal gradient. Methods: From March to June 2021, samples were taken at 40 sites in an altitudinal gradient between 500 and 2 887 m.a.s.l., performing a stratified aleatory sampling (36 Surber nets per site). Results: A total of 70 taxa were reported, however, using a rarefaction technique, the estimated richness for the Garagoa River may be greater than 104 taxa. The orders with the largest number of taxa were: Diptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera with Chironomidae, Elmidae and Baetidae being the families with the richest genera. Several genera have a wide distribution along the Garagoa River as Simulium, Parachironomus, Cardiocladius, Leptonema, Heterelmis, Neoelmis and Baetodes. The phi-IndVal analysis allowed us to select representative taxa at different altitudes. Thus, Lepthyphes and Belostoma are common with relatively low altitudes, while Culoptila, Lumbriculus and Physa are representative of intermediate altitudes. Finally, Gundlachia, Dugesia and Pentaneura were exclusive and frequent at the higher altitude sites. Conclusions: The composition of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community presented notable differences with respect to the evaluated altitudinal gradient that contrasted with the expected biodiversity patterns. The importance of including taxa that are not generally reported in biodiversity studies is highlighted to better understand the distribution patterns of aquatic communities in Andean streams.

Resumen Introducción: La información taxonómica de macroinvertebrados acuáticos brinda información importante para caracterizar la biodiversidad en ecosistemas acuáticos, pero en muchos casos, algunos grupos (e.g. Diptera) no se clasifican al mismo nivel taxonómico que otros debido a las dificultades y el escaso conocimiento sobre estos. Esta situación toma mayor relevancia en regiones poco estudiadas y/o afectadas por presiones antrópicas como en el río Garagoa en el departamento de Boyacá, Colombia. Objetivo: Estudiar la biodiversidad de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos del río Garagoa al nivel taxonómico más bajo posible en un gradiente altitudinal. Métodos: Entre marzo y junio de 2021 se tomaron muestras en 40 sitios abarcando un gradiente altitudinal entre 500 y 2 887 m.s.n.m., realizando un muestreo aleatorio estratificado (36 redes Surber por sitio). Resultados: Se registraron un total de 70 taxones, sin embargo, usando una técnica de rarefacción, la riqueza estimada para el río Garagoa puede ser superior a 104 taxones. Los órdenes con el mayor número de taxones fueron: Diptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera y Ephemeroptera, siendo Chironomidae, Elmidae y Baetidae las familias más ricas en géneros. Varios géneros tienen una amplia distribución a lo largo del río Garagoa como Simulium, Parachironomus, Cardiocladius, Leptonema, Heterelmis, Neoelmis y Baetodes. El análisis phi-IndVal nos permitió seleccionar taxones representativos en diferentes altitudes. Así, Leptohyphes y Belostoma son comunes en altitudes relativamente bajas, mientras que Culoptila, Lumbriculus y Physa son representativos de altitudes intermedias. Finalmente, Gundlachia, Dugesia y Pentaneura fueron exclusivos y frecuentes en los sitios de mayor altitud. Conclusiones: La composición de comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en el río Garagoa presentó diferencias notables respecto al gradiente altitudinal evaluado que contrastaron con los patrones de biodiversidad esperados. Se resalta la importancia de incluir taxones que generalmente no se informan en los estudios de biodiversidad, para comprender mejor los patrones de distribución de las comunidades acuáticas en arroyos de los Andes.

ABSTRACT Background: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is the treatment of choice for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In Argentina, a country with a large area and suboptimal reperfusion times, the pharmacoinvasive (PI) strategy might be considered. Methods: ARGEN-IAM-ST is a national prospective, multicenter, and observational registry that includes STEMI patients with less than 36 hours of progression. The PI strategy usage and its associated variables were defined. Results: In this registry, 4788 patients were analyzed, of which 88.56% underwent PPCI, 8.46% received thrombolytics with positive reperfusion (TL+), and only 2.98% received PI strategy. Median and interquartile range (IQR) of total ischemia time were lower in patients receiving TL+ (165 min, IQR 100-269) and PI (191 min, IQR 100-330) than in patients undergoing PPCI (280 min, IQR 179-520), p <0.001. No differences in intra-hospital mortality were observed: 4.9% in the PI strategy group, 5.2% in the TL+ group and 7.8% in the PPCI group (p = 0.081). No differences in major bleeding events were observed. It was observed that 57% of the TL+ patients met the criteria for high cardiovascular risk, but they did not receive PI strategy, as recommended. Conclusions: Only 3 out of 100 reperfused STEMI patients received PI strategy. Its administration is not systematically associated to high cardiovascular risk. Despite the under-usage, it remains an option to be considered due to its total ischemia time lower than in the PPCI, with no increase in clinically significant bleedings.

RESUMEN Introducción: La angioplastia primaria (ATCp) es el tratamiento de elección para el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST). En nuestro país, de tanta extensión territorial y con tiempos a la reperfusión subóptimos, la estrategia farmacoinvasiva (Finv) podría considerarse. Material y métodos: El ARGEN-IAM-ST es un registro prospectivo, multicéntrico, nacional y observacional. Se incluyen pacientes con IAMCEST dentro de las 36 horas de evolución. Se definió en el mismo la utilización de Finv y las variables asociadas. Resultados: Se analizaron 4788 pacientes de los cuales en el 88,56 % se realizó ATCp, en el 8,46 % trombolíticos con reperfusión positiva (TL+), y solo en un 2,98% Finv. La mediana y rango intercuartílico (RIC) del tiempo total de isquemia fueron menores en aquellos que recibieron TL+ (165 min, RIC 100-269) y los que fueron a Finv (191 min, RIC 100-330) que en aquellos que fueron a ATCp (280 min, RIC 179-520), p<0,001. No existieron diferencias en mortalidad intrahospitalaria, en el grupo Finv 4,9%, 5,2% en el grupo TL + y en el grupo ATCp 7,8% (p= 0,081). No hubo diferencias en término de sangrados mayores. Se observó que un 57% de los pacientes con TL+ reunían características de alto riesgo, y no recibieron Finv acorde a lo recomendado Conclusiones: Solo 3 de cada 100 pacientes con IAMCEST que se reperfunden reciben Finv. Su implementación no está ligada en forma sistemática al alto riesgo de eventos. Pese a esta subutilización, por presentar un menor tiempo total de isquemia que la ATCp, sin aumento en los sangrados clínicamente relevantes persiste como una opción a considerar en nuestra realidad.

ABSTRACT Background : Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is the treatment of choice for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In Argentina, a country with a large area and suboptimal reperfusion times, the pharmacoinvasive (PI) strategy might be considered. Methods : ARGEN-IAM-ST is a national prospective, multicenter, and observational registry that includes STEMI patients with less than 36 hours of progression. The PI strategy usage and its associated variables were defined. Results : In this registry, 4788 patients were analyzed, of which 88.56% underwent PPCI, 8.46% received thrombolytics with positive reperfusion (TL+), and only 2.98% received PI strategy. Median and interquartile range (IQR) of total ischemia time were lower in patients receiving TL+ (165 min, IQR 100-269) and PI (191 min, IQR 100-330) than in patients undergoing PPCI (280 min, IQR 179-520), p <0.001. No differences in intra-hospital mortality were observed: 4.9% in the PI strategy group, 5.2% in the TL+ group and 7.8% in the PPCI group (p = 0.081). No differences in major bleeding events were observed. It was observed that 57% of the TL+ patients met the criteria for high cardiovascular risk, but they did not receive PI strategy, as recommended. Conclusions : Only 3 out of 100 reperfused STEMI patients received PI strategy. Its administration is not systematically associated to high cardiovascular risk. Despite the under-usage, it remains an option to be considered due to its total ischemia time lower than in the PPCI, with no increase in clinically significant bleedings.

RESUMEN Introducción : La angioplastia primaria (ATCp) es el tratamiento de elección para el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST). En nuestro país, de tanta extensión territorial y con tiempos a la reperfusión subóptimos, la estrategia farmacoinvasiva (Finv) podría considerarse. Material y métodos : El ARGEN-IAM-ST es un registro prospectivo, multicéntrico, nacional y observacional. Se incluyen pacien tes con IAMCEST dentro de las 36 horas de evolución. Se definió en el mismo la utilización de Finv y las variables asociadas. Resultados : Se analizaron 4788 pacientes de los cuales en el 88,56 % se realizó ATCp, en el 8,46 % trombolíticos con reperfusión positiva (TL+), y solo en un 2,98% Finv. La mediana y rango intercuartílico (RIC) del tiempo total de isquemia fueron menores en aquellos que recibieron TL+ (165 min, RIC 100-269) y los que fueron a Finv (191 min, RIC 100-330) que en aquellos que fueron a ATCp (280 min, RIC 179- 520), p <0,001. No existieron diferencias en mortalidad intrahospitalaria, en el grupo Finv 4,9%, 5,2% en el grupo TL + y en el grupo ATCp 7,8% (p = 0,081). No hubo diferencias en término de sangrados mayores. Se observó que un 57% de los pacientes con TL+ reunían características de alto riesgo, y no recibieron Finv acorde a lo recomendado Conclusiones : Solo 3 de cada 100 pacientes con IAMCEST que se reperfunden reciben Finv. Su implementación no está ligada en forma sistemática al alto riesgo de eventos. Pese a esta subutilización, por presentar un menor tiempo total de isquemia que la ATCp, sin aumento en los sangrados clínicamente relevantes persiste como una opción a considerar en nuestra realidad.

Resumen Introducción: La Unidad de Enlace Centralizada de Vacunación contra la COVID19 (UECeV) de la Dirección de Atención Primaria Metropolitana Nord del Institut Català de la Salut se creó para resolver las consultas de usuarios y/o profesionales sanitarios relacionadas con la vacunación contra el virus SARS-CoV-2. El objetivo principal del presente análisis fue describir la actividad de la UECeV. Método: Realizamos un estudio observacional retrospectivo a partir del registro de consultas atendidas desde la UECeV entre 31 de abril y 31 de octubre de 2021. Población de referencia: 1.139.411 habitantes adultos asignados. La UECeV se creó en tres sedes territoriales atendidas cada una por dos farmacéuticos/farmacólogos de Atención Primaria (FAP) y un administrativo. La atención telefónica fue a jornada completa adaptable según actividad. Variable principal del análisis: número y tipos de consultas atendidas. Se calculó valores absolutos y porcentajes, medianas y desviación estándar para las variables cuantitativas y para las variables cualitativas se realizó un análisis descriptivo. Resultados: 3.103 consultas gestionadas de 3.030 usuarios; 2.180 (70,25%) contestadas por el FAP. Consulta más frecuente: compatibilidad vacuna según patología/medicación de base 1.008 (32,5%). 2.830 (93,4%) usuarios se vacunaron después de la intervención (2.210 consultaron antes de la primera dosis y 618 antes de la segunda). La vacuna mayoritaria fue la Comirnaty®. Conclusiones: Las UECeV coordinadas por el FAP con atención directa a los usuarios y/o profesionales sanitarios constituyen un elemento de apoyo a los equipos de vacunación de atención primaria para la gestión experta de las consultas de vacunación contra la COVID19.

Abstract Introduction: The North Metropolitan Primary Care Direction of the Institut Català de la Salut created the Centralized Liaison Unit for anti-COVID19 vaccination (UECeV) to solve queries from users and/or health professionals related to vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The main objective of the present analysis was to describe the activity of UECeV. Method: We carried out a retrospective observational study based on the registry of consultations attended from the UECeV between April 31st and October 31, 2021. We have an equal or above 18 years old reference population of 1,139,411 inhabitants. The UECeV was set up in three territorial offices, each attended by two Primary Care pharmacists/pharmacologists (FAP) and one administrative staff member. The telephone service was full-time and could be adapted according to activity. The main variable of the analysis was the number and types of queries attended. Absolute values and percentages, medians and standard deviation were calculated for the quantitative variables and a descriptive analysis was performed for qualitative variables. Results: 3,103 queries were managed out of 3,030 users; 2,180 (70.25%) were answered by the FAP. Most frequent consultation was: vaccine compatibility according to pathology/basic medication 1,008 (32.5%). 2,830 (93.4%) users were vaccinated after the consultation (2,210 consulted before the first dose and 618 before the second). The majority vaccine was Comirnaty® Conclusions: The UECeV coordinated by the FAP with direct attention to users and/or health professionals constitutes a support element for primary care vaccination teams for the expert management of AntiCOVID19 vaccination consultations.

Resumen. Esta investigación se enmarca en un estudio exploratorio de las prácticas pedagógicas en el proceso de enseñanza de la multiplicación, guiado por profesores de enseñanza básica en Escuelas de la comuna de Puerto Montt, Chile. Considerando que los profesores son agentes de cambio para la educación, conocer sus prácticas pedagógicas resulta fundamental para aportar en su formación continua, así como en la formación inicial de los profesores de matemáticas. Este artículo presenta el diseño y la construcción de un instrumento que permite identificar las prácticas pedagógicas de la enseñanza de la multiplicación aplicadas a participantes docentes en activo. El instrumento se diseñó a partir de la revisión realizada de la estructura multiplicativa y de la enseñanza de la multiplicación y, está organizado en cuatro dimensiones: (1) Concepción de la didáctica de la matemática, (2) Metodología para la enseñanza de la multiplicación, (3) Dificultades en el proceso de aprendizaje de la multiplicación y (4) Percepciones docentes sobre la enseñanza de las matemáticas. La validación del instrumento se realizó a partir del juicio de expertos, lo cual permite ajustar-lo para que responda a los objetivos del estudio, los cuales son: (1) identificar las estrategias pedagógicas de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la multiplicación que permite responder a la diversidad en el aula, (2) describir las concepciones que los profesores de Tercero Básico tienen sobre la multiplicación y, (3) caracterizar las prácticas pedagógicas que realizan los profesores de básica en la enseñanza de la multiplicación. La aplicación del instrumento muestra su potencial para la investigación y la intervención educativa.

Abstract. The research we present is part of an exploratory study of the pedagogical practices involved in the process of teaching multiplication as carried out by primary school teachers at schools in the Puerto Montt commune, Chile. Given that teachers are agents of change in education, an understanding of their pedagogical practices is necessary in order to contribute to their on-going training, as well as the initial training of mathematics teachers. This study presents the design and construction of an instrument that makes possible to identify the pedagogical practices applied by active teachers when teaching multiplication. The design of the instrument is based on the literature review of the multiplication and its teaching organised in four dimensions: (1) Conception of the didactics of mathematics, (2) Methodology for teaching multiplication, (3) Difficulties in the multiplication learning process and (4) Teachers’ perceptions about mathematics teaching. The validation of the instrument was carried out by peer review, which enabled its adjustment to meet the goals of the study, which are: (1) Identify the pedagogical strategies for teaching and learning multiplication that allow facing classroom diversity, (2) Describe Third Grade teachers’ conceptions about multiplication, and 3) Characterise pedagogical practices carried out by elementary school teachers in multiplication teaching. The application of the instrument has demonstrated its potential for research and educational intervention

Abstract This study measured the peak force (PF) in cadet inline speed skaters (ISS) and verified the physical measures that determine athletes’ performance on the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Test (IMTP) through a multivariate regression and discriminant canonical analysis. A total of 36 high-performance male (n = 18; age= 17.4± 1.21 years; body mass= 65.1± 6.18 kg; height= 168.6± 5.1 cm) and female (n = 18; age= 17.4± 1.23 years; body mass= 55.5± 4.4 kg; height= 158.6± 5.2 cm) athletes were measured two times (with a 3-day interval). All participants performed the IMTP and sit-and-reach (SR) tests, and an evaluator performed anthropometric circumference measurements on their thighs and calves. The main results indicated that males showed a higher PF on the test (m = 59.0± 3.9 N/kg vs. f = 50.4± 5.8 N/kg; p ≤ 0.001) and retest (m = 59.1± 4.2 N/kg vs. f = 51.9± 6.6 N/kg; p ≤ 0.001). In the first, thigh circumference (χ2 = 29.01, p ≤ 0.001, R2 = 0.74) had an overall 91.7% prediction. The second model included using the SR and thigh circumference (χ2 = 49.91, p ≤ 0.001, R2 = 1.0) showed an overall prediction of 100.0%. The thigh circumference matrix showed better predictive power for (coefficient= 7.158) male and female IMTP performance. In conclusion, despite the gender differences, the thigh circumference is a good predictor for PF in cadet ISS athletes.

Abstract Problem solving and representation are two fundamental processes of mathematical activity. Their development provides a key basis for learning mathematics at all school levels. Hence the importance of promoting these processes from an early age. The aim of this article is to describe the representations and ways of solution posed by a group of children in pre-school education (5-6 years), in a Catalan school, when solving an open-ended arithmetic problem. The study follows a descriptive-interpretative methodology. A school task is designed and implemented from which individual written productions are obtained. In addition, interviews were conducted with each of the students and the corresponding video recordings were made. The data are systematised and a two-phase analysis is carried out: initially the types of representation are characterised and then the calculation methods used by the children. The results indicate that all the participating pupils produce representations to solve the problem. All the children make iconic representations, and a few combine iconic and symbolic representations. As for the ways of solving the problem, continuous counting predominates, although in some cases proposals are made in which more complex reasoning is evident. In these cases, the children propose groupings which are expressed by means of drawings and symbols.

Resumen La resolución de problemas y la representación son dos procesos fundamentales de la actividad matemática. Su desarrollo proporciona una base clave para el aprendizaje de las matemáticas en todos los niveles escolares. Por ello, la importancia de la promoción de estos procesos desde las primeras edades. El objetivo de este artículo es describir las representaciones y formas de solución planteadas por un grupo de 23 niñas y niños de educación infantil (5-6 años), de una escuela catalana, cuando resuelven un problema aritmético abierto. El estudio sigue una metodología descriptiva-interpretativa. Se diseña e implementa una tarea escolar de la que se obtienen producciones escritas individuales. Se realizan además entrevistas a cada uno de los alumnos y se cuenta con los registros en video correspondientes. Los datos se sistematizan y se realiza un análisis en dos fases: inicialmente se caracterizan los tipos de representación y luego los métodos de cálculo planteados por los niños. Los resultados indican que los alumnos participantes elaboran representaciones para resolver el problema. Todos los niños y las niñas realizan representaciones icónicas, y algunos pocos combinan representaciones icónicas y simbólicas. En cuanto a las formas de solución del problema predomina el conteo continuo, aunque en algunos casos se realizan propuestas en las que se evidencian razonamientos más complejos. En estos casos, los niños plantean agrupaciones las cuales se expresan mediante dibujos y símbolos.

RESUMO A erosão é a principal forma de degradação de solos em todo o mundo. No enfoque geotécnico, a erodibilidade do solo é importante na avaliação da estabilidade de taludes e encostas, sendo bastante comum sua avaliação por ensaios de laboratório. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a erodibilidade de um Neossolo Litólico Distrófico típico, arenoso, empregando o ensaio de Inderbitzen modificado, bem como verificar o efeito de blocos de contenção nas perdas de solo por erosão hídrica. Os ensaios de Inderbitzen modificados foram realizados em amostras de solo indeformadas, coletadas em formas metálicas com dimensões de 0,4 x 0,2, 0,15 m. Essas amostras receberam aplicação simultânea de água como precipitação simulada (300 mm.h-1) e como escoamento superficial (6 L.min-1). Foram avaliados os efeitos de cobertura vegetal (presença x ausência), declividade (5%, 17,5% e 35%), presença e modelo dos blocos de contenção e espaçamento entre os blocos (0,1 m, 0,2 m e 0,4 m) em ensaios inteiramente casualizados. As perdas de solo médias ficaram entre 0,03 e 2,1 g.cm-2, com erodibilidade estimada de 0,0034 g.cm-2.min-1.Pa-1. A cobertura vegetal e a declividade foram os fatores experimentais mais importantes que afetaram as perdas de solo. A utilização de linha de blocos de contenção reduziu significativamente as perdas de solo nos ensaios com cobertura vegetal e na maior declividade avaliada (35%). Nos ensaios sem cobertura vegetal as diferenças observadas com o uso de blocos de contenção não foram estatisticamente significativas.

ABSTRACT Soil erosion is the main cause of soil degradation throughout the world. From a geotechnic perspective, soil erodibility is important for assessing slope stability, commonly being determined in laboratory tests. The aim of this study was to estimate the erodibility of a sandy Lithic Ustorthents using a modified Inderbitzen test, as well as to evaluate the effect of buffer blocks in reducing soil losses by water erosion. The modified Inderbitzen tests were performed on undisturbed soil samples, collected within metallic frames measuring 0,4 x 0,2, 0,15 m. These samples were subjected to simultaneous applications of water in the form of simulated rain (300 mm.h-1) and surface runoff (6 L.min-1). The effects of soil cover (absent x present), slope (5%, 17,5% e 35%), buffer blocks and their spacing (0,1 m, 0,2 m e 0,4 m) were evaluated in a completely randomized design. Average soil losses for the Lithic Ustorthents ranged from 0,03 to 2,1 g.cm-2 and the estimated erodibility was 0,0034 g.cm-2.min-1.Pa-1. Soil cover and slope were the most important experimental factors affecting soil loss. The buffer blocks significantly reduced soil losses only when soil cover was present and in the highest slope tests (35%). In the tests without soil cover, the buffer blocks resulted in non-significant differences.

ABSTRACT The present work aims to develop the automated DCMT system, which determines the amount of means of transport, in the mechanized harvesting process of sugarcane, for different transport distances, field performance and capacity of the means of transport used (20 and 60 t). The system is based on equations with linear fit, starting from the analytical modeling carried out by the SMCTCA software developed by De las Cuevas and collaborators in 2016. The main control panel and links are provided to allow the user to interact with the different parts that make it up to evaluate the mechanized process of harvesting and transporting sugarcane, for different exploitation conditions. That permits the rational organization of the system with the increase of the coefficient of use of time and the productivity as well as the reduction of operating expenses.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo desarrollar el sistema automatizado DCMT, el cual realiza la determinación de la cantidad de medios de transporte, en el proceso de cosecha mecanizada de la caña de azúcar, para diferentes distancias de transportación, rendimiento del campo y capacidad de los medios de transporte empleados (20 y 60 t). El sistema se encuentra basado en ecuaciones con ajuste lineal, a partir de la modelación analítica que realiza el software SMCTCA elaborado por De las Cuevas y colaboradores en 2016. Se brinda el panel de control principal y los vínculos que permiten al usuario, la interacción con las diferentes partes que lo conforman. Siendo posible la evaluación del proceso mecanizado de cosecha y transporte de caña de azúcar, para diferentes condiciones de explotación, posibilitando la organización racional del sistema con el incremento del coeficiente de utilización del tiempo, la productividad y la disminución de los gastos de explotación.

It is well documented that Chagas disease (CD) can pose a public health problem to countries. As one of the World Health Organization Neglected Tropical Diseases undoubtedly calls for comprehensive healthcare, transcending a restricted biomedical approach. After more than a century since their discovery, in 1909, people affected by CD are still frequently marginalised and/or neglected. The aim of this article is to tell the story of their activism, highlighting key historical experiences and successful initiatives, from 1909 to 2019. The first association was created in 1987, in the city of Recife, Brazil. So far, thirty associations have been reported on five continents. They were created as independent non-profit civil society organisations and run democratically by affected people. Among the common associations’ objectives, we notably find: increase the visibility of the affected; make their voice heard; build bridges between patients, health system professionals, public health officials, policy makers and the academic and scientific communities. The International Federation of Associations of People Affected by CD - FINDECHAGAS, created in 2010 with the input of the Americas, Europe and the Western Pacific, counts as one of the main responses to the globalisation of CD. Despite all the obstacles and difficulties encountered, the Federation has thrived, grown, and matured. As a result of this mobilisation along with the support of many national and international partners, in May 2019 the 72nd World Health Assembly decided to establish World Chagas Disease Day, on 14 April. The associative movement has increased the understanding of the challenges related to the disease and breaks the silence around Chagas disease, improving surveillance, and sustaining engagement towards the United Nations 2030 agenda.

Chagas is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon in which political, economic, environmental, biomedical, epidemiological, psychological, and sociocultural factors intersect. Nonetheless, the hegemonic conceptualisation has long envisioned Chagas as primarily a biomedical question, while ignoring or downplaying the other dimensions, and this limited view has reinforced the disease’s long neglect. Integrating the multiple dimensions of the problem into a coherent approach adapted to field realities and needs represents an immense challenge, but the payoff is more effective and sustainable experiences, with higher social awareness, increased case detection and follow-up, improved adherence to care, and integrated participation of various actors from multiple action levels. Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) initiatives have great potential for impact in the implementation of multidimensional programs of prevention and control successfully customised to the diverse and complex contexts where Chagas disease persists. political economic environmental epidemiological psychological intersect Nonetheless question diseases s neglect challenge experiences awareness followup, followup follow up, up follow-up care levels Information Education IEC (IEC persists

Abstract Introduction: New software tools are available to measure left intraventricular contraction synchrony by myocardial perfusion SPECT. This technique allows identification of conduction abnormalities, support resynchronization therapy in refractory heart failure and even allows early detection of myocardial ischemia. Objective: To determine the correlation of systolic synchrony with other parameters of left ventricular systolic-diastolic dysfunction. Methods: We studied 135 patients referred for screening or known coronary artery disease evaluation by triggered SPECT. Evaluation of the initial interpretation with visual and quantitative QPS/QGS® programs was performed in 50 patients with transient perfusion defects of various sizes (ischemia), 25 of fixed or mixed type (infarction) and 60 without abnormalities. Telesystolic volumes ranged from 26 to 458 mL. Cases with arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities and artifacts (extracardiac activity or motion) were excluded. SPECT scans were retrospectively processed using the Emory Synctool® software. Histograms of systolic contraction synchrony bandwidth (BW) and standard deviation (SD) were correlated with ejection fraction (LVEF), systolic/diastolic volumes and eccentricities, left ventricular mass, peak filling rate (PFR) and time to maximum filling (TPFR). Results: BW and SD of the contraction pase histogram were higher in the fixed and mixed defect group compared to studies showing normal perfusion. Spearman correlations at rest and poststress between SD and BW with LVEF, volumes, eccentricity and mass were all significant (p<0.0002) except for TPFR. Conclusion: Left systolic intraventricular contraction synchrony measured with SPECT presents an excellent correlation with systolic and diastolic functional parameters, as well as with mass and eccentricity in various cardiac conditions and ventricular dimensions.

Resumen Introducción: Actualmente, hay nuevas herramientas de software disponibles para medir la sincronía de la contracción intraventricular izquierda mediante SPECT de perfusión miocárdica. Esta técnica permite identificar anomalías de la conducción, apoyar la terapia de resincronización en insuficiencia cardíaca refractaria e incluso la detección precoz de isquemia. Objetivo: Conocer la correlación de la sincronía de contracción con otros parámetros de disfunción sisto-diastólica ventricular izquierda. Método: Estudiamos 135 pacientes remitidos para pesquisa o evaluación de enfermedad coronaria conocida mediante SPECT gatillado. La evaluación de la interpretación inicial con programas QPS/QGS® visual y cuantitativo se efectuó a 50 casos con defectos de perfusión transitoria de diversos tamaños (isquemia), 25 de tipo fijo o mixto (infarto) y 60 sin ellos (normal). Los volúmenes telesistólicos oscilaron entre 26 y 458 mL. Se excluyeron casos con arritmias, anomalías de conducción y artefactos (actividad o movimiento extracardiaco). Los SPECT se procesaron retrospectivamente utilizando el programa Emory Synctool®. Del histograma de sincronía de la contracción, el ancho de banda (BW) y la desviación estándar (SD) se correlacionaron con la fracción de eyección (FEVI), volúmenes y excentricidades sistólico / diastólico, masa ventricular izquierda, tasa máxima de llenado (PFR) y tiempo al máximo de llenado (TPFR). Resultados: Los BW y SD del histograma de fase de contracción fueron mayores en el grupo con defectos fijos y mixtos en comparación con los con perfusión normal. Las correlaciones en reposo y post estrés (Spearman) entre SD y BW con FEVI, volúmenes, excentricidad y masa fueron significativas (p <0,0002) salvo TPFR que no fue significativa. Conclusión: La sincronía de contracción intraventricular sistólica izquierda medida con SPECT se correlaciona excelentemente con los parámetros funcionales sistólicos y diastólicos, así como con masa y excentricidad en diversas condiciones y tamaños cardíacos.

ABSTRACT Most of the sprayers used in fruit trees are of the type of jet transported, which use an air flow produced by a fan to transfer the pesticide drop to the tree. In the energy balance of agricultural sprayers assisted by air flow, it is proposed that between 50 and 65% of the power in these equipment is used by the fan that produces the air flow. Air stream sprayers produce high pollution due to high levels of drift. Using the Computer Modeling of Fluids (CFD) the aerodynamics of the air flow is analyzed based on the geometric and kinematic parameters of the fan, which allows to determine the air flow with better characteristics. The selected regimens assess the quality of the plant cover, using image treatment methods. In this case, a work regime is achieved that decreases the amount of power required, maintaining the quality of the treatment.

RESUMEN La mayoría de los pulverizadores utilizados en frutales son del tipo de chorro transportado, los cuales utilizan un flujo de aire producido por un ventilador para trasladar la gota de plaguicida al árbol. En el balance energético de los pulverizadores agrícolas asistidos por corriente de aire, se plantea que entre el 50 y el 65% de la potencia en estos equipos la utiliza el ventilador que produce el flujo de aire. Los pulverizadores con corriente de aire producen gran contaminación por altos niveles de deriva. Utilizando la Modelación de Fluidos en por Computadora (CFD) se analiza la aerodinámica del flujo de aire en función de los parámetros geométricos y cinemáticos del ventilador, lo que permite determinar el flujo de aire con mejores características. En los regímenes seleccionados se evalúan la calidad del cubrimiento de la planta, mediante métodos de tratamiento de imagen. En este caso se logra un régimen de trabajo que disminuye la cantidad de potencia requerida, manteniendo la calidad del tratamiento.

Even though the mechanisms that mediate essential hypertension (HT) are not fully understood, an immunological-inflammatory mechanism could be the common pathway for diverse pathophysiological mechanisms. We analyze in a simplified way the participation of the immune system in HT. T lymphocytes (TL) and antigen presenting cells (APCs) are components of the immune system capable of generating proinflammatory cytokines. They cause endothelial damage, vasoconstriction, and decreased urinary sodium excretion. CD4+ and CD8+ TL are effector cells, causally implicated in the development of HT, whereas type γδ TL play their pathogenic role in HT enhancing endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, a immunomodulation decrease by regulatory TL, worsens endothelial dysfunction and reduces vasodilation in experimental HT. Results of recent studies indicate that lymphocyte activation would be mediated by antigens captured by antigen APCs for subsequent presentation to “naive” TL. On the other hand, proinflammatory states such as obesity, the change of the intestinal microbiota and the increase in salt intake favors TL and APC activation, contributing to HT development.