Abstract The effect of contextual factors on dental care utilization was evaluated after adjustment for individual characteristics of Brazilian preschool children. This cross-sectional study assessed 639 preschool children aged 1 to 5 years from Santa Maria, a town in Rio Grande do Sul State, located in southern Brazil. Participants were randomly selected from children attending the National Children’s Vaccination Day and 15 health centers were selected for this research. Visual examinations followed the ICDAS criteria. Parents answered a questionnaire about demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Contextual influences on children’s dental care utilization were obtained from two community-related variables: presence of dentists and presence of workers’ associations in the neighborhood. Unadjusted and adjusted multilevel logistic regression models were used to describe the association between outcome and predictor variables. A prevalence of 21.6% was found for regular use of dental services. The unadjusted assessment of the associations of dental health care utilization with individual and contextual factors included children’s ages, family income, parents’ schooling, mothers’ participation in their children’s school activities, dental caries, and presence of workers’ associations in the neighborhood as the main outcome covariates. Individual variables remained associated with the outcome after adding contextual variables in the model. In conclusion, individual and contextual variables were associated with dental health care utilization by preschool children.

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess trends in traumatic crown injuries (TCIs), their prevalence, and association with socioeconomic and clinical factors in preschool children over a 5-year period. A series of cross-sectional surveys was conducted in Santa Maria, Brazil, on children attending a National Day of Children’s Vaccination. The same protocol was used in all surveys conducted in 2008, 2010, and 2013. Clinical examinations were performed to evaluate types of traumatic crown injuries using the O’brien index. A semi-structured questionnaire was answered by the parents. It provided information about several socioeconomic factors as well as the parents’ perception of their child’s oral health. The chi-square for trends test was used to verify changes in TCI prevalence throughout the years. The association between socioeconomic and clinical factors with TCI was assessed by the Poisson regression analysis. A total of 1,640 children were examined. The prevalence of TCIs decreased significantly from 2008 to 2013 (10.12%; p < 0.001). Central incisors were the most vulnerable to injury, independent of the year. Moreover, older children and those with inadequate lip coverage were more likely to present with some traumatic dental injury (p < 0.001). prevalence of traumatic crown injuries decreased following the years, however TCI remain an important subject to consider when planning oral health policies.

OBJETIVOS: Este estudo avaliou o impacto da maloclusão dentária na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal, considerando fatores socioeconômicos e condições clínicas. METODOS: Um estudo foi realizado em Santa Maria, Brasi, durante a Campanha Nacional de Multivacinação Infantil. A amostra compreendeu 478 crianças na faixa etária de 12 a 59 meses. Quinze examinadores treinados e calibrados avaliaram a presença de maloclusão na região anterior - mordida aberta anterior, overjet e selamento labial. na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal foi mensurada por meio de escores totais da versão em português do questionário ECOHIS (Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale). Para verificar as possíveis variáveis associadas foram aplicados modelos de regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: O modelo não ajustado revelou associação da idade, cárie dentária não tratada e e mordida aberta anterior aos escores totais do ECOHIS. Após o ajuste, verificou-se que mordida aberta anterior teve um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal. Não houve associação entre a presença de overjet e elamento labial à qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal. CONCLUSÃO: Pode-se concluir que que mordida aberta anterior teve um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the relationship of dental malocclusion with COHRQoL considering socioeconomic backgrounds and clinical factors. METHODS: A survey was carried out in Santa Maria, Brazil, during the National Children's Vaccination Day. The sample comprised 478 children aged 12 to 59 months. Fifteen trained and calibrated examiners evaluated the presence of anterior malocclusion traits (AMT) - anterior open bite, overjet and sealing lip. COHRQoL was measured through overall scores of the Brazilian version of ECOHIS (Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale). The assessment of association used adjusted Poisson regression models. RESULTS: The unadjusted assessment observed age, untreated dental caries and anterior open bite as the main covariates of the overall ECOHIS score. After the adjustment, the presence of anterior open bite had a negative impact on COHRQoL. There was no association between overjet and sealing lip with COHRQoL. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, anterior open bite present a negative impact on COHRQoL.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de dor dentaria, os fatores associados e seu impacto na qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal de crianças pré-escolares. Esse estudo foi realizado em Santa Maria, Brasil, durante o dia nacional de vacinação infantil, e 534 crianças de 0 a 5 anos foram incluídas. As variáveis clinicas incluídas foram carie dental e traumatismo dentário. Um questionário foi respondido pelos pais, fornecendo informações sobre as condições socioeconômicas, uso de serviços odontológicos e dor dentaria. Dor de dente foi coletada através da pergunta: "Seu filho já teve dor de dente - Sim ou Não?". Os dados sobre qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal foram obtidos através da versão brasileira do questionário "Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale" (ECOHIS). Modelos multivariáveis de regressão logística foram utilizados para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis preditoras e os desfechos. A prevalência de dor dentaria foi 10,11% (95% IC: 7,55% - 12,68%). Crianças mais velhas apresentaram uma maior chance de ter tido dor dentaria (OR 2,72; 95% IC: 1,01 - 7,56), assim como crianças com experiência de carie (OR 3,43; 95% IC: 1,81 - 6,52). Além disso, as crianças que não tinham visitado o dentista nos últimos 6 meses foram menos propensas a apresentar dor dentária (OR 0,51; 95% IC: 0,28 - 0,95). A presença de dor dentária afeta negativamente a qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal das crianças; aquelas que tiveram dor de dente apresentaram uma maior chance de ter piores impactos nos escores totais do ECOHIS (OR 4,18; 95% IC: 1,76 - 9,95) quando comparadas àquelas que não tiveram dor dentária. O mesmo se pode observar para a seção do questionário correspondente aos impactos na criança (OR 5,54; 95% IC: 2,15 - 14,24. Dor dentaria afeta negativamente a qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal e esta associada com experiência de carie, idade e uso de serviços odontológicos.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of toothache, associated factors and impact of this condition on the Child Oral Health Related Quality of Life (COHRQoL) in preschoolers. The study was carried out in Santa Maria, Brazil, during the National Children's Vaccination Day, and 534 children aged 0 to 5 years were included. Clinical variables included dental caries and dental trauma. A questionnaire was responded by the parents and provided information about several socioeconomic indicators, dental service use and toothache. Toothache was collected by the question: "Has your child ever had a toothache - Yes or no?". Data on COHRQoL were assessed using the Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). Multivariable Logistic regression models were performed to assess the association between the predictor variables and outcomes. The prevalence of toothache was 10.11% (95% CI: 7.55% - 12.68%). Older children had a higher chance of presenting dental pain (OR 2.72; 95% CI: 1.01 - 7.56), as well as children with caries experience (OR 3.43; 95% CI: 1.81 - 6.52). Moreover, children who had not visited the dental service in the last 6 months were less likely to present toothache (OR 0.51; 95% CI: 0.28 - 0.95). The presence of dental pain negatively affects the COHRQoL; those with toothache presented a higher chance of having higher impact on the total scores of ECOHIS (OR 4.18; 95% CI: 1.76 - 9.95) than those without toothache. Similar observation was found for the child section of the questionnaire (OR 5.54; 95% CI: 2.15 - 14.24). Toothache negatively affects COHRQoL and is associated with caries experience, age and use of dental service.

O estudo avaliou a influência de fatores socioeconômicos, clínicos e a percepção dos pais quanto à saúde de seus filhos na frequência de escovação de pré-escolares de 0 a 5 anos de Santa Maria-RS, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em Santa Maria, Brasil, durante o Dia Nacional de Vacinação das Crianças e 478 crianças de 0 - 5 anos foram incluídas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de exames clínicos e por um questionário estruturado, realizados por 15 examinadores calibrados e 30 auxiliares. Os responsáveis forneceram informações sobre diversos indicadores socioeconômicos, auto-percepção de saúde bucal e frequência de escovação dentária. O principal desfecho foi coletado pela pergunta "Quantas vezes por dia você escova os dentes de seu filho?". Os dados foram analisados utilizando modelo de regressão de Poisson, considerando pesos relativos à amostragem complexa. Pais que relataram pior percepção de saúde bucal dos seus filhos em relação às outras crianças apresentavam uma menor frequência de escovação (RP 0,23; IC: 1,06 - 1,43). Crianças mais novas escovavam menos os dentes que as de idade mais elevada (RP 0,90; IC: 0,84 - 0,96) e a não-procura pelo dentista foi preditor para menor frequência de escovação (RP 1,29; IC: 1,05 - 1,59). A percepção dos pais influencia hábitos saudáveis da criança, suportando a evidência de que aspectos psicossociais são fortes preditores de saúde bucal na infância

This study assessed the influence of socioeconomic and clinical factors, as well as parent's perception of child's oral health on the toothbrushing frequency of 0-5-year-old children. The study was carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, during the National Children's Vaccination Day, and 478 children aged 0 - 5 years were included. Data were collected by clinical examinations and a structured questionnaire, conducted by 15 calibrated examiners and 30 supports. A questionnaire was filled out by the parents with information about several socioeconomic indicators, perception of child's oral health and frequency of tooth brushing. The main outcome was collected by the question: "How many times a day do you brush your child's teeth?". Multivariable Poisson regression model taking into account the cluster sample was performed to assess the association between the predictors and outcome. Children whose parents related worse perception of child's oral health showed less tooth brushing frequency (PR 1.23; 1.06 - 1.43). Young children brush their teeth less than the older ones (PR 0.90; 0.84 - 0.96); and lack of visit to a dentist was predictor for less tooth brushing frequency (PR 1.29; 1.05 - 1.59). Parent's perception of child oral health influence children's healthy behaviors, supporting the evidence that psychosocial factors are strong predictors of children's oral health.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência de desigualdades sociais de ordem individual e contextual na experiência de cárie dentária não tratada em crianças no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Os dados sobre a prevalência de cárie dentária foram obtidos do Projeto Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal – SBBrasil 2010, levantamento epidemiológico de saúde bucal com amostra representativa para o país e cada uma de suas macrorregiões geográficas. Crianças de cinco anos de idade (n = 7.217) em 177 municípios foram examinadas e seus responsáveis responderam ao questionário. Características contextuais referentes aos municípios em 2010 (renda mediana, fluoretação da água e proporção de domicílios com abastecimento de água) foram informadas pela Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. O estudo de associação utilizou modelos multinível de análise de regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de cárie não tratada foi de 48,2%; mais da metade da amostra apresentou ao menos um dente decíduo com experiência de cárie. O índice de cárie na dentição decídua ceo-d médio foi 2,41, sendo maior para as regiões Norte e Nordeste. Crianças de cor da pele preta e parda, e aquelas com renda familiar menos elevada tiveram maior prevalência de cárie não tratada. No nível contextual, renda mediana no município e adição de flúor na água de abastecimento associaram-se inversamente com a prevalência do desfecho. CONCLUSÕES: Desigualdades na prevalência de cárie não tratada persistem, afetando as crianças com dentição decídua no Brasil. O planejamento de medidas públicas para a promoção de saúde bucal deve considerar o efeito de fatores contextuais como determinante de riscos individuais.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of social inequalities of individual and contextual nature on untreated dental caries in Brazilian children. METHODS: The data on the prevalence of dental caries were obtained from the Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil 2010) Project, an epidemiological survey of oral health with a representative sample for the country and each of the geographical micro-regions. Children aged five (n = 7,217) in 177 municipalities were examined and their parents/guardians completed a questionnaire. Contextual characteristics referring to the municipalities in 2010 (mean income, fluorodized water and proportion of residences with water supply) were supplied by the Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). Multilevel Poisson regression analysis models were used to assess associations. RESULTS: The prevalence of non-treated dental caries was 48.2%; more than half of the sample had at least one deciduous tooth affected by dental caries. The index of dental caries in deciduous teeth was 2.41, with higher figures in the North and Northeast. Black and brown children and those from lower income families had a higher prevalence of untreated dental caries. With regards context, the mean income in the municipality and the addition of fluoride to the water supply were inversely associated with the prevalence of the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Inequalities in the prevalence of untreated dental caries remain, affecting deciduous teeth of children in Brazil. Planning public policies to promote oral health should consider the effect of contextual factors as a determinant of individual risk.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la influencia de desigualdades sociales de orden individual y contextual en la experiencia de caries dentaria no tratada en niños en Brasil. MÉTODOS: Los datos sobre la prevalencia de caries dentaria fueron obtenidos del Proyecto Investigación Nacional de Salud Bucal – SBBrasil 2010, pesquisa epidemiológica de salud bucal con muestra representativa para el país y cada una de sus macro regiones geográficas. Niños de cinco años de edad (n= 7.217) en 177 municipios fueron examinados y sus responsables respondieron el cuestionario. Características contextuales referentes a los municipios en 2010 (renta mediana, fluororación del agua y proporción de domicilios con abastecimiento de agua) fueron informadas por la Fundación Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística. El estudio de asociación utilizó modelos multinivel de análisis de regresión de Poisson. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de caries no tratada fue de 48,2%; más de la mitad de la muestra presentó al menos un diente deciduo con experiencia de caries. El índice de caries en la dentición decidua ceo-d promedio fue 2,41, siendo mayor para las regiones Norte y Noreste. Niños con color de piel negra y parda, y aquellas con renta familiar menos elevada tuvieron mayor prevalencia de caries no tratada. En el nivel contextual, renta mediana en el municipio y adición de flúor en el agua de abastecimiento se asociaron inversamente con la prevalencia del resultado. CONCLUSIONES: Desigualdades en la prevalencia de caries no tratada persisten, afectando a los niños con dentición decidua en Brasil. La planificación de medidas públicas para la promoción de salud bucal debe considerar el efecto de factores contextuales como determinante de riesgos individuales.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência de desigualdades sociais de ordem individual e contextual na experiência de cárie dentária não tratada em crianças no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Os dados sobre a prevalência de cárie dentária foram obtidos do Projeto Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal – SBBrasil 2010, levantamento epidemiológico de saúde bucal com amostra representativa para o país e cada uma de suas macrorregiões geográficas. Crianças de cinco anos de idade (n = 7.217) em 177 municípios foram examinadas e seus responsáveis responderam ao questionário. Características contextuais referentes aos municípios em 2010 (renda mediana, fluoretação da água e proporção de domicílios com abastecimento de água) foram informadas pela Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. O estudo de associação utilizou modelos multinível de análise de regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de cárie não tratada foi de 48,2%; mais da metade da amostra apresentou ao menos um dente decíduo com experiência de cárie. O índice de cárie na dentição decídua ceo-d médio foi 2,41, sendo maior para as regiões Norte e Nordeste. Crianças de cor da pele preta e parda, e aquelas com renda familiar menos elevada tiveram maior prevalência de cárie não tratada. No nível contextual, renda mediana no município e adição de flúor na água de abastecimento associaram-se inversamente com a prevalência do desfecho. CONCLUSÕES: Desigualdades na prevalência de cárie não tratada persistem, afetando as crianças com dentição decídua no Brasil. O planejamento de medidas públicas para a promoção de saúde bucal deve considerar o efeito de fatores contextuais como determinante de riscos individuais.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of social inequalities of individual and contextual nature on untreated dental caries in Brazilian children. METHODS: The data on the prevalence of dental caries were obtained from the Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil 2010) Project, an epidemiological survey of oral health with a representative sample for the country and each of the geographical micro-regions. Children aged five (n = 7,217) in 177 municipalities were examined and their parents/guardians completed a questionnaire. Contextual characteristics referring to the municipalities in 2010 (mean income, fluorodized water and proportion of residences with water supply) were supplied by the Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). Multilevel Poisson regression analysis models were used to assess associations. RESULTS: The prevalence of non-treated dental caries was 48.2%; more than half of the sample had at least one deciduous tooth affected by dental caries. The index of dental caries in deciduous teeth was 2.41, with higher figures in the North and Northeast. Black and brown children and those from lower income families had a higher prevalence of untreated dental caries. With regards context, the mean income in the municipality and the addition of fluoride to the water supply were inversely associated with the prevalence of the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Inequalities in the prevalence of untreated dental caries remain, affecting deciduous teeth of children in Brazil. Planning public policies to promote oral health should consider the effect of contextual factors as a determinant of individual risk.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la influencia de desigualdades sociales de orden individual y contextual en la experiencia de caries dentaria no tratada en niños en Brasil. MÉTODOS: Los datos sobre la prevalencia de caries dentaria fueron obtenidos del Proyecto Investigación Nacional de Salud Bucal – SBBrasil 2010, pesquisa epidemiológica de salud bucal con muestra representativa para el país y cada una de sus macro regiones geográficas. Niños de cinco años de edad (n= 7.217) en 177 municipios fueron examinados y sus responsables respondieron el cuestionario. Características contextuales referentes a los municipios en 2010 (renta mediana, fluororación del agua y proporción de domicilios con abastecimiento de agua) fueron informadas por la Fundación Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística. El estudio de asociación utilizó modelos multinivel de análisis de regresión de Poisson. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de caries no tratada fue de 48,2%; más de la mitad de la muestra presentó al menos un diente deciduo con experiencia de caries. El índice de caries en la dentición decidua ceo-d promedio fue 2,41, siendo mayor para las regiones Norte y Noreste. Niños con color de piel negra y parda, y aquellas con renta familiar menos elevada tuvieron mayor prevalencia de caries no tratada. En el nivel contextual, renta mediana en el municipio y adición de flúor en el agua de abastecimiento se asociaron inversamente con la prevalencia del resultado. CONCLUSIONES: Desigualdades en la prevalencia de caries no tratada persisten, afectando a los niños con dentición decidua en Brasil. La planificación de medidas públicas para la promoción de salud bucal debe considerar el efecto de factores contextuales como determinante de riesgos individuales.

The aim of this paper was to assess the epidemiology of traumatic dental injury (TDI) in preschool children and its relation to socioeconomic and clinical factors. This study was carried out in Santa Maria, Brazil, during National Children's Vaccination Day, and 441 children aged 12 to 59 months were included. Data about socioeconomic status were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire administered to parents. Calibrated examiners evaluated the prevalence of TDI, overjet, and lip coverage. Data were analyzed with a Poisson regression model (PR; 95% confidence intervals). The TDI prevalence was 31.7%. The maxillary central incisors were the most frequently traumatized teeth. The most common TDI was enamel fracture. No association was found between TDI prevalence and the socioeconomic status of children. After adjustments were performed, the eldest children with an overjet > 3 mm were more likely to have TDI than their counterparts. The data indicated a high prevalence of TDI. Only overjet was a strong predictor for TDI, whereas socioeconomic factors were not associated with TDI in this age group.

The influence of socioeconomic factors and self-rated oral health on children's dental health assistance was assessed. This study followed a cross-sectional design, with a multistage random sample of 792 12-year-old schoolchildren from Santa Maria, a city in southern Brazil. A dental examination provided information on the prevalence of dental caries (DMFT index). Data about the use of dental service, socioeconomic status, and self-perceived oral health were collected by means of structured interviews. These associations were assessed using Poisson regression models (prevalence ratio; 95% confidence interval). The prevalence of regular use of dental service was 47.8%. Children from low socioeconomic backgrounds and those who rated their oral health as "poor" used the service less frequently. The distribution of the kind of oral healthcare assistance used (public/private) varied across socioeconomic groups. The better-off children were less likely to have used the public service. Clinical, socioeconomic, and psychosocial factors were strong predictors for the utilization of dental care services by schoolchildren.

We assessed the inequality in the distribution of dental caries and the association between indicators of socioeconomic status and caries experience in a representative sample of schoolchildren. This study followed a cross-sectional design, with a sample of 792 schoolchildren aged 12 years, representative of this age group in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Guardians answered questions on socioeconomic status and a dental examination provided information on the dental caries experience (DMF-T). Inequality in dental caries distribution was measured by the Gini coefficient and the Significant Caries Index (SiC). The assessment of association used Poisson regression models. Socioeconomic factors were associated with prevalence of dental caries for the whole sample and also for individuals with a high-caries level. Children from low-income households had the highest prevalence of dental caries. The Gini coefficient was 0.7 and the SiC Index 2.5. The percentage of caries prevalence was 39.3% (95% CI: 35.8%-42.8%) and the mean for DMF-T was 0.9 (± SD 1.5). Inequalities in the distribution of dental caries were observed and socioeconomic factors were found to be strong predictors of the prevalence of oral disease in children of this age group.