This study evaluated the performance of the Xpert Carba-R assay for detecting the five common carbapenemases in carbapenemase-producing organisms in Johannesburg, South Africa between April 2021 and September 2021. The assay demonstrated 98% sensitivity and 97% specificity. It was also able to detect all the carbapenemases in double carbapenemase producers, as well as carbapenemases in non-fermenter organisms. The Xpert Carba-R assay, therefore, allows the rapid (< 1 h) and accurate identification of the common carbapenemases in pure bacterial cultures and rectal swabs. This assay can aid in the timeous institution of appropriate treatment and infection prevention and control measures.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is becoming a critical public health issue globally. The World Health Organization launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) to support the strengthening of the AMR evidence base OBJECTIVE: The article describes the evolution of national AMR surveillance systems and AMR data reporting of countries in the African continent between 2017 and 2019, and the constraints, perceived impact and value of the participation in GLASS METHODS: Data on implementation of national surveillance systems and AMR rates were submitted to GLASS between 2017 and 2019 and summarised though descriptive statistics. The information on constraints and perceived impact and value in GLASS participation was collected though a set of questionnaires RESULTS: Between 2017 and 2019, Egypt, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda and Zambia submitted data to GLASS. The main constraints listed are linked to scarce laboratory capacity and capability, limited staffing, budget issues, and data management. Moreover, while the data are not yet nationally representative, high resistance rates were reported to commonly-used antibiotics, as the emerging resistance to last treatment options CONCLUSION: Despite the limitations, more and more countries in the African continent are working towards reaching a status that will enable them to report AMR data in a complete and systematic manner. Future improvements involve the expansion of routine surveillance capacity for several countries and the implementation of surveys that allow to effectively define the magnitude of AMR in the continent

Healthcare-associated infections are a serious public health concern resulting in morbidity and mortality particularly in developing countries. The lack of information from Africa, the increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of new resistance mechanisms intensifies this concern warranting the need for vigorous standardised surveillance platforms that produce reliable and accurate data which can be used for addressing these concerns. The implementation of national treatment guidelines, policies, antimicrobial stewardship programmes and infection prevention and control practices within healthcare institutions require a platform from which it can draw information and direct its approach. In this review, the importance of standardised surveillance systems, the challenges faced in the application of a surveillance system and the condition (existence and nonexistence) of such systems in African countries is discussed. This review also reports on some South African data.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has reached an end point, prompting a worldwide scare as no new antibiotics are in the pipeline, particularly for treatment of Gram-negative bacteria. To prevent further development and spread of AMR and to inform empirical treatment guidelines, surveillance of AMR is necessary. OBJECTIVE: We aim to provide a framework for a stepwise approach toward implementation of laboratory-based surveillance for AMR in African countries. METHODS AND RESULTS: Building up a surveillance system is a robust process that begins with a gap analysis in each participating country. This framework provides practical guidance on how to set up surveillance, identify responsibilities and set timelines in sustainable manner for African countries. It addresses sampling strategies, human resources, procurement and maintenance issues for AMR testing at routine clinical and national reference and public health laboratories involved in AMR surveillance. Key issues such as laboratory capacity building, training and continuous education, quality and diagnostic stewardship are discussed in detail. DISCUSSION: There are several priorities for AMR surveillance that need to be addressed in a comprehensive manner at regional and national levels, whilst keeping in line with current and proposed initiatives for laboratory capacity building, in order for African countries to achieve goals for combatting the real and current threat of AMR.

OBJECTIVE: To describe findings from an external quality assessment programme involving laboratories in Africa that routinely investigate epidemic-prone diseases. METHODS: Beginning in 2002, the Regional Office for Africa of the World Health Organization (WHO) invited national public health laboratories and related facilities in Africa to participate in the programme. Three surveys comprising specimens and questionnaires associated with bacterial enteric diseases, bacterial meningitis, plague, tuberculosis and malaria were sent annually to test participants' diagnostic proficiency. Identical surveys were sent to referee laboratories for quality control. Materials were prepared, packaged and shipped in accordance with standard protocols. Findings and reports were due within 30 days. Key methodological decisions and test results were categorized as acceptable or unacceptable on the basis of consensus feedback from referees, using established grading schemes. FINDINGS: Between 2002 and 2009, participation increased from 30 to 48 Member States of the WHO and from 39 to 78 laboratories. Each survey was returned by 64-93% of participants. Mean turnaround time was 25.9 days. For bacterial enteric diseases and meningitis components, bacterial identification was acceptable in 65% and 69% of challenges, respectively, but serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility testing and reporting were frequently unacceptable. Microscopy was acceptable for 73% of plague challenges. Tuberculosis microscopy was satisfactorily performed, with 87% of responses receiving acceptable scores. In the malaria component, 82% of responses received acceptable scores for species identification but only 51% of parasite quantitation scores were acceptable. CONCLUSION: The external quality assessment programme consistently identified certain functional deficiencies requiring strengthening that were present in African public health microbiology laboratories.

OBJETIVO: Describir los resultados de un programa de evaluación externa de la calidad de los laboratorios africanos que investigan habitualmente las enfermedades con tendencia a provocar epidemias. MÉTODOS: En el año 2002, la Oficina Regional para África de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) invitó a los laboratorios nacionales de la sanidad pública así como a los centros relacionados de África a participar en el programa. Con el fin de comprobar la capacidad de diagnóstico de los participantes, se les enviaron anualmente tres encuestas con muestras y cuestionarios relacionados con enfermedades enterobacterianas, meningitis bacteriana, peste, tuberculosis y malaria. Con el fin de realizar un control de calidad, se enviaron las mismas encuestas a los laboratorios evaluadores. Los materiales se prepararon, empaquetaron y enviaron de acuerdo con los protocolos estándar. Los resultados y las encuestas debían estar listos en un plazo de 30 días. Las principales decisiones metodológicas y los resultados de las pruebas se clasificaron como aceptables o inaceptables en base a la respuesta consensuada de los evaluadores por medio de los programas de calificación establecidos. RESULTADOS: La participación aumentó desde 30 hasta 48 Estados Miembros de la OMS y desde 39 hasta 78 laboratorios entre los años 2002 y 2009. Entre un 64 y un 93% de los participantes remitieron cada una de las encuestas y el plazo medio de entrega fue de 25,9 días. En los casos de enfermedades enterobacterianas y de meningitis, la identificación bacteriana fue aceptable en un 65% y un 69% de los casos, respectivamente, si bien las pruebas y los resultados de serotipado y de sensibilidad a los antibióticos fueron, con frecuencia, inaceptables. La microscopía resultó aceptable en el 73% de las pruebas de peste. La microscopía de tuberculosis se realizó de manera satisfactoria: un 87% de las respuestas obtuvo resultados aceptables. En el componente de la malaria, un 82% de las respuestas obtuvieron puntuaciones aceptables en cuanto a la identificación de la especie, pero solo el 51% de las puntuaciones para la cuantificación de parásitos resultó aceptable. CONCLUSIÓN: El programa de evaluación externa de la calidad identificó de manera sistemática algunas deficiencias funcionales que

OBJECTIF: Décrire les résultats d'un programme d'évaluation externe de la qualité impliquant des laboratoires africains étudiant de matière systématique les maladies à potentiel épidémique. MÉTHODES: Dès 2002, le Bureau régional pour l'Afrique de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) a invité les laboratoires de santé publique nationaux et des installations connexes en Afrique à participer au programme. Trois études comprenant des échantillons et des questionnaires associés aux maladies entériques bactériennes, à la méningite bactérienne, à la peste, à la tuberculose et au paludisme ont été envoyés chaque année pour tester la qualité du diagnostic des participants. Des études identiques ont été envoyées à des laboratoires arbitres pour le contrôle de la qualité. Les matériaux ont été préparés, emballés et expédiés conformément aux protocoles standard. Les résultats et les rapports devaient parvenir dans les 30 jours. Les principales décisions méthodologiques et les résultats des tests ont été qualifiés d'acceptables ou d'inacceptables, sur la base des commentaires consensuels des arbitres, utilisant des schémas de notation établis. RÉSULTATS: Entre 2002 et 2009, la participation est passée de 30 à 48 États membres de l'OMS, et de 39 à 78 laboratoires. Chaque étude a été renvoyée par 64 à 93% des participants. Le délai moyen était de 25,9 jours. Pour les maladies entériques bactériennes et les composants de la méningite, l'identification bactérienne était acceptable dans 65% et 69% des tests, respectivement, mais le sérotypage et les tests de sensibilité aux antibiotiques, ainsi que les rapports, étaient souvent inacceptables. La microscopie était acceptable dans 73% des tests de peste. La microscopie de la tuberculose était effectuée de manière satisfaisante, 87% des réponses obtenant des scores acceptables. Dans la composante paludisme, 82% des réponses ont obtenu des scores acceptables pour l'identification des espèces, mais seuls 51% des scores de quantification des parasites étaient acceptables. CONCLUSION: Le programme externe d'évaluation de la qualité a identifié de manière constante certaines déficiences fonctionnelles nécessitant une amélioration, dans les laboratoires de microbiologie du système de santé publique africain.