ABSTRACT Several drugs are available for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Over the last decades, most patients requiring pharmacological intervention were offered antiresorptive drugs as first-line therapy, while anabolic agents were considered a last resource for those with therapeutic failure. However, recent randomized trials in patients with severe osteoporosis have shown that anabolic agents reduce fractures to a greater extent than antiresorptive medications. Additionally, evidence indicates that increases in bone mineral density (BMD) are maximized when patients are treated with anabolic agents first, followed by antiresorptive therapy. This evidence is key, considering that greater increases in BMD during osteoporosis treatment are associated with a more pronounced reduction in fracture risk. Thus, international guidelines have recently proposed an individualized approach to osteoporosis treatment based on fracture risk stratification, in which the stratification risk has been refined to include a category of patients at very high risk of fracture who should be managed with anabolic agents as first-line therapy. In this document, the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Brazilian Association of Bone Assessment and Metabolism propose the definition of very high risk of osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women, for whom anabolic agents should be considered as first-line therapy. This document also reviews the factors associated with increased fracture risk, trials comparing anabolic versus antiresorptive agents, efficacy of anabolic agents in patients who are treatment naïve versus those previously treated with antiresorptive agents, and safety of anabolic agents.

RESUMEN Las esponjas marinas cumplen un gran número de funciones críticas para los arrecifes coralinos. A su vez, las variaciones en la estructura comunitaria de los poríferos pueden indicar cambios en las condiciones ambientales de los ecosistemas donde habitan. Sin embargo, su estudio ha sido escaso en el Caribe de Costa Rica, principalmente en el ámbito ecológico. Por tanto, se evaluó la estructura comunitaria de estos organismos en cuatro parches arrecifales (Perezoso, Pequeño, Coral Garden y el 0,36) y se determinó si podía ser explicada por la sedimentación, el sustrato y la profundidad. Se calculó la abundancia relativa (AR) y la cobertura relativa (CR) para cada especie, la densidad de esponjas e índices de diversidad (riqueza de especies, heterogeneidad de Shannon, equitatividad de Pielou y dominancia de Simpson) para cada sitio de muestreo. Se comparó la similitud entre sitios respecto a las abundancias relativas de esponjas versus sedimentación, sustrato y profundidad. Se encontraron 13 nuevos registros de esponjas para el país. Perezoso presentó la mayor cobertura de esponjas (CR = 6,1 %) compuesta principalmente por Cliona caribbaea (CR = 2,0 %) y con Niphates erecta como especie dominante (AR = 59,3 %). La riqueza de especies aumentó a medida que aumentaba la profundidad en los sitios. Perezoso y Coral Garden mostraron la mayor similitud en cuanto a la abundancia de especies y compartieron a N. erecta, Iotrochota birotulata y Scopalina ruetzleri como las especies más abundantes. Asimismo, compartieron las mayores frecuencias de aparición (40 %) de esponjas perforadoras del género Siphonodictyon y la presencia de la especie bioerosionadora C. caribbaea. La similitud entre Perezoso y Coral Garden podría estar influenciada en mayor medida por la alta disponibilidad de pavimento calcáreo como sustrato predominante (48 < PC % < 67), el cual parece favorecer la abundancia de esponjas heterotróficas y generalistas, así como la de especies perforadoras y bioerosionadoras.

ABSTRACT Marine sponges fulfill many critical functions to coral reefs. In turn, variations in the community structure of the poriferans may indicate changes in the environmental conditions of the ecosystems where they live. However, their study has been scarce in the Caribbean of Costa Rica, mainly in the ecological field. Therefore, the community structure of these organisms was evaluated in four reef patches (Perezoso, Pequeño, Coral Garden, and the 0.36) and it was determined whether it could be explained by sedimentation, substrate, and depth. Relative abundance (RA) and relative coverage (RC) for each species, sponge density, and diversity indices (species richness, Shannon heterogeneity, Pielou's evenness, and Simpson's dominance) were calculated for each sampling site. Similarity between sites was compared to the relative abundance of sponges versus sedimentation, substrate, and depth. 13 new sponge records were found for the country. Perezoso had the highest sponge coverage (RC = 6.1 %) composed mainly by Cliona caribbaea (RC = 2.0 %) and with Niphates erecta as the dominant species (RA = 59.3 %). Species richness increased as site depth increased. Perezoso and Coral Garden showed the biggest similarity in terms of species abundance and shared N. erecta, Iotrochota birotulata and Scopalina ruetzleri as the most abundant species. These sites also shared the highest occurrence frequencies (40 %) of excavating sponges of the genus Siphonodictyon and the presence of the boring species C. caribbaea. Similarity between Perezoso and Coral Garden could be influenced to a greater extent by the high availability of calcareous pavement as a predominant substrate (48 < PC % < 67), which seems to favor the abundance of heterotrophic and generalist sponges, as well as that of excavating species and boring sponges.

Resumen El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo diagnosticar el conocimiento que tiene el estudiantado de décimo nivel sobre hábitos alimenticios y nutrición. Se hace un recuento de la relación entre buena alimentación y los ejes transversales del Programa de Estudio del Tercer Ciclo de Educación General Básica y se considera que la alimentación saludable no debe escapar del ámbito educativo, se deben inculcar los valores y costumbres alimenticias que permitirán al estudiantado desarrollarse de forma óptima en la vida. Se aplicó una encuesta de 13 ítems con alternativas de respuesta cerrada y abierta a 30 estudiantes de décimo año, y a 18 docentes de un Colegio Técnico Profesional de Pérez Zeledón, San José, Costa Rica. Los principales resultados mostraron la poca cultura nutricional que tiene el estudiantado de décimo año en este centro educativo, y el poco compromiso del personal docente para transversalizar en sus clases los hábitos saludables de alimentación.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar um diagnóstico do conhecimento que os alunos de segundo ano do ensino médio possuem sobre hábitos alimentares e nutrição. Para isso, foi feita uma memoria sobre a relação entre a boa nutrição e os temas transversais do Programa de Estudo do Terceiro Ciclo de Ensino Médio e considerou-se que uma alimentação saudável não deve estar separado do campo de educação; deve ser inculcado valores e hábitos alimentares que os estudantes irão aplicar no decorrer de suas vidas. Aplicou-se um questionário com 13 itens com respostas alternativas entre fechadas e abertas a 30 estudantes de segundo ano do ensino médio e a 18 professores de um Colégio Técnico Profissional de Pérez Zeledón, San Jose, Costa Rica Os principais resultados mostraram que os estudantes do segundo ano do ensino médio deste centro educativo tem pouco conhecimento nutricional, e também existe pouco compromisso por parte dos professores em suas aulas para viabilizar os hábitos alimentares saudáveis como um tema transversal.

Abstract The objective of this study was to diagnose the knowledge tenth-grade students have about eating habits and nutrition. This analysis reviews the relation between good nutrition and the transversal axes of the program of study for the third cycle of Costa Rica’s general basic education. Considering that healthy eating should not escape from the educational field, the nutritional values and eating habits should be inculcated to students, so that they can develop optimally in life. A survey containing 13 items with open and closed multiple-choice answers was applied to 30 tenth-grade students, and 18 teachers from a Professional Technical High School located in Pérez Zeledón, San José, Costa Rica. The main results showed the poor nutritional culture of the surveyed students in this educational center, and the lack of commitment of the teachers to mainstream healthy eating habits in their classes.

Abstract: Islas del Rosario and San Bernardo is a National Nature Park that protects coral reefs and mangroves but is increasingly affected by tourism. Between April 2011 and January 2013 we interviewed users of the 16 main submarine trails. The most frequented trail was Ministerio / Acuario mío (23,7 ± 5,7 %); Open Water scuba diving was the main diving certificate among tourists (63,5 ± 4,5 %); 58.6% lacked basic diving experience, and 74% had some type of contact with the corals (mostly hard coral: 0,9 ± 0,05). An average there were 5,39 contacts per diver (scuba). For basic diving there was an average of 0.18 contacts/ min/ diver. Diving causes direct and indirect damages to these ecosystems. Most coral contacts are from inexperienced divers: training the tourists is fundamental.

Resumen: El Parque Nacional Natural Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo, es un lugar que protege arrecifes de coral y manglares, de importancia ecológica, el desarrollo del turismo le ha generado impactos positivos y negativos. Entre abril de 2011 y enero de 2013, entrevistamos a los usuarios de las 16 rutas submarinas principales, con el fin de determinar la dinámica turística en el parque. El sendero más frecuentado fue Ministerio / Acuario mío (23,7 ± 5,7 %); en el sendero Aguas abiertas predomino el buceo certificado y con equipo autónomo (63,5 ± 4,5 %); el 58,6% de los buzos carecía de experiencia básica en esta actividad, y el 74 % tuvieron algún tipo de contacto con los corales (principalmente en corales duros: 0,9 ± 0,05). En promedio obtuvimos 5,39 contactos por buzo en buceo autónomo. En el buceo básico hubo un promedio de 0,18 contactos / min / buzo. El buceo causa afectaciones directas e indirectas en estos ecosistemas. La mayoría de los contactos pueden darse por la falta de experiencia de la persona. Es fundamental la capacitación de los turistas

A Mauritia flexuosa (buriti) é considerada espécie-chave no ambiente de veredas, sendo escassas as informações sobre sua estrutura populacional para subsidiar a elaboração de estratégias de manejo e conservação. Neste trabalho são avaliadas seis populações da espécie em áreas de veredas com diferentes graus de antropização nos municípios de Bela Vista de Goiás, Silvânia e São Miguel do Passa Quatro, GO, na região nuclear do Cerrado brasileiro. Foram coletados dados de altura de 584 indivíduos, desde plântulas até adultos, sendo amostrados 100 indivíduos por população, com exceção de uma, para a qual foram amostrados 84 indivíduos. A maioria das populações estudadas apresentou curvas de distribuição dos indivíduos em classes de altura em forma de J invertido, característica de populações autorregenerativas. A maior proporção de indivíduos mortos ocorreu no menor intervalo de classe de altura, com a maior expectativa de vida no intervalo de classe de altura entre 3,5 m e 7 m.

Mauritia flexuosa (buriti palm) is considered a key species in the swampy environment and little is known about their population structure to support its management and conservation strategies. This work investigated six populations of this species, from swampy areas with different degrees of human disturbance in the municipality of Bela Vista de Goiás, Silvânia and São Miguel do Passa Quatro, GO, in the nuclear region of the Brazilian Cerrado, a savannah-like vegetation. Plant height data were collected from 584 individuals, from seedlings to adults, with 100 sampled individuals per population, excluding one, in which 84 individuals were sampled. Most of the studied populations showed distribution of individuals in plant height classes according to expected inverted-J shaped curve, a self-regenerating population characteristic. The highest proportion of dead individuals occurred in the first height class and the highest life expectancy occurred in the height class with interval from 3.5 m to 7.0 m.