Abstract Active layer and permafrost are important indicators of climate changes in periglacial areas of Antarctica, and the soil thermal regime of Maritime Antarctica is sensitive to the current warming trend. This research aimed to characterize the active layer thermal regime of a patterned ground located at an upper marine terrace in Half Moon Island, during 2015-2018. Temperature and moisture sensors were installed at different soil depths, combined with air temperature, collecting hourly data. Statistical analysis was applied to describe the soil thermal regime and estimate active layer thickness. The thermal regime of the studied soil was typical of periglacial environment, with high variability in temperature and water content in the summer, resulting in frequent freeze-thaw cycles. We detected dominant freezing conditions, whereas soil temperatures increased, and the period of high soil moisture content lasted longer over the years. Active layer thickness varied between the years, reaching a maximum depth in 2018. Permafrost degradation affects soil drainage and triggers erosion in the upper marine terrace, where permafrost occurrence is unlikely. Longer monitoring periods are necessary for a detailed understanding on how current climatic and geomorphic conditions affect the unstable permafrost of low-lying areas of Antarctica (marine terraces). trend Island 20152018. 20152018 2015 2018 2015-2018 depths data environment summer freezethaw freeze thaw cycles increased years unlikely lowlying low lying terraces. terraces . terraces) 2015201 201 2015-201 201520 20 2015-20 20152 2 2015-2 2015-

Abstract Maritime Antarctica is one of the major terrestrial ecosystems dominated by lichens and mosses, which represent important ecological indicators. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the changes in associated communities of mosses-lichens diversity and coverage along a pedoenvironmental gradient on Half Moon Island, Maritime Antarctica. We focused on how patterns in associated communities of mosses-lichens species diversity (richness, species composition and beta diversity) and coverage are associated with soil properties using plant inventory data from 174 plots across 14 contrasting pedoenvironments. The results clearly show marked differences in soil properties along the pedoenvironmental gradient, which determine variations in species composition, richness and coverage. We presumed that these variations are common in Maritime Antarctica owing to varying periglacial processes, weathering degree, parent material and biological influence (especially by penguins and other birds). The community species richness and coverage along the pedoenvironmental gradient differ, nevertheless share common species present in most pedoenvironments, despite differences in coverage. We assume that most of the pedoenvironments are habitats to rare species that occur only under specific soil conditions, additionally promotes high β-diversity between pedoenvironments and low species similarity.

Abstract Southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) are found in the Antarctic. They build their nests with rock fragments, disturbing large areas during incubation and chick feeding periods; however, their impact on vegetation is unknown. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of Petrel nests and associated breeding activities on the diversity and structure of cryptogam communities of Stinker Point, Elephant Island. We selected 13 nests in February and March 2012 and continue the monitoring in 2018. The area of direct influence of breeding activities was photographed to calculate plant community coverage. The results demonstrated that species richness, community coverage and composition, and beta diversity showed significant differences between active and inactive nests. The linear mixed-effect models revealed that the positive effect of nest area mainly caused variation in community coverage, but had a negative effect on beta diversity. Sphaerophorus globosus (lichen) grew around the inactive nests, sometimes forming a ring up to 1 m in diameter. This ring was then surrounded by the Chorisodontium acyphyllum moss colonized by S. globosus, and a final ring of Sanionia uncinata, colonized by the same lichen. Recently constructed nests are generally surrounded by Prasiola crispa and Sanionia uncinata carpets.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a taxa de crescimento folicular e a taxa ovulatória em éguas tratadas com dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (P4) durante o período de 10 dias, associado à utilização de benzoato de estradiol (BE). Os resultados foram comparados durante o período de transição (ET) da primavera com a época de reprodução no verão (ER). As variáveis foram submetidas à ANOVA (teste de Tukey), considerando-se P<0,05. Nenhuma ovulação ocorreu durante a permanência do dispositivo de P4 em ambos os períodos experimentais. A taxa ovulatória na ER foi de 100% (n = 8) e na ET, de 62,5% (n=5; P=0,0547). Diferença significativas (<0,001) foram observadas, em ambos os períodos experimentais, comparando as taxas de crescimento folicular durante a permanência da P4 (ER: 1,33 ± 0,89mm/d; ET: 1,00 ± 0,81mm/d) com o período sem P4 (ER: 3,63 ± 1,33mm/d; ET: 3,31 ± 1,66mm/d). O presente estudo demonstrou aplicabilidade e eficiência do protocolo hormonal utilizando dispositivo intravaginal de P4 e BE para controle folicular de éguas, tanto na ET quanto na ER.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate follicular growth and ovulatory rates in mares treated with an intravaginal progesterone device (P4) during the 10-day period, associated with the use of estradiol benzoate (EB). The results were compared during the transition period (ET) in the spring and the breeding season in the summer (ER). The variables were submitted to ANOVA (Tukey's test), considering P<0.05. No ovulation occurred during the permanence of the P4 implant in both experimental periods. The ovulatory rate in the ER was 100% (n = 8) and in the ET 62.5% (n = 5; P = 0.0547). Significant differences were observed (<0.001), in both periods, comparing follicular growth rates during the permanence of P4 device (ER: 1.33 ± 0.89mm/d; ET: 1.00 ± 0.81mm/d) to the period without P4 (ER: 3.63 ± 1.33 mm/d; ET: 3.31 ± 1.66 mm/d). The present study demonstrated applicability and efficiency of a hormonal protocol using P4 intravaginal device and EB for follicular control in mares, both during ET and ER.

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with various metabolic disorders, and adipokines, secreted by adipose tissue, are involved in their pathogenesis. This study investigated associations between VAT/subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) ratio, inflammatory markers, and cardiovascular (CV) risk-score in adults. Plasma levels of adipokines, plasma lipid profile, blood pressure, and body composition (using dual-emission x-ray absorptiometry) were determined. CV risk-score based on the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) score was calculated in a sample of 309 Brazilian civil servants aged <60 years. Participants' VAT/SAT ratio were categorized into quartiles. Among males, plasma leptin (2.8 ng/mL) and C reactive protein (CRP) (0.2 mg/dL) (P<0.05) levels were higher at P75 and P50 than P5, and the highest calculated CV risk-score was observed at P75 (7.1%). Among females, higher plasma adiponectin levels were observed at P25 (54.3 ng/mL) compared with P75 (36 ng/mL) (P<0.05). Higher plasma CRP levels were observed at P75 (0.4 mg/dL) compared with P5 (0.1 mg/dL) (P<0.05). Higher CV risk-score was observed at P75 (2.0%) compared with P5 (0.7%). In both sexes, VAT and VAT/SAT ratio were directly associated with plasma leptin, CRP, and CV risk-score, and inversely associated with adiponectin; SAT was directly associated with plasma leptin and CRP (P<0.01); interleukin (IL)-10 and CRP were directly associated with adiponectin and leptin, respectively (P<0.05). Among men only, IL-10 (inversely) and CRP (directly) were associated with CV risk-score (P=0.02). Our results strengthened the relevance of the VAT/SAT ratio in cardiovascular risk.

RESUMO Neospora caninum é o principal agente etiológico da neosporose em animais domésticos, e sua patogênese compreende duas fases características: aguda e crônica. Roedores são usados como modelos experimentais para simular neosporose bovina aguda e crônica. Neste estudo, foi inoculado um total de 27 gerbilos, fêmeas, com diferentes doses de taquizoítos de N. caninum, visando induzir doença crônica. O DNA foi extraído de diferentes órgãos de cada animal após a morte espontânea ou a eutanásia. Os tecidos encefálicos foram submetidos à PCR em tempo real de alta sensibilidade para detecção de animais com infecção crônica. Todas as outras amostras foram submetidas à PCR padrão. Um total de 11 gerbilos morreu devido à neosporose aguda, como confirmado pela detecção de DNA de N. caninum nos órgãos. A dosagem de antígeno que pode induzir infecção crônica foi de 5x103 taquizoítos/mL de N. caninum. Em seções do encéfalo de alguns animais, que apresentaram sinais clínicos de infecção persistente, encontraram-se 70% de positividade para a seção do encéfalo anterior, sugerindo essa área como preferencial para a formação de cisto. Assim, foram determinadas,, em gerbilos, as dosagens de taquizoítos capazes de induzir infecção crônica ou aguda, bem como foram detectados tecidos positivos, preferencialmente, em órgãos sistêmicos, na fase aguda, e no encéfalo, na crônica.

ABSTRACT Neospora caninum is the main etiologic agent of neosporosis in domestic animals and its pathogenesis comprises two characteristic phases: acute and chronic. Rodents are used as experimental models to mimic acute and chronic bovine neosporosis. In this study, we inoculated a total of 27 female gerbils, with different doses of N. caninum tachyzoites aiming to induce chronic disease. DNA was extracted from different organs of each animal after spontaneous death or euthanasia. Encephalic tissues were submitted to a highly sensitive real time PCR aiming to detect chronically infected animals. All the other samples were submitted to standard PCR. A total of 11 gerbils died due to acute neosporosis, as confirmed by N. caninum DNA detection in organs. 5x103 tachyzoites/mL of N. caninum was the dosage of antigen that can induce chronic infection in gerbils. In the encephalon sections of some animals that showed clinical signs of persistent infection, we found 70% positive for the anterior encephalon section, suggesting this area as preferential for cyst formation. Therefore, we determined the doses of tachyzoites that cause acute or chronic infection and detection of positive tissues, preferably, systemic organs during acute and encephalon in chronic phases.

RESUMO: Atualmente, no Brasil, existem poucos herbicidas registrados para a cultura do trigo com a finalidade de controle de plantas daninhas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a seletividade do pyroxsulam à cultura do trigo e o controle de Lolium multiflorum. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em campo, em diferentes localidades do Paraná. Nas doses de registro comercial de 15 e 18 g i.a. ha-1, pyroxsulam não causou injúria visual superior a 10% à cultura do trigo. Quando aumentada a dose do produto para 21 a 42 g i.a. ha-1, em Cascavel, ocorreu injúria superior a 10%; contudo, houve recuperação total dos sintomas aos 28 dias após a aplicação. O rendimento de grão de trigo não foi afetado em nenhuma das doses estudadas. O herbicida pyroxsulam aplicado nas doses de 15 ou 18 g i.a. ha-1 proporcionou controle superior a 85% em Lolium multiflorum nos dois experimentos.

ABSTRACT: Few herbicides are currently registered in Brazil for weed control in wheat. The objective of this research was to determine the wheat crop selectivity and the response of Lolium multiflorum to pyroxsulam. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Paraná, Brazil. At the proposed commercial rates of 15 and 18 g a.i. ha-1 pyroxsulam did not cause visual injury above 10% in wheat. Pyroxsulam caused >10% injury in wheat at one location (Cascavel) when applied at 21, 30, 36 and 42 g a.i. ha-1; however, the crop fully recovered from the injury by 28 days after application and did not have an adverse effect on wheat grain yield, regardless of the rate applied. Pyroxsulam applied at 15 or 18 g a.i. ha-1 provided excellent control (>85%) of Lolium multiflorum in both trials.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficiência de diferentes sistemas de manejo com aplicações sequenciais de herbicidas no controle de Conyza spp. Para isso, foram instalados quatro experimentos em campo, sendo dois na região oeste do Paraná (E1 e E2), um em Goiás (E3) e outro no Rio Grande do Sul (E4). A Conyza spp. presente estava com altura entre entre 25 e 60 cm. Os tratamentos foram dispostos no delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados na primeira aplicação em dessecação foram o 2,4-D + glyphosate + diclosulam, chlorimuron-ethyl + glyphosate + 2,4-D e (diclosulam + halauxifen-methyl) + glyphosate em quatro doses. Após 10 dias foram realizadas as aplicações sequenciais dentro de cada tratamento, utilizando os seguintes herbicidas: amônio glufosinato, paraquat e saflufenacil, totalizando 18 tratamentos mais uma testemunha sem aplicação herbicida. Os resultados mostraram em todos os experimentos um controle superior a 90% nos tratamentos contendo diclosulam + halauxifen-methyl + glyphosate aos 35 DAA, independentemente do herbicida aplicado na sequência. Os resultados mostraram ainda que os herbicidas 2,4-D + glyphosate + diclosulam e chlorimuron-ethyl + glyphosate + 2,4-D foram ineficientes no controle de Conyza spp. em E1 e E2, possivelmente pelo tamanho das plantas daninhas (50-60 cm), porém eficientes em E3 e E4 aos 35 DAA, onde as plantas de buva se encontravam menores. O herbicida diclosulam + halauxifen-methyl + glyphosate, associado a amônio-glufosinato, paraquat ou saflufenacil em aplicações sequenciais, mostrou ser uma importante ferramenta para controle de Conyza spp. em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento.

ABSTRACT: The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of different weed management through a burndown application followed by sequential applications of herbicides to control Conyza spp. Thus, four field experiments were conducted, two in the western region of Paraná state (E1 and E2), one in Jataí, Goiás state (E3) and another one in Ibirubá, Rio Grande do Sul state (E4). Conyza spp. in this area had a height ranging between 25 and 60 cm. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The primary herbicide treatments were 2,4-D + glyphosate + diclosulam, chlorimuron-ethyl + glyphosate + 2,4-D, and four doses of diclosulam + halauxifen-methyl + glyphosate. These treatments were applied singly or in sequential applications, made 10 days before the application of ammonium glufosinate, paraquat or saflufenacil. In all experiments, results showed efficient (90%) control of treatments containing diclosulam + halauxifen-methyl in combination with glyphosate on day 35 DAA, regardless of sequential applications. Applications of 2,4-D + glyphosate + diclosulam or chlorimuron-ethyl + glyphosate + 2,4-D were not effective against Conyza spp. at E1 and E2 locations, possibly due to the greater weed size (50 to 60 cm) at these sites. However, the same treatments were effective at E3 and E4 locations, where weeds were smaller. Diclosulam + halauxifen-methyl + glyphosate associated with ammonium glufosinate, paraquat or saflufenacil in sequential applications, proved to be an important tool to manage Conyza spp. at different growth stages.

Abstract Ximenia americana L., Olacaceae, barks are utilized in folk medicine as analgesic and anti-inflammatory. The objective was to evaluate the toxicity and antinociceptive effect of polysaccharides rich fractions from X. americana barks. The fractions were obtained by extraction with NaOH, followed by precipitation with ethanol and fractionation by ion exchange chromatography. They were administered i.v. or p.o. before nociception tests (writhing, formalin, carragenan-induced hypernociception, hot plate), or during 14 days for toxicity assay. The total polysaccharides fraction (TPL-Xa: 8.1% yield) presented 43% carbohydrate (21% uronic acid) and resulted in two main fractions after chromatography (FI: 12%, FII: 22% yield). FII showed better homogeneity/purity, content of 44% carbohydrate, including 39% uronic acid, arabinose and galactose as major monosaccharides, and infrared spectra with peaks in carbohydrate range for COO- groups of uronic acid. TPL-Xa (10 mg/kg) and FII (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) presented inhibitory effect in behavior tests that evaluate nociception induced by chemical and mechanical, but not thermal stimuli. TPL-Xa did not alter parameters of systemic toxicity. In conclusion, polysaccharides rich fractions of X. americana barks inhibit peripheral inflammatory nociception, being well tolerated by animals.

RESUMO Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar o crescimento e desenvolvimento de biótipos de Digitaria insularis suscetível e resistente ao glyphosate. Os biótipos avaliados foram coletados na região oeste do Paraná no município de Cascavel, sendo um suscetível (24o57'29,06" S e 53o30'23,73" W) e um resistente (24o54'54,99" S e 53o30'08,55" W; com fator de resistência de 2,96). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por épocas de coletas das plantas, realizadas em intervalos regulares de 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84, 91, 98, 105 e 112 dias após emergência. A curva de crescimento dos biótipos suscetível e resistente foram semelhantes, porém o suscetível acumulou mais massa seca de folha, enquanto o resistente acumulou mais massa seca de raízes. Os biótipos resistentes apresentaram maior eficiência competitiva e produziram menor quantidade de perfilhos e inflorescências. Considerando um ambiente sem a aplicação do glyphosate, o biótipo resistente de D. insularis não teria vantagens em relação à população original de biótipos suscetíveis, devido ao baixo potencial de produção de biomassa da parte aérea e reprodutivo.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the growth and development of biotypes of Digitaria insularis susceptible and resistant to glyphosate. Samples of biotypes were collected in Western Paraná in Cascavel, one susceptible (24o57'29.06" S and 53o30'23.73" W) and one resistant (24o54'54.99" S and 53o30'08.55" W; with Resistance Factor of 2.96). The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments consisted of different plant collection timings, carried out at regular intervals of 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84, 91, 98, 105 and 112 days after emergence. The growth curve of susceptible and resistant biotypes were similar; however, the susceptible biotypes accumulated more leaf dry mass, while the resistant one accumulated more root dry mass. The resistant biotypes exhibited greater competitive efficiency and produced fewer tillers and inflorescences. The resistant biotype of D. insularis would have advantages over the original population of susceptible biotypes in an environment without application of glyphosate due to the low potential of aboveground biomass production and reproduction.

Os grãos perdidos na colheita de culturas tolerantes ao glyphosate podem originar plantas voluntárias que apresentam restrições ao manejo de dessecação no sistema de plantio direto, bem como causar interferência na cultura sucessora transgênica ou convencional. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o controle do milho voluntário tolerante ao glyphosate em dois estádios de desenvolvimento. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos: um para o controle no estádio V5 e outro para o controle no estádio V8 do milho hibrido triplo 2B688 HR (tolerante a lepidópteros e ao glyphosate). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: haloxyfop (25 g ha-1), haloxyfop (50 g ha-1), haloxyfop (62 g ha-1), haloxyfop + 2,4-D (25 + 670gha-1), haloxyfop + 2,4-D (50 + 670gha-1), haloxyfop + 2,4-D (62 + 670gha-1), haloxyfop + fluroxypyr (25 + 200gha-1), haloxyfop + fluroxypyr (50 + 200gha-1), haloxyfop + fluroxypyr (62 + 200gha-1), clethodim (84gha-1), clethodim + 2,4-D (84 + 670gha-1), clethodim + fluroxypyr (84 + 200 g ha-1) e uma testemunha sem aplicação. As aplicações no estádio V5 do haloxyfop e do clethodim isolados ou em mistura com 2,4-D e com fluroxypyr apresentaram controle máximo (100%) entre 32 e 39 dias após a aplicação, com exceção da mistura haloxyfop +2,4-D (25 + 670 g ha-1) que não promoveu controle satisfatório. Para o estádio V8, as misturas haloxyfop +2,4-D (50+670gha-1) e haloxyfop +2,4-D (62+670gha-1) demoraram até 6 e 10 dias a mais para atingirem controle satisfatório a excelente, quando comparados com as aplicações isoladas do haloxyfop nas mesmas doses, respectivamente. O clethodim aplicado isolado e em mistura com 2,4-D e com fluroxypyr não apresentou controle satisfatório. Concluiu-se que os herbicidas mostraram controle eficiente em aplicações no estádio V5 das plantas do milho voluntário transgênico, com exceção da mistura haloxyfop + 2,4-D (25 + 670gha-1). Para as aplicações no estádio V8, o haloxyfop isolado e em mistura com fluroxypyr foi o que demonstrou controle excelente em todas as doses avaliadas. A mistura com 2,4-D pode reduzir a eficiência do haloxyfop em baixas doses. O clethodim isolado e em mistura com o 2,4-D ou com fluroxypyr não foi eficiente.

The loss of grains during the harvest of glyphosate tolerant corn may generate volunteer plants, which can interfere in the conventional or glyphosate crop in succession. The current work aim to evaluate the control of the volunteer corn glyphosate tolerant under two weed stages. Aimed to evaluate the control of volunteer glyphosate tolerant corn in two stages of development. There were conducted two experiments with hybrid 2B688 HR (lepidoptera and glyphosate tolerant), the application were at V5 and V8 stage. The experiment was randomized block design with four replicates, using the treatments: haloxyfop at 25, 50 and 62 g ha-1 alone and associated with 2,4-D at 670 g ha-1 or fluroxypyr at 200 g ha-1. The standard was clethodim at 84 g ha-1 with 2,4-D and fluroxypyr at same rates. The applications of haloxyfop and clethodim both isolated or in a mixture with 2,4-D and fluroxypyr at V5 stage showed total control (100%) at 32 and 39 days after the application, except for haloxyfop + 2,4-D (25 + 670 g ha-1) mixture, which did not provided adequate control. At V8 stage, haloxyfop + 2,4-D (50 + 670 g ha-1) and haloxyfop + 2,4-D (62 + 670 g ha-1) mixtures took up to 6 and 10 days or longer to reach adequate to excellent control, when compared to haloxyfop isolated applications in the same doses, respectively. Either isolated clethodim or mixed with 2, 4-D and fluroxypyr did not show adequate control. The treatments showed efficient control on volunteer corn plants at V5 stage, except for haloxyfop + 2, 4-D (25 + 670 g ha-1) mixture. At V8 stage applications, haloxyfop either isolated or mixture with fluroxypyr demonstrated excellent control on every evaluated dose. The mixture with 2, 4-D can reduce haloxyfop efficiency at low doses. Clethodim alone or mixed with 2,4-D or furoxypyr did not provide acceptable level of control.

Estudou-se o efeito da endogamia sobre as características sobrevivência (intervalos de 0-30; 30-60; 60-90 e 90-120 dias) e longevidade do escargot da espécie Helix aspersa em três gerações consecutivas de acasalamentos entre irmãos perfeitos. Os animais foram criados em laboratório com temperatura entre 20 e 25ºC e umidade relativa entre 70 a 90%. O menor percentual de sobrevivência ocorreu no primeiro intervalo, mas, com o aumento da endogamia, observou-se diminuição na sobrevivência nos quatro intervalos testados. A longevidade média foi de 314 e 306 dias para as gerações um e três, respectivamente, não tendo sido observados animais em hibernação. O estudo de simulação para o caráter sobrevivência, em função do coeficiente de endogamia, indicou que se deve iniciar uma criação com, pelo menos, 100 reprodutores não aparentados.

The effect of inbreeding on longevity and viability (intervals of 0-30, 30-60, 60-90, and 90-120 days of birth) in three consecutive generations of full sibs of escargot Helix aspersa raised under laboratory conditions (20-25ºC temperature; 70-90% relative humidity) was studied. Inbreeding effects decreased the viability for all the studied intervals. The longevity means were 314 and 306 days, respectively to the first and third generations. Hibernating animals were not observed. Population size of at least 100 non-related mating escargots replaced after 10 generations to avoid inbreeding effect is recommended.

Fruit shelf life (SL) is an important trait in the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) that might be increased by introgressing exotic genes. However, this approach causes a reduction in fruit weight (W). The objective of this research was to analyse the inheritance patterns of both traits in an interspecific cross, in order to subsequently design the appropriate breeding strategy. Plant material included cv. Caimanta, accession LA722 of the exotic S. pimpinellifolium, and their F1, F2, BC I.1 (F1 x LA722) and BC I.2 (Caimanta x F1) generations. The genetic parameters, degree of dominance (d/a), broad sense heritability (H²), and narrow sense heritability (h²) were estimated for SL and W, and the phenotypic (r p) and the genetic (r g) correlations among them were calculated. The d/a were -1 and -0.86, H² were 0.35 and 0.45, and h² were 0 and 0.52, for W and SL respectively. The r p was 0.36 (p < 0.01) and r g was - 0.86. Genetic variance was generated for both fruit weight and shelf life from this interspecific tomato cross, the additive variance component being important for SL but null for W. Also, a strong association among opposite gene effects was detected for both traits.

Una característica importante en tomate cultivado (Solanum lycopersicum) es la vida en estantería de los frutos (VE), que puede ser incrementada por incorporación de genes exóticos. Esta alternativa, sin embargo, implica una reducción en el peso (Pe). El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la herencia de ambos caracteres en un cruzamiento interespecífico, para aplicar luego esta información básica al delineamiento de estrategias de mejoramiento genético. Se utilizaron la cultivar Caimanta, la accesión exótica LA722 (S. pimpinellifolium) y las generaciones F1, F2, BC I.1 (F1 x LA722) y BC I.2 (Caimanta x F1). Se calcularon el grado de dominancia (d/a), la heredabilidad en sentido amplio (H²) y la heredabilidad en sentido estricto (h²) para Pe y VE, así como las correlaciones fenotípica (r f) y genética (r g) entre ellos. El d/a fue -1 y -0,86; H², 0,35 y 0,45; y h², 0 y 0,52, para Pe y VE respectivamente. La r f fue 0,36 (p < 0,01) y r g, - 0,86. Se generó variancia genética para los caracteres Pe y VE a partir de un cruzamiento interespecífico de tomate; el componente de variación aditiva fue importante para VE pero nulo para Pe, con una asociación fuerte entre efectos génicos opuestos para estos caracteres.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a atividade microbiana e o potencial de solubilização de fosfato inorgânico em solos cultivados com soja sob diferentes manejos fitossanitários. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo câmbico. Foram avaliados dez tratamentos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação ou não da mistura de inseticida (endossulfan) + fungicida (tebuconazole) e, nas subparcelas, o efeito dos métodos de controle de plantas daninhas (testemunha não capinada, testemunha capinada, aplicação única de glyphosate, aplicação sequencial de glyphosate e aplicação única de fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butil). Amostras de solo da entrelinha da cultura foram coletadas quando as plantas atingiram o estádio R2, para avaliação de taxa respiratória, biomassa microbiana, quociente metabólico, potencial de solubilização de fosfato inorgânico e potencial hidrogeniônico do solo. Quanto à taxa respiratória do solo, não se observaram alterações com a utilização dos diferentes manejos fitossanitários. Os herbicidas avaliados interferiram em características como o CBM e qCO2 - variáveis diretamente relacionadas à qualidade do solo. O glyphosate aplicado em dose única ou sequencial associado ou não com endossulfan + tebuconazole apresentou os menores valores de qCO2 (0,075 - 0,079 mg mg-1 d-1 ) e os maiores de CBM (239,64 - 312,82 mg g-1), indicando menor grau de distúrbio do solo. Maiores atividades de solubilização de fosfato (425 e 472 mg L-1) foram observadas nos tratamentos com aplicação única ou sequencial de glyphosate, respectivamente, sem combinação com endossulfan + tebuconazole. A aplicação dos agrotóxicos na parte aérea das plantas de soja interfere na atividade dos microrganismos associados à rizosfera.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the microbial activity and phosphate solubilization potential of a soil cultivated with soybean under different phytosanitary management strategies. The experiment was conducted in the field in a Cambic red-yellow Argisol. Ten treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The effect of fungicide + herbicide application (endosulphan + tebuconazole) was evaluated in the plots, while weed control management was studied in the subplots (hoed or unhoed control; single-dose or sequential glyphosate application; single-dose fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butil application). Soil samples from the inter-row were collected when plants reached the R2 stage and were used to measure soil respiratory rate, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), metabolic quotient (qCO2), phosphate solubilization potential, and pH. The phyto-sanitary management strategies evaluated did not affect soil respiratory rates. The herbicides tested influenced soil MBC and qCO2, variables directly related to soil quality. Glyphosate applied in a single dose or sequentially, either in combination with endosulphan + tebuconazole or not, led to lower qCO2 values (0.075-0.079 mg μg-1 d-1) and higher MBC (239.64 - 312.82 μg g-1), indicating less soil disturbance. Higher phosphate solubilizing activity, 425 and 472 mg L-1 , were observed for the treatments with single-dose or sequential application of glyphosate, respectively, in the absence of endosulfan + tebuconazole. Agrochemical application on soybean shoots affects the activity of soil microorganisms in the plant rhizosphere.

Os ácidos orgânicos provenientes da decomposição da matéria orgânica, da exsudação radicular e do metabolismo de microrganismos, possuem importante papel na melhoria das condições físicas e químicas do solo. Entretanto, sua eficiência está relacionada à qualidade e à forma dos ácidos orgânicos e à sua interação com colóides do solo. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos ácidos orgânicos de alto e baixo peso molecular na alteração de propriedades físicas e químicas de solos, foram coletados materiais de horizontes B de quatro Latossolos e um Plintossolo, e C de Neossolo Quartzarênico. Para isso, foram utilizadas doses de ácidos cítricos e oxálicos de 0, 1, 3, 9 e 18 mmol L-1; e para os ácidos húmicos, doses de 0,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 10,0 g kg-1, num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado seguindo um esquema fatorial de 6 x 3 x 5 (solo, ácido e dose), com três repetições. As doses utilizadas foram de 0, 1, 3, 9 e 18 mmol L-1 para os ácidos cítrico e oxálico e, para os ácidos húmicos, de 0,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0; e 10,0 g kg-1. As unidades experimentais foram compostas de 25 cm³ de TFSA, colocadas em cilindros de PVC (2,0 cm de altura por 4,0 cm de diâmetro). Estas foram mantidas em câmaras isotérmicas a 30 °C e submetidas a ciclos de umedecimento e secagem de três dias, por sete ciclos. Ao final do experimento foram determinados o teor de argila dispersa em água, a resistência à penetração e os teores de Fe e Al por oxalato ácido de amônio. Os resultados mostraram que o conteúdo de argila dispersa variou com o tipo e dose dos ácidos orgânicos, textura e mineralogia dos solos, indicando que aqueles goethíticos apresentaram maior resistência à dispersão que os hematíticos, e estes, por sua vez, maior resistência que os gibbsíticos. Com relação aos ácidos, foi observado que os de cadeia curta promoveram maior dispersão e resistência à penetração que os ácidos de cadeia longa, podendo-se estabelecer a seguinte ordem, de acordo com seu efeito: ácido cítrico > ácido oxálico > ácidos húmicos. O conteúdo de argila dispersa em água mostrou ser o principal fator responsável pelo aumento da resistência à penetração.

The organic acids from the organic matter decomposition, root exudation and microbial activity, play an important role on physical and chemical soil conditions. However their efficiency is conditioned to the quality and kind of organic acids and interactions with the soil mineral surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of humic and organic acids of high and low molecular weight on the physical and chemical properties of B horizons of four Oxisols and one Plinthustult, and a C horizon of Quartzipsamment. A completely randomized 6x3x5 factorial design (soils x organic acids x dose) was used, with 3 replications. The following organic acid rates were applied: 0, 1, 3, 9 and 18 mM citric and oxalic acid and 0.0; 2.0; 4.0; 6.0 and 10.0 g kg-1 humic acids. The experimental units consisted of 25 cm³ of air-dried fine-earth fraction in PVC cylinders (2.0 cm height and 4.0 cm diameter), subjected to moistening and drying cycles in an isothermal chamber at 30 °C, for three days, in seven cycles. The water dispersible clay, penetration resistance and ammonium oxalate-extracted Fe and Al were determined. The contents of water dispersible clay were variable, related to the rate and type of organic acids, and also to soil texture and mineralogy. Thus, the dispersion resistance of the goethitic was higher than of the hematitic soils, which was in turn higher than of the gibbsitic soils. Moreover, organic acids of low molecular weight resulted in higher dispersion and penetration resistance than those of high molecular weight, in the following sequence: citric acid ³ oxalic acid > humic acid. The content of water dispersible clay proved to be an important factor in the increase of penetration resistance.