RESUMO Introdução: A pandemia causada pelo SARS-CoV-2 teve início no ano de 2020 e ocasionou mudanças importantes no número de transplantes realizados nos hospitais e nos protocolos de admissão de candidatos para realização do procedimento. A Associação Brasileira de Transplante de Órgãos (ABTO) recomendava não realizar transplante de doadores com infecção COVID-19 ativa, teste positivo ou com Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave. As repercussões hepáticas relacionadas a COVID-19 são apresentadas em alguns relatos presentes na literatura médica. Estão bem documentadas as alterações hepáticas decorrentes de outros coronavírus tais como SARS-CoV e MERS-CoV. O Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas é um centro terciário que realiza transplantes de órgãos sólidos. Objetivos: Realizar a análise retrospectiva descritiva perioperatória dos transplantes hepáticos no contexto da pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 realizados no hospital das clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas no período de março de 2020 a julho de 2021. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo de coorte longitudinal baseado na revisão dos prontuários dos pacientes submetidos ao transplante hepático no contexto da pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 no período de março de 2020 a julho de 2021 no hospital de clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Resultados: A análise retrospectiva foi realizada em 57 pacientes no período. Apenas 1 paciente precisou ser excluído por ter menos de 18 anos. Dos 56 pacientes, 52 realizaram coleta do exame laboratorial RT-PCR e tomografia (TC) de tórax. Desses 52 pacientes apenas 2 positivaram o exame, um pré transplante (TX) e um no pós-operatório (pós-op). Em relação às TC de tórax nenhuma apresentava alterações típicas para COVID pré-TX, no pós-op 4 pacientes apresentaram TC típicas. A média de idade foi de 55,86 anos. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 38% e nenhum óbito foi atribuído ao COVID 19. A escala de MELDNa média foi de 20,94. Conclusão: O presente estudo realizado no Hospital de Clínicas da Unicamp analisou a associação clínica, laboratorial e radiológica para melhor elucidar as variáveis determinadas pela COVID-19 no seu diagnóstico e manejo intra-hospitalar. Conclui-se que a pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 teve impacto na rotina de realização do transplante hepático mundialmente e no serviço no qual o estudo foi realizado. Introdução SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV SARS-CoV- 202 procedimento ABTO (ABTO COVID19 19 COVID-1 ativa Grave médica MERSCoV. MERSCoV MERS CoV. MERS-CoV sólidos Objetivos Métodos retrospectivo Resultados 5 anos RTPCR RT PCR (TC TX (TX pósoperatório pós operatório pósop. pósop op . (pós-op) préTX, préTX TX, pré-TX 5586 55 86 55,8 38 2094 20 94 20,94 Conclusão clínica intrahospitalar. intrahospitalar intra hospitalar. hospitalar intra-hospitalar Concluise Conclui se COVID1 COVID- (pós-op 558 8 55, 3 209 9 20,9 20,

ABSTRACT Introduction SARS-CoV-2 began in 2020 and caused important changes in the number of transplants performed in hospitals and in the protocols for admitting candidates to perform the procedure. The Brazilian Association of Organ Transplantation (ABTO) recommends not performing transplants from donors with active COVID-19 infection, positive test results or with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. The hepatic repercussions related to COVID-19 are presented in some reports in the medical literature. Liver changes resulting from other corona viruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are well documented. The Hospital de Clínicas of the State University of Campinas is a tertiary center that performs solid organ transplants. Objectives: To carry out a perioperative, retrospective, descriptive analysis of liver transplants in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic carried out at the Hospital das Clínicas of the State University of Campinas from March 2020 to July 2021. Materials and Methods: Retrospective, descriptive, longitudinal cohort study based on the review of medical records of patients undergoing liver transplantation in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from March 2020 to July 2021 at the clinical hospital of the State University of Campinas. Results: Retrospective analysis was performed on 57 patients in the period. Only 1 patient needed to be excluded because he was under 18 years old. Of the 56 patients, 52 underwent RT-PCR laboratory testing and chest tomography (CT). Of these 52 patients, only 2 tested positive, one pre-transplant (TX) and one post-operatively (post-op). Regarding chest CT scans, none of them showed typical changes for COVID pre-TX, in the post-op 4 patients presented typical chest CT scans. The average age was 55.86 years. The mortality rate was 38% and no deaths were attributed to COVID 19. The average MELD-Na scale was 20.94. Conclusion: The present study carried out at the Hospital de Clínicas da Unicamp analyzed the clinical, laboratory and radiological association to better elucidate the variables determined by COVID-19 in its diagnosis and in-hospital management. It is concluded that the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had an impact on the routine of liver transplantation worldwide and on the service in which the study was carried out. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV SARS-CoV- 202 procedure ABTO (ABTO COVID19 19 COVID-1 infection Syndrome literature MERSCoV MERS documented Objectives perioperative retrospective Methods Results 5 period old RTPCR RT PCR CT. . (CT) pretransplant pre transplant TX (TX postoperatively post operatively postop. postop op (post-op) scans preTX, preTX TX, pre-TX 5586 55 86 55.8 38 MELDNa MELD Na 2094 20 94 20.94 Conclusion inhospital management COVID1 COVID- (CT (post-op 558 8 55. 3 209 9 20.9 20.

Resumo A gestão integrada de nutrientes é uma forma promissora de evitar a escassez de nutrientes nas plantas devido à relação positiva entre a biodisponibilidade de nutrientes e o maior interesse econômico na sua aplicação, por meio de corretivos orgânicos e aplicação microbiana. Para examinar como o composto, o carvão e o rizóbio, influenciam o desenvolvimento do milho, foi montada uma experiência num recipiente. Além das quantidades adequadas de azoto, fósforo e potássio, o solo nos vasos atribuídos foi tratado com 50 ml de rizóbio, 5 toneladas de composto e 2,5 toneladas de biocarvão antes de as sementes de milho serem plantadas. Um total de 9 tratamentos (com 3 repetições cada) foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado para este experimento. Vários dados agronômicos, químicos e fisiológicos foram medidos e registrados após a colheita da cultura, 110 dias após a semeadura. Os resultados mostraram que quando biochar, composto e rizóbio foram aplicados juntos, a biomassa fresca da raiz aumentou 43,4%, a biomassa seca da raiz aumentou 38,3% e o comprimento da parte aérea aumentou 61,7%, em comparação com o tratamento controle. O conteúdo de clorofila (41,3% maior), a taxa fotossintética (58,5% maior), a taxa de transpiração (64,4% maior), o rendimento quântico (32,6% maior) e a condutividade estomática (25,3% maior) foram todos significativamente melhorados em comparação com o controle. Os níveis de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio no solo também melhoraram com este tratamento em comparação com o controle. O uso combinado de biocarvão, composto e rizóbio foi mais bem sucedido do que qualquer um dos componentes utilizados individualmente no aumento da produtividade do milho. Com base nas descobertas do nosso estudo, a integração de rizóbio, biocarvão e composto num tratamento unificado mostrou uma melhoria substancial tanto no crescimento como no rendimento do milho. microbiana recipiente azoto 25 2 2, plantadas cada experimento agronômicos cultura 11 semeadura biochar juntos 434 43 4 43,4% 383 38 38,3 617 61 7 61,7% controle 41,3% 413 41 (41,3 maior, , 58,5% 585 58 (58,5 64,4% 644 64 (64,4 32,6% 326 32 6 (32,6 25,3% 253 (25,3 nitrogênio estudo 1 43,4 38, 61,7 41,3 (41, 58,5 (58, 64,4 (64, 32,6 (32, 25,3 (25, 43, 61, 41, (41 58, (58 64, (64 32, (32 25, (25 (4 (5 (6 (3 (2 (

Abstract Integrated nutrient management is a promising way to avoid plant nutrient shortages because of the positive relationship between the bioavailability of nutrients and greater economic interest in their application through organic amendments and microbial application. To examine how compost, charcoal, and rhizobium influence maize development, an experiment was set up in a container. In addition to the appropriate amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, the soil in the allotted pots was treated with 50 ml of rhizobium, 5 tonnes of compost, and 2.5 tonnes of biochar before maize seeds were planted. A total of nine treatments (with three replicates each) were arranged in a completely randomized design for this experiment. Various agronomic, chemical, and physiological data were measured and recorded after the crop was harvested 110 days after sowing. The results showed that when biochar, compost, and rhizobium were applied together, the root fresh biomass rose by 43.4%, the root dry biomass increased by 38.3%, and the shoot length increased by 61.7%, compared to the control treatment. Chlorophyll content (41.3% higher), photosynthetic rate (58.5% higher), transpiration rate (64.4% higher), quantum yield (32.6% higher), and stomatal conductivity (25.3% higher) were all significantly improved compared to the control. Soil levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were also improved with this treatment compared to the control. The combined use of biochar, compost, and rhizobium was more successful than any of the components used individually in boosting maize yields. Based on the findings of our study, the integration of rhizobium, biochar, and compost within a unified treatment shown a substantial enhancement in both the growth and yield of maize. charcoal development container nitrogen phosphorous 25 2 2. planted each agronomic chemical 11 sowing together 434 43 4 43.4% 383 38 3 38.3% 617 61 7 61.7% 41.3% 413 41 (41.3 higher, higher , 58.5% 585 58 (58.5 64.4% 644 64 (64.4 32.6% 326 32 6 (32.6 25.3% 253 (25.3 phosphorus yields study 1 43.4 38.3 61.7 41.3 (41. 58.5 (58. 64.4 (64. 32.6 (32. 25.3 (25. 43. 38. 61. 41. (41 58. (58 64. (64 32. (32 25. (25 (4 (5 (6 (3 (2 (

Resumo O consumo de produtos com alto valor nutricional e capacidade antioxidante tem aumentado notavelmente nos últimos anos. Devido a problemas de saúde, como triglicerídeos e problemas cardiovasculares, seu uso está cada vez mais reduzido. Assim, a chia (Salvia hispanica) e o sachatomato (Cyphomandra betacea) têm ganhado interesse como alternativa para o desenvolvimento de produtos nutracêuticos, em comparação aos produtos convencionais. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o efeito da substituição parcial da manga (Mangifera indica) e da chia moída (Salvia hispanica) na capacidade antioxidante na elaboração de néctar à base de Sachatomate. As características físico-químicas foram determinadas onde a amostra 11 atende aos parâmetros estabelecidos: 13,4° Brix, pH 4,323, 0,354 de C6-H8-O7 e viscosidade 3967,3 mPas, conforme norma NTP 203.110. Quanto à capacidade antioxidante, a amostra 12 foi a mais ótima, de acordo com o método DPPH, foram determinados 104,3 micromoles equivalentes de Trolox; de acordo com o método ABTS, foi determinado um teor antioxidante de 187,4 micromoles equivalentes de Trolox. Em relação à avaliação química proximal, a amostra 12 foi considerada a mais adequada, com percentual de umidade de 87,45%, cinzas 0,32%, fibra bruta 0,09%, gordura 0,10%, proteína 0,45% e carboidratos 11,59%. Concluir que a substituição do sachatomato pela chia moída influencia significativamente a capacidade antioxidante, aumentando para 104,3 e 187,4 micromoles equivalentes de Trolox, determinados por ambos os métodos, indica que o consumo de néctar pode ser utilizado para melhorar a saúde dos consumidores. anos cardiovasculares reduzido Assim Salvia hispanica Cyphomandra betacea nutracêuticos convencionais Mangifera Sachatomate físicoquímicas físico químicas 1 estabelecidos 134 13 4 13,4 Brix 4323 323 4,323 0354 0 354 0,35 C6H8O7 CHO C6 H8 O7 C H C6-H8-O 39673 3967 3 3967, mPas 203110 203 110 203.110 ótima DPPH 1043 104 104, Trolox ABTS 1874 187 187, proximal adequada 8745 87 45 87,45% 032 32 0,32% 009 09 0,09% 010 10 0,10% 045 0,45 1159 59 11,59% métodos consumidores 13, 432 4,32 035 35 0,3 C6H8O 396 20311 20 203.11 18 874 8 87,45 03 0,32 00 0,09 01 0,10 04 0,4 115 5 11,59 43 4,3 0, 39 2031 2 203.1 87,4 0,0 0,1 11,5 4, 203. 87, 11,

Abstract The consumption of products with high nutritional value and antioxidant capacity has increased notably in recent years. Due to health problems such as triglycerides and cardiovascular problems, its use is becoming reduced. So that, chia (Salvia hispánica) and sachatomate (Cyphomandra betacea) have gained interest as an alternative to develop nutraceutical products, compared to conventional products. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the partial substitution of mango (Mangifera indica) and ground chia (Salvia hispánica) on the antioxidant capacity in the elaboration of nectar based on Sachatomate. The physicochemical characteristics were determined where sample 11 complies with the established parameters: 13.4° Brix, pH 4.323, 0.354 of C6-H8-O7 and viscosity 3967.3 mPas, according to the NTP 203.110 standard. Regarding the antioxidant capacity, sample 12 was the most optimal, according to the DPPH method, it has been determined 104.3 micromoles Trolox equivalents; according to the ABTS method, it was determined with an antioxidant content of 187.4 micromoles Trolox equivalents. Regarding the proximal chemical evaluation, sample 12 was determined to be the most suitable with a moisture percentage of 87.45%, ash 0.32%, crude fiber 0.09%, fat 0.10%, protein 0.45% and carbohydrates 11.59%. Concluding that substituting sachatomate and ground chia significantly influences the antioxidant capacity, increasing to 104.3 and 187.4 micromoles Trolox equivalents, determined by both methods, indicates that nectar consumption can be used to improve the health of consumers. years reduced Salvia hispánica Cyphomandra betacea Mangifera indica Sachatomate 1 parameters 134 13 4 13.4 Brix 4323 323 4.323 0354 0 354 0.35 C6H8O7 CHO C6 H8 O7 C H O C6-H8-O 39673 3967 3 3967. mPas 203110 203 110 203.11 standard optimal method 1043 104 104. equivalents 1874 187 187. evaluation 8745 87 45 87.45% 032 32 0.32% 009 09 0.09% 010 10 0.10% 045 0.45 1159 59 11.59% methods consumers 13. 432 4.32 035 35 0.3 C6H8O 396 20311 20 203.1 18 874 8 87.45 03 0.32 00 0.09 01 0.10 04 0.4 115 5 11.59 43 4.3 0. 39 2031 2 203. 87.4 0.0 0.1 11.5 4. 87. 11.

RESUMO Introdução: A literatura existente apresenta perspectivas variadas sobre o impacto da COVID-19 em receptores de transplante de fígado. No entanto, nenhuma pesquisa investigou especificamente o papel das diferenças de gênero na manifestação da COVID-19 entre os receptores de transplante de fígado. Este estudo pretende examinar os efeitos da COVID-19 em receptores de transplante de fígado, com foco nas diferenças de gênero na apresentação e progressão da doença. Métodos: Conduzida como um estudo de coorte histórico multicêntrico, esta pesquisa coletou registros de pacientes por meio de um questionário on-line. O principal objetivo foi avaliar a mortalidade relacionada à COVID. Além disso, foram coletados dados demográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais relativos à apresentação e progressão da doença. Resultados: O estudo incluiu um total de 283 pacientes, sendo 76 do sexo feminino e 206 do sexo masculino. O período médio de acompanhamento para os homens foi de 99 dias (IQR 38-283), enquanto para as mulheres foi de 126 dias (IQR 44-291). Foi observada uma maior prevalência de doença cardiovascular nos homens (p=0,002). As mulheres frequentemente apresentavam perda de olfato (p=0,021), enquanto os homens geralmente apresentavam febre (p=0,031). Os níveis de ALT e gama-glutamil transferase foram significativamente elevados nos homens (p=0,008 e 0,004, respectivamente). Embora tenha havido uma tendência de aumento da mortalidade nos homens, ela não alcançou significância estatística. Conclusão: Este estudo é a primeira tentativa de investigar as diferenças de gênero na COVID-19 entre os receptores de transplante de fígado. Nossos achados destacam a necessidade de uma abordagem abrangente e personalizada para tratar essa população de pacientes e ressaltam a importância de elucidar melhor a apresentação da doença nesses indivíduos. Introdução COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 fígado entanto Métodos multicêntrico online. online on line. line on-line disso demográficos Resultados 28 7 20 masculino 9 IQR 38283, 38283 38 , 38-283) 12 44291. 44291 44 291 . 44-291) p=0,002. p0002 p p=0,002 0 002 (p=0,002) p=0,021, p0021 p=0,021 021 (p=0,021) p=0,031. p0031 p=0,031 031 (p=0,031) gamaglutamil gama glutamil p=0,008 p0008 008 (p=0,00 0004 004 0,004 respectivamente. respectivamente respectivamente) estatística Conclusão indivíduos COVID1 1 COVID- 2 3828 3 38-283 4429 4 29 44-291 p000 p=0,00 00 (p=0,002 p002 p=0,02 02 (p=0,021 p003 p=0,03 03 (p=0,031 (p=0,0 000 0,00 382 38-28 442 44-29 p00 p=0,0 (p=0,02 (p=0,03 (p=0, 0,0 38-2 44-2 p0 p=0, (p=0 0, 38- 44- p=0 (p= p= (p

ABSTRACT Introduction: Existing literature presents varying perspectives on the impact of COVID-19 on liver transplant recipients. However, no research has specifically investigated the role of gender differences in the manifestation of COVID-19 among liver transplant recipients. This study aims to examine the effects of COVID-19 on liver transplant recipients, with a focus on gender differences in disease presentation and progression. Methods: Conducted as a multicenter historical cohort study, this research collected patient records through an online questionnaire. Assessing COVID-related mortality was the main objective. Additionally, demographic, clinical, and laboratory data pertaining to disease presentation and progression were collected. Results: The study included a total of 283 patients, of whom 76 were female and 206 were male. The median follow-up period for males was 99 days (IQR 38-283), while for females, it was 126 days (IQR 44-291). A higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease was observed in males (p=0.002). Females frequently experienced a loss of smell (p=0.021), whereas males commonly exhibited fever (p=0.031). Levels of ALT and gamma-glutamyl transferase were significantly elevated in males (p=0.008 and 0.004, respectively). Although there was a trend towards increased mortality in males, it did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: This study is the first attempt to investigate gender differences in COVID-19 among liver transplant recipients. Our findings highlight the need for a comprehensive and personalised approach to treating this patient population and underscore the importance of further elucidating the disease presentation in these individuals. Introduction COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 recipients However Methods questionnaire COVIDrelated related objective Additionally demographic clinical Results 28 patients 7 20 male followup follow up 9 IQR 38283, 38283 38 , 38-283) females 12 44291. 44291 44 291 . 44-291) p=0.002. p0002 p p=0.002 0 002 (p=0.002) p=0.021, p0021 p=0.021 021 (p=0.021) p=0.031. p0031 p=0.031 031 (p=0.031) gammaglutamyl gamma glutamyl p=0.008 p0008 008 (p=0.00 0004 004 0.004 respectively. respectively respectively) significance Conclusion individuals COVID1 1 COVID- 2 3828 3 38-283 4429 4 29 44-291 p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.002 p002 p=0.02 02 (p=0.021 p003 p=0.03 03 (p=0.031 (p=0.0 000 0.00 382 38-28 442 44-29 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.02 (p=0.03 (p=0. 0.0 38-2 44-2 p0 p=0. (p=0 0. 38- 44- p=0 (p= p= (p

Abstract The COVID-19 epidemic has led to changes in the culture of communication. The solution to health problems is assertive when it is consensual. The Delphi method, a tool for agreement, uses rounds of question lists to gather information from the knowledge of a panel of experts who discuss approaches and possible solutions to problems. It is based on the premise that, with the freedom of anonymity, combined intelligence improves individual judgment and captures collective expert opinion. The process of the method is very flexible since the rounds of questions can be carried out in person or remotely. In this article, we describe how to implement the conventional Delphi method in times of confinement, analyze the usefulness and limitations of the method for use by health experts to solve treatment, diagnostic or administrative problems. Current technologies for collecting data allow great flexibility in the format of questionnaires and facilitate the collection of expert opinion. Thanks to its adaptability, the Delphi method is becoming a popular strategy that involves both qualitative and quantitative domains.

La epidemia de COVID-19 ha modificado la cultura de la comunicación. La solución para los problemas de salud puede ser asertiva cuando es consensuada. El método Delphi es una herramienta de consenso que emplea rondas de listas de preguntas para recopilar información del conocimiento de un panel de expertos que analizan planteamientos y posibles soluciones a problemas. Se basa en la premisa de que, con la libertad del anonimato, la inteligencia combinada mejora el juicio individual y captura la opinión colectiva experta. El proceso del método es muy flexible, pues las rondas de preguntas pueden realizarse de manera presencial o remota. En este artículo se describe cómo implementar el método Delphi convencional en tiempos de confinamiento, y se analizan la utilidad y las limitaciones del método para su uso por expertos en salud para la resolución de problemas de tratamiento, diagnóstico o administrativos. Las tecnologías actuales para recolectar los datos permiten gran flexibilidad en el formato de los cuestionarios y facilitan la recopilación de la opinión experta. Gracias a su adaptabilidad, el método Delphi se está convirtiendo en una estrategia popular que involucra los ámbitos cualitativo y cuantitativo.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the effect of the consumption of peel flour or pulp flour from two varieties of Solanum tuberosum (Yungay potato and Canchán potato) on the accumulation of adipose tissue, organ weight, and oxidative stress in the liver of rats. We carried out an experimental study in 24 obese Holtzman rats, divided into four groups and subjected to diets containing 10% flour from both varieties of potato. The groups were T1: Yungay peel; T2: Yungay pulp; T3: Canchán peel; and T4: Canchán pulp. When the study was completed, all the animals were slaughtered to record the weights of organs and adipose tissue and to extract samples to determine the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver. The group of obese rats that consumed the pulp of the Yungay variety had less oxidative stress in the liver. Also, regardless of the tuber part consumed, this variety reduced the weight of the kidneys.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto del consumo de harina de cáscara o harina de pulpa de dos variedades de Solanum tuberosum (papa Yungay y papa Canchán) sobre la acumulación de tejido adiposo, peso de órganos y estrés oxidativo en hígado de ratas realizamos un estudio experimental en 24 ratas Holtzman obesas, divididos en cuatro grupos y, sometidas a dietas que contenían 10% de harina de las dos variedades de papa. Los grupos fueron T1: cáscara Yungay, T2: pulpa Yungay; T3: cáscara Canchán; y T4: pulpa Canchán. Al finalizar, se sacrificaron todos los animales para registrar los pesos de órganos y tejido adiposo, y extraer muestras para determinar la actividad enzimática de superóxido dismutasa y catalasa en el hígado. El grupo de ratas obesas que consumió pulpa de variedad Yungay tuvo menor estrés oxidativo en el hígado; además, independientemente de la parte de tubérculo consumido, esta variedad redujo el peso de los riñones.

Surgical Engineering Society conducted a research, the First Review as the pioneers in LATAM, since year 2015, which develops the topic of the latest Medical Robotics technologies created in North América, Europe and Asia, which are imported to apply in the Healthcare System of Peru and Latin America. The robotic systems for surgery, rehabilitation and assistance are presented covering the description of control design and technical specifications. Besides, the patient management using robots is analyzed with diagnosis, prognosis and treatment tools. The process to evaluate the new inventions of robotic devices and bring to the market is introduced where three stages are shown as the following: innovation, regulatory affairs and biomedical application. Moreover, there is a high percentage of population with disability in Latin America, therefore, it is necessary that more biomedical scientists be specialized in robotics to start developing new ideas to improve the patient management. Finally, the new technologies created in Latin America must be affordable, simply and efficient in order to support the healthcare economic situation in the continent and give the best quality standards to improve treatment outcomes on patients.

Surgical Engineering Society realizó una investigación, la primera revisión como pioneros en LATAM, desde el año 2015, que desarrolla el tema de las últimas tecnologías de robótica médica creadas en América del Norte, Europa y Asia, que se importan para aplicarlas en el sistema de salud de Perú y América Latina Los sistemas robóticos para cirugía, rehabilitación y asistencia se presentan cubriendo la descripción del diseño del control y las especificaciones técnicas. Además, el manejo del paciente mediante robots se analiza con herramientas de diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento. El proceso para evaluar los nuevos inventos de los dispositivos robóticos y llevarlo al mercado se introduce donde en las tres etapas que se muestran a continuación: innovación, asuntos regulatorios y aplicación biomédica. Además, hay un alto porcentaje de población con discapacidad en América Latina, por lo tanto, es necesario que más científicos biomédicos se especialicen en robótica para comenzar a desarrollar nuevas ideas y mejorar el manejo del paciente. Finalmente, las nuevas tecnologías creadas en América Latina deben ser asequibles, simples y eficientes para apoyar la situación económica de la atención médica en el continente y brindar los mejores estándares de calidad para mejorar los resultados del tratamiento en los pacientes.

Abstract The zero-mean oscillatory flow of a liquid metal in an alternate magnetohydrodynamic electric generator is explored analytically. The flow, confined in a two-dimensional insulating wall duct under a transverse magnetic field, is driven by an externally imposed oscillatory pressure gradient. The flow behaviour is analyzed in two different regions. First, asymptotic solutions for low and high oscillating frequencies in the uniform magnetic field region far from the magnet edges, are used to explore the phase lag produced by the Lorentz force between the velocity and the axial pressure gradient. In addition, the entrance flow region where the oscillatory fluid motion interacts with the non-uniform magnetic field is studied. A perturbation analysis of the boundary layer flow in this region reveals that non-linear effects lead to the appearance of steady streaming vortices superimposed on the harmonic flow. The influence of these vortices on the performance of the generator is analyzed.

Abstract: The progress of the study on the estimation and forecast of air pollution in Lima-Peru is presented and discussed. This work presents the study of the reduction of atmospheric pollutants (PM10, MP2.5, CO, SO2 and NOx), reduction of patients, cost reduction due to health, due to the use of natural gas in Metropolitan Lima by 2040. A detailed study of the vehicle fleet considering the entry of natural gas into the energy matrix since 2004, of patients due to atmospheric pollution, expenses associated with people's health, then emission calculations were carried out using the emission factors as the main tool in this study and forecasts were made by statistical calculations to 2040. It was concluded with an investment proposal to the conversion of the automotive fleet to natural gas getting favorably the reduction of patients, cost for health for the state, and reduction of air pollution.

Resumen: Este trabajo presenta el estudio de la reducción de los contaminantes atmosféricos (MP10, MP2.5, CO, SO2 y NOx) por el uso del gas natural. Se analiza el impacto en el sector salud (reducción de enfermos por vías respiratorias), en el sector económico (reducción de costo de inasistencia laboral y costo por atención por salud), en Lima Metropolitana al 2040. Se realizó un estudio detallado del parque automotor considerando el ingreso del gas natural en la matriz energética desde el año 2004, de enfermos por contaminación atmosférica, gastos asociados a la salud de las personas, luego se realizaron cálculos de emisiones mediante los factores de emisión como herramienta principal en este estudio y se realizaron los pronósticos mediante los cálculos estadísticos al 2040. Se concluyó con una propuesta de inversión a la conversión del parque automotor hacia el gas natural consiguiendo favorablemente la reducción de enfermos por vías respiratorias, de costo por salud para el estado, y reducción de la contaminación atmosférica.

In this study, the effect of relevant variables (availability of food and cavities, competition, predation, and hunting pressure) on the relative abundance and population density of the spotted lowland paca (Cuniculus paca) was assessed. In addition, habitat use of this species at three sites with different land use regime (Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, community reserves, and anthropic sites) in the Lacandon Rainforest, Chiapas, Mexico was analysed. From the perspective of the source-sink systems, it was predicted that pacas selectively would use the habitat with higher food and cavity availability (source habitats), where higher densities were expected. Twelve transects were located in three sites with different land use regimes, where food availability and potential cavities used by pacas were assessed. Along these transects, 4 camera-traps were deployed every 200 meters to estimate the relative abundance of pacas and their potential competitors and predators. Photo-captured individuals were identified to estimate population density and seasonal variation in habitat use. Generalized linear models (GLM) were constructed to analyse the effects of several variables on paca abundance and density. A relative abundance of 0.05 and 0.08 paca photographs/100 camera-days were recorded in the dry and the rainy season, respectively. A density of 54 pacas/km2 was estimated in both seasons. The availability of cavities was the only variable that showed a significant effect on paca density (P = 0.04 for the dry season, and P = 0.006 for the rainy season). Community reserves were used in the dry season more than expected from their availability in the study area (x2 = 28.8; P = 0.0001). In the rainy season, all three sites were used by paca in proportion to their availability. Our results suggest that the cavities used as refuges by pacas drive their population dynamics, and constitute a key habitat resource for them in the study area. We propose that the Ejidal Reserve and Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve may be source habitats supporting higher paca densities and greater availability of adequate cavities to protect adults and their offspring. On the other hand, areas transformed into croplands and grasslands for livestock production would represent sink habitats with lower paca densities, less availability of adequate cavities, and absence of offspring. The long-term conservation and habitat management of pacas in transformed landscapes will probably rely on the distribution and connectivity between and within the different habitat types available in the study area.

En este estudio, se evaluó el efecto de variables (disponibilidad de alimento y cavidades, competencia, depredación y presión de cacería) sobre la abundancia y densidad poblacional de Cuniculus paca. Se determinó el uso de hábitat de esta especie en tres sitios con distinto uso de suelo (Reserva de la Biosfera Montes Azules, reservas ejidales y sitios antrópicos) en la Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, México. Desde la perspectiva de los sistemas fuente-sumidero, se propuso que C.paca utilizaría selectivamente el hábitat con mayor disponibilidad de alimento y cavidades (hábitats fuente), donde presentaría mayor densidad poblacional. Se realizaron 12 transectos en tres sitios con diferente uso de suelo, donde se estimó la disponibilidad de alimento y cavidades potenciales para C. paca. A lo largo de éstos, se colocaron 4 trampas-cámara (cada 200 m) para determinar la abundancia relativa del tepezcuintle, sus competidores potenciales y depredadores. Por medio de la identificación de individuos a través de las foto capturas, se obtuvo la densidad, misma con la que se determinó el uso de hábitat por medio de pruebas de chi-cuadrada e intervalos de Bonferroni. Se construyeron modelos lineales generalizados para analizar el efecto de diversas variables sobre la abundancia y densidad de C. paca. En temporada seca se registraron 0.05 fotografías/100 días-cámara y en la de lluvias 0.08 fotografías/100 días-cámara, además de una densidad de 54 individuos/km2 en ambas temporadas. La disponibilidad de cavidades fue la única variable que mostró efecto significativo sobre las densidades del tepezcuintle (P = 0.04 temporada seca, P = 0.006 temporada de lluvias). Las reservas ejidales en temporada seca, se utilizaron más de lo esperado con base en su disponibilidad (X2 = 28.8; P = 0.0001). En la temporada lluviosa, los tres hábitats fueron utilizados en proporción a su disponibilidad. Los resultados sugieren que las cavidades utilizadas como refugio estarían direccionando las dinámicas poblacionales del tepezcuintle y son un recurso clave dentro de los requerimientos de hábitat de esta especie en la zona de estudio. Se propone que la Reserva Ejidal y la Reserva de la Biósfera Montes Azules podrían considerarse hábitat fuente, ya que ambos contaron con mayor disponibilidad de cavidades adecuadas para la protección de los adultos y sus crías, mayores densidades, además de la presencia de crías tomada como indicador del éxito reproductivo. Por su parte, el hábitat antrópico sería sumidero, por tener menor disponibilidad de cavidades adecuadas, menor densidad poblacional y ausencia de crías. La conservación a largo plazo y manejo de hábitat del tepezcuintle en paisajes transformados, dependerán en gran parte de la distribución y conectividad entre y dentro de los diferentes tipos de hábitats.

Abstract There is currently no consensus on the factors that determine the onset of fatigue. There are some factors that are derived exclusively from the physical effort, others that depend on the mental effort due to physical effort, and some others on the feedback provided by the task being performed. As a result, we have developed different explanatory models that seek to combine the different reasons for its occurrence. Nevertheless, the current trend is to understand fatigue as a complex motivational state whose origin occurs in many physiological and psychological processes that serve to regulate the effort and protect the body from serious damage. The aims of this narrative review are to analyze the different existing approaches to the study and explanation of fatigue, establish the link with the concept of training load and justify the importance of evaluating the impact of mental load to achieve a proper planning and a training process control.

Resumo Atualmente não existe consenso sobre os fatores que determinam o aparecimento da fadiga. Existem fatores que são derivados exclusivamente do esforço físico, outros que dependem do esforço mental que ela traz, e outros resultados da tarefa executada. Como consequência, tem-se desenvolvido diferentes modelos explicativos que procuram combinar as diferentes razões para a sua ocorrência. No entanto, a tendência atual é entender a fadiga como um estado motivacional complexo, cuja origem ocorre em muitos processos fisiológicos e psicológicos que servem para regular o esforço e proteger o corpo de danos graves. Os objetivos da presente revisão narrativa são analisar as diferentes abordagens existentes para o estudo e explicação da fadiga, estabelecer a ligação com o conceito de carga de treinamento e justificar a importância de se avaliar o impacto da carga mental para alcançar um planejamento adequado e controle de processo de treinamento.

Resumen Actualmente no existe consenso sobre los factores que determinan la aparición de la fatiga. Hay factores que se derivan exclusivamente del esfuerzo físico, otros que dependen del esfuerzo mental que este lleva aparejado, y otros de los resultados de la tarea que se está realizando. Como consecuencia, se han desarrollado diferentes modelos explicativos que pretenden aunar las diferentes razones de su aparición. No obstante, la tendencia actual es entender la fatiga como un estado motivacional complejo cuyo origen tiene lugar en numerosos procesos fisiológicos y psicológicos que sirven para regular el esfuerzo y proteger al organismo de daños graves. Los objetivos de la presente revisión narrativa son analizar los diferentes enfoques existentes para el estudio y la explicación de la fatiga, establecer el vínculo con el concepto de carga de entrenamiento y justificar la importancia de evaluar las repercusiones de la carga mental para conseguir una adecuada planificación y control del proceso de entrenamiento.

Abstract: In vitro propagation of guava (Psidium guajava L.) shoots by direct organogenesis is an alternative to quickly obtain productive plants. This work optimized a protocol for in vitro regeneration from apexes and nodal segments of five different guava genotypes with high commercial potential Paluma 12 (PM12), Paluma 6 (PM6), 17-06, Roja Exterior Redonda (RER) and Roja Chapeada Grande (CHRG). The effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PPVP) was evaluated as an antioxidant. Genotypes RER and CHRG showed low phenolization problems of 10 y 0 %, respectively. In the multiplication phase, genotypes PM6 and PM12 showed the best results when their shoots were grown on Murashige y Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 BAP and 30 mg L-1 adenine; meanwhile var. 17-06 developed better by addition of 15 mg L-1 of adenine sulfate. Addition of 40 mg L-1 of adenine sulfate resulted in the best treatment for vars. RER and CHRG. Rooting was induced by 24 h of shoot incubation on MS medium supplemented with 2.54 mg L-1 IAA for var. 17-06, while IBA at 1.34 mg L-1 induced rooting in cvs. PM6 and RER; IBA concentration had to be increased to 2.94 mg L-1 for better rooting in var. CHRG and PM12.

Resumen: La propagación in vitro mediante organogénesis directa de brotes de guayabo (Psidium guajava L.) constituye una alternativa para la rápida obtención de plantas productivas. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo optimizar un protocolo de regeneración in vitro a partir de ápices y segmentos nodales de cinco genotipos de guayabo con alto potencial comercial Paluma 12 (PM12), Paluma 6 (PM6), 17-06, Roja Exterior Redonda (RER) y Roja Chapeada Grande (CHRG). Se evaluó la adición de polivinilpirrolidona (PVPP) en el medio de cultivo como agente antioxidante. Los genotipos RER y CHRG presentaron menor número de brotes, con 10 y 0 % de fenolización. En la fase de multiplicación de propágulos los mejores resultados fueron obtenidos cuando los brotes se desarrollaron en el medio Murashige y Skoog (MS) con el suplemento de 0.5 mg L-1 de BAP y con 30 mg L-1 de adenina para los genotipos PM6 y PM12, mientras que el genotipo 17-06 tuvo mejor desarrollo con la adición de 15 mg L-1 de sulfato de adenina. La adición de 40 mg L-1 de sulfato de adenina representó el mejor tratamiento para los genotipos RER y CHRG. El enraizamiento se indujo satisfactoriamente mediante la incubación de los brotes durante 24 h en medio MS suplementado con 2.54 mg L-1 de AIA para el genotipo 17-06, con 1.34 mg L-1 de AIB para los genotipos PM6 y RER, y con 2.94 de AIB para los genotipos CHRG y PM12.

Abstract: The studies of cavities used as refuges are necessary to develop effective management and conservation plans for native wildlife species and their habitats. There are no previous studies about the variables that influence the use of cavities by pacas (Cuniculus paca) in the Lacandon Rainforest of Chiapas, Mexico. The aims of this study were to identify distinctive characteristics of cavities used by pacas and to verify if these rodents used the cavities in proportion to their availability. We studied 3 sites with different land use where 42 cavities potentially used by pacas were detected and characterized, the presence of pacas was confirmed in 24 cavities using camera traps. The differences between cavities with and without paca presence were analyzed. In the study area, pacas used cavities underneath roots and inside fallen logs in secondary and riparian vegetation that were within 100 m from water bodies. Pacas are considerably tolerant to anthropogenic disturbances such as land use change, thereby easily adapting to fragmented landscapes.

Resumen: Los estudios sobre cavidades utilizadas como refugio son necesarios para desarrollar planes efectivos de manejo y conservación de las especies silvestres y sus hábitats. Las variables que influyen en el uso de las cavidades por parte del tepezcuintle (Cuniculus paca) en la Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, México, aún no han sido estudiadas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las características distintivas de las cavidades que son utilizadas por el tepezcuintle y verificar si las utiliza en proporción a su disponibilidad en 3 sitios con diferente uso de suelo. Se detectaron y caracterizaron 42 cavidades que potencialmente fueron utilizadas por esta especie. Con ayuda de cámaras trampa, la presencia de C. paca fue verificada en 24 cavidades. Se analizaron las diferencias entre las cavidades con presencia y ausencia de tepezcuintle. En el área de estudio, esta especie utiliza cavidades bajo raíces de árboles en pie y dentro de troncos tirados que se encuentran a menos de 100 m de distancia de cuerpos y corrientes de agua, en vegetación secundaria y ribereña. El tepezcuintle es considerablemente tolerante a alteraciones antrópicas y a los cambios de uso de suelo, adaptándose fácilmente a la fragmentación del paisaje.

This paper presents a statistical analysis of the characteristics of the entrepreneur supported by the Private Equity/Venture Capital Funds in Mexico, and it uses the data gathered by a national survey answered by such funds. The contribution of this work consists in the use of Conglomerate Analysis on the theoretical constructs identified by the literature as elements of the Entrepreneur Profile and measured via the survey with Likert type scales to highlight the importance that the different funds assign to each construct in the evaluation of candidates to receive their funding. While similar studies have described the Entrepreneur Profile from alternative perspectives, the originality of the present one consists in classifying the funds based on the Profile of the Entrepreneurs they support with their investments.

Este artículo presenta un análisis estadístico de las características de los emprendedores apoyados por Fondos de Capital Privado/Capital Emprendedor (FCP's) en México, y para ello utiliza la información obtenida a través de una encuesta nacional respondida por los últimos. La contribución de este trabajo consiste en utilizar la técnica de Análisis de Conglomerados sobre los constructos teóricos identificados en la literatura como elementos del Perfi del Emprendedor y medidos por la encuesta con escalas tipo Likert, para destacar la importancia que los distintos FCP's asignan a cada constructo durante la evaluación de los candidatos a recibir financiamiento. Aunque estudios similares han descrito el Perfi del Emprendedor desde perspectivas alternativas, la originalidad del presente artículo consiste en clasifi los FCP's con base en el perfi de los emprendedores a quienes apoyan con sus inversiones.