Abstract This paper presents the results of the archaeological, bioanthropological and archaeobotanical analysis of Arroyo de la Palma 1 site, located in the Copina area, south of Punilla Department, Córdoba Province, Argentina. The analysis focused on technologies, the consumption of plant species, and the health and lifestyles of two adult male individuals (dated to 2707 ± 61 14C years BP and 680 ± 40 14C years BP) recovered in association with millstone structures and knapped lithic material. Both individuals present several lesions of infectious, congenital, and degenerative origin. Lithic analysis indicates the presence of 34 grinding structures and some lithics artifacts. Archaeobotanical analysis enabled the morphotypes found to be related to the presence of wild plants in the first individual, and both wild and cultivated in the second one. In summary, results indicate a multipurpose site where activities related to the domestic and funerary sphere, the continuity in the consumption and handling of wild vegetables, and the processing of local raw materials were performed for more than two thousand years.

Resumen Se presentan los resultados de diversas líneas de análisis arqueológico y bioantropológico de un sitio arqueológico ubicado en la zona de Copina, sur del departamento de Punilla (Córdoba, Argentina). Los análisis se centran en las prácticas tecnológicas, el manejo de especies vegetales, la salud y los modos de vida de dos individuos adultos masculinos, fechados en 2707 ± 61 14C años AP y 680 ± 40 14C años AP, que se encontraron en asociación a estructuras de molienda y material lítico tallado. Para ambos individuos, se identificaron diversas lesiones de origen infeccioso, congénito y degenerativo. Los análisis líticos indican la presencia de 34 estructuras de molienda y otros artefactos líticos tallados; mientras que los estudios de microrrestos vegetales contenidos en el tártaro dental revelaron la presencia de plantas silvestres en el primer individuo y tanto silvestres como cultivadas en el segundo. En síntesis, el conjunto de estos hallazgos permite interpretar que se trata de un sitio multipropósito, donde se conjugaron, durante más de dos mil años, actividades vinculadas al ámbito doméstico y funerario, la continuidad en el consumo y manipulación de vegetales silvestres y de procesamiento de materias primas locales.

ABSTRACT The aim of this population-based study is to analyze the association of loneliness and physical health, pain, health-related quality of life, mental health, cognitive performance, morbidity, and use of health services. Based on the census, a stratified random sampling was chosen. A telephone interview was conducted with 2,060 people over 65 years old, using the GHQ-12 and the COOP-Wonca. An association of loneliness with General Mental Health (GHQ-12) was found, OR = 1.43 (1.34, 1.52) and depression, OR = 2.34 (1.54, 3.53). In cognitive performance the highest effect variable was “memory problems disturb your daily life”, OR = 3.11 (1.25, 7.72); illnesses-related variables: the highest effect variables were perception of health status, OR = 1.37 (1.13, 1. 67) and quality of life (COOP-Wonca), OR = 3.03 (2.32, 3.94); pain-related variables: the highest effect variables were non-localized pain, OR = 2.67 (1.87, 3.83) and arthritis/arthrosis, OR = 1.94 (1.38, 2.72); impaired vision, OR = 2. 62 (1.84, 3.73) and hearing, OR = 1.81 (1.21, 2.72). It is concluded that loneliness is a complex phenomenon associated with variables of different nature. This fact should be taken into account at the time of planning possible solutions.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio poblacional es analizar la asociación de la soledad no deseada (SND) con salud física, dolor, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, salud mental, rendimiento cognitivo, morbilidad y uso de servicios de salud. Recurriendo al censo, se realizó un muestreo aleatorio estratificado en Madrid. Se llevó a cabo una entrevista telefónica a 2,060 mayores de 65 años utilizando el GHQ-12 y el COOP-Wonca. Encontramos asociación de la SND y la salud mental general (GHQ-12), OR = 1.43 (1.34, 1.52) y depresión, OR = 2.34 (1.54, 3.53). En rendimiento cognitivo, la variable de mayor efecto fue “los problemas de memoria alteran su vida cotidiana”, OR = 3.11 (1.25, 7.72); variables relacionadas con enfermedad: las de mayor efecto fueron “percepción del estado de salud”, OR = 1.37 (1.13, 1.67) y calidad de vida (COOP-Wonca), OR = 3.03 (2.32, 3.94); variables de dolor: dolor general, OR = 2.67 (1.87, 3.83) y artritis/artrosis, OR = 1.94 (1.38, 2.72); dificultades para ver, OR = 2.62 (1.84, 3.73) y oír, OR = 1.81 (1.21, 2.72). Se concluye que la SND es una situación compleja, lo que debe considerarse al programar soluciones que sean efectivas.

Background: Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (Ph-MPN) are chronic hematological disorders characterized by the overproduction of one or more mature myeloid blood cell lineages. Classical Ph-MPN are polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytopenia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Aim: To assess the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic characteristics of Ph-MPN in Chile. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of all patients referred as MPN from 2012 to 2017. Patients with (9;21) translocation were excluded. Results: Data of 462 cases with a median age of 69 years from 10 public hospitals was reviewed. ET was the most frequently Ph-MNP found. The incidence of Ph-MPN was 1.5 x 100.000 cases. The JAK2 V617F mutation study was performed in 96% of patients and only 30% had a bone marrow biopsy. Thrombotic events were observed in 29% of patients. Bleeding events were observed in 7%. Five-year overall survival was 87%. Conclusions: ET is the most frequent Ph-MPN. The mean incidence was lower than reported in the literature, in part because of a sub diagnosis.

Nas famílias e comunidades mapuche do sul do Chile, há conhecimento geográfico e territorial com uma base epistêmica na memória social dos kimches (sábios). O referencial é a geografia humana, para entender a dinâmica e os processos de mudanças na ocupação do território, territorialidade e produto da territorialização de uma construção social. A metodologia é a pesquisa educacional, para descrever e entender o conhecimento sobre geografia e território na construção histórica e social. Os resultados mostram que práticas históricas, ecológicas, políticas, socioculturais e espirituais constituem conteúdos educacionais centrais na educação familiar mapuche. Concluímos que esses são conteúdos desejáveis a serem incorporados na educação escolar de estudantes mapuche e não mapuche, em uma perspectiva de educação intercultural, para formar cidadãos que respeitem a diversidade sociocultural e ambiental.

Social kimche (sage) memory epistemic-based geographic and territorial knowledge occurs in southern Chile Mapuche families and communities. The referential is human geography, to understand the dynamics and change processes of territory occupation, territoriality and the product of social construction territorialization. The methodology is educational research, to describe and understand knowledge concerning geography and territory in historical and social constructions. The results indicate that historical, ecological, political, sociocultural and spiritual practices constitute central educational content in Mapuche family education. We conclude that these are desirable contents to be incorporated into the school education of Mapuche and non-Mapuche students, in an intercultural education perspective, to form citizens who respect socio-cultural diversity and the environment.

En las familias y comunidades mapuches del Sur de Chile existen conocimientos geográficos y territoriales con base epistémica en la memoria social de kimches (sabios). El marco de referencia es la geografía humana, para comprender las dinámicas y procesos de cambios en la ocupación del territorio, la territorialidad y territorialización producto de una construcción social. La metodología es la investigación educativa, para describir y comprender los conocimientos sobre geografía y territorio en tanto construcción histórica y social. Los resultados muestran que las dimensiones históricas, ecológicas, políticas, las prácticas socioculturales y espirituales, constituyen contenidos educativos centrales en la educación familiar mapuche. Concluimos que estos son contenidos deseables de incorporar a la educación escolar de estudiantes mapuches y no mapuches, en una perspectiva de educación intercultural, para formar ciudadanos respetuosos con la diversidad sociocultural y el medioambiente.

Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging of the skull of a 13-year-old male patient with craniopharyngioma is presented.

Resumen: Se presentan las imágenes de resonancia magnética de cráneo de un paciente masculino de 13 años de edad con craneofaringioma.

Abstract Loneliness is a growing phenomenon in our contemporary societies. Although loneliness is an immemorial human topic, in the current times, marked by a globalized hyper-consumerism, it has reached unprecedented scales in cultural history. This work collects and discusses the reflections on the theme of essential and representative thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries around contemporary solitude. The methodology has an interdisciplinary epistemological base, it is qualitative, panoramic and chronological. The results allow to identify the edges of the problem as well as the elements of sociocultural change involved. The findings can be useful for scholars of the various social and human disciplines.

Resumen La soledad es un fenómeno creciente en nuestras sociedades contemporáneas. Si bien se trata de un asunto humano inmemorial, en los tiempos actuales, marcados por un hiperconsumismo globalizado, ha alcanzado escalas sin precedentes en la historia cultural. Este trabajo recoge y discute las reflexiones de pensadores esenciales y representativos de los siglos XX y XXI en torno a la soledad contemporánea La metodología tiene una base epistemológica interdisciplinar, es cualitativa, panorámica y cronológica. Los resultados permiten identificar las aristas del problema, así como los elementos del cambio sociocultural implicados. Los hallazgos pueden resultar provechosos para estudiosos de las diversas disciplinas sociales y humanas.

Background: Cytogenetic abnormalities observed in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) are an important prognostic factor for risk stratification. Aim: To investigate karyotype characteristics and frequency of the high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities t(4;14), t(14;16) and del(17p) in Chilean patients with MM. Material and Methods: We studied 30 patients with MM by conventional cytogenetics (CC) and fluorescent in situ hybridization of plasma cells selected using cytoplasmic immunoglobulin staining (cIg-FISH). Results: Overall, the two techniques in combination allowed us to identify clonal genetic abnormalities in 47% of patients. The t(4;14) abnormality was observed in 19% of patients, del(17p) was observed in 10% of patients, and t(14;16) was not detected. Conclusions: Our results showed frequencies of high-risk abnormalities similar to those reported abroad. Cytogenetic studies should be performed routinely for all MM patients at the moment of diagnosis.

Background: Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is uncommon, aggressive and has a different biology than multiple myeloma (MM). Aim: To report the features of patients with pPCL. Material and Methods: Review of databases of the Hematology Department and the Hematology laboratory. Results: Of 178 patients with monoclonal gammopathies, five (2.8%) patients aged 33 to 64 years (three females) had a pPCL. The mean hemoglobin was 7.3 g/dL, the mean white blood cell count was 52,500/mm3, with 58% plasma cells, and the mean platelet count was 83,600/mm3. The mean bone marrow infiltration was 89%, LDH was 2,003 IU/L, serum calcium was 13 mg/dL, and creatinine 1.5 mg/dL. Two patients had bone lesions. Three were IgG, one IgA lambda and one lambda light chain. CD20 was positive in one, CD56 was negative in all and CD117 was negative in 3 cases. By conventional cytogenetic analysis, two had a complex karyotype. By Fluorescence in situ Hybridization, one was positive for TP53 and another for t (11; 14). One patient did not receive any treatment, three patients received VTD PACE and one CTD. None underwent transplant. Three patients are alive. The mean survival was 14 months. Conclusions: These patients with pPCL were younger and had a more aggressive clinical outcome than in multiple myeloma.

High-grade B-cell lymphomas with rearrangement of MYC, BCL-2 and/or BCL-6 were introduced by the update of the WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms. They usually present unique morphological and molecular characteristics, with an aggressive clinical outcome and worse prognosis. We report a 48 year-old female patient presenting with B symptoms and enlarged lymph nodes. Blood count showed pancytopenia and peripheral blood smears showed large lymphoid cells, some with nuclei and vacuoles. LDH was 3524 g/L and serum calcium was 11.5 mg/dL. Flow cytometry immunophenotyping showed pathological mature B lymphocytes. Protein electrophoresis showed a slight monoclonal peak. The biopsy disclosed a triple expressor diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, arising from germinal center. FISH was positive for MYC, BCL-2 and BCL-6 (triple hit) with a clonal evolution. Conventional cytogenetics showed a complex karyotype. Chemotherapy was started with R-CHOP (Rituximab/cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine/prednisone). She developed impaired consciousness; the brain CT scan showed a large brain mass. The patient died within 3 weeks.

T cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare and aggressive mature T cell Lymphocyte Leukemia. Twenty five percent of cases present as a small cell variant, and only 5% as a cerebriform variant. We report a 58 year-old man with rapidly progressive severe leukocytosis, skin lesions, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and pleural effusion. The lymphocytes had a cerebriform type. The diagnosis of T-PLL variant was made by morphology and immunophenotype study of peripheral blood. Karyotype was found to be complex. He was refractory to chemotherapy and died two months later.

La amazonia colombiana posee una gran diversidad biológica de especies vegetales cultivadas y silvestres, cuya potencialidad de uso y abundancia hace que sean identificadas como fuente importante de compuestos bioactivos. Esto representa una gran oportunidad para las diferentes ramas de la ingeniería (química, mecánica y alimentos) para la innovación y el desarrollo de productos y tecnología novedosos para la industria alimenticia, cosmética y farmacéutica, entre otras. Este artículo presenta experiencias al abordar, desde el ejercicio de la ingeniería, el problema del aprovechamiento sostenible de la biodiversidad en la región amazónica colombiana.

Colombian amazon has a wide biologic diversity, with silvester and cultured species which use potential and abundance identified them as an important bioactive compounds source. That represents a wide opportunity to innovate and develop processes and technologies in different engineering fields (chemical, mechanical and food engineering). This paper presents experiences when the problem of sustainable use of biodiversity is tackled from engineering in the Colombian amazonic region.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the knowledge, perceptions, and behavior related to the consumption of salt and sodium in food and its relationship to health and the nutritional labeling of food in three countries of the Region. METHODS: Qualitative-exploratory study based on semi-structured interviews, according to the categories of the Health Belief Model. Thirty-four interviews and six focus groups were conducted with community leaders (71 total respondents) in rural and urban areas of Argentina, Costa Rica, and Ecuador. RESULTS: Salt consumption varies in the rural and urban areas of the three countries. Most interviewees felt that food could not be consumed unsalted and that only people who consume an excessive amount of salt would have health risks. They did not know that processed food contains salt and sodium. Although they did not measure the amount of aggregate salt in foods, the participants believed that they consumed little salt and did not perceive that their health was at risk. The majority of the participants did not review nutritional information, and those who did said that they did not understand it. CONCLUSIONS: There is public awareness about salt, but not about the term "sodium." More salt and sodium are consumed than what is reported and there are no prospects of reducing that consumption. Although it is understood that excessive consumption of salt is a health risk, participants do not perceive that they are at risk. Replacing the word "sodium" with the word "salt" would facilitate food selection.

OBJETIVO: Identificar los conocimientos, percepciones y comportamientos relacionados con el consumo de la sal y el sodio alimentarios y su relación con la salud y el etiquetado nutricional de los alimentos, en tres países de la Región. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo-exploratorio basado en entrevistas semiestructuradas, según las categorías del modelo de creencias en salud. Se realizaron 34 entrevistas y 6 grupos focales con líderes comunales (71 informantes en total) en áreas rurales y urbanas de Argentina, Costa Rica y Ecuador. RESULTADOS: El consumo de sal varía en las áreas rurales y urbanas de los tres países. Para la mayoría de los entrevistados, los alimentos no se podrían consumir sin sal y solo las personas que consumen una cantidad excesiva de sal tendrían riesgos para la salud. Se desconoce que los alimentos procesados contienen sal y sodio. Aunque no medían la cantidad de sal agregada a las comidas, los participantes consideraban que consumían poca sal y no percibían su salud en riesgo. La mayoría de los informantes no revisaba la información nutricional y los que lo hacían manifestaron no comprenderla. CONCLUSIONES: Existe un conocimiento popular en relación con la sal, no así con el término "sodio". Se consume más sal y sodio de lo informado y no hay perspectivas de reducción. Aunque se sabe que el consumo excesivo de sal representa un riesgo para la salud, no se perciben en riesgo. El reemplazo de la palabra sodio por sal facilitaría la elección de los alimentos.

La Atorvastatina es usada en el tratamiento de hiperlipidemias por su acción de inhibición de la 3-Hidroxi-3-Metilglutaril Coenzima A reductasa. Adicionalmente, se ha demostrado que pueden reducir el estrés oxidativo y la susceptibilidad de la LDL-C a la oxidación. Considerando estos efectos pleiotrópicos de la Atorvastatina, se propuso esta investigación con el Objetivo: Evaluar el posible efecto antioxidante de la Atorvastatina, sobre los niveles séricos de α-Tocoferol y Retinol en individuos hiperlipémicos. Metodología: previo consentimiento informado, a 30 individuos hiperlipidémicos, se les determino el perfil lipídico, (enzimático-colorimétrico) y vitaminas A y E (HPLC) antes y después de tratamiento por un corto período (7 días) con dosis diferentes de Atorvastatina según criterio médico. Resultados: el tratamiento con 10 mg disminuyó significativamente los Triglicéridos, el Colesterol Total y LDL-C, (p=0.0308), (p=0.031) y (p=0.0193), con un incremento del 2,26% en las HDL-C. La dosis de 20 mg intensificó significativamente el efecto mencionado para los triglicéridos, Colesterol total y LDL-C (p=0.0211), (p=0.0001) y (p=0.0001) respectivamente. Los valores de Vitaminas A y E presentaron un incremento significativo con la dosis de 20 mg. Conclusión: el tratamiento con Atorvastatina a las dosis de 10 y 20 mg disminuyó Triglicéridos, el Colesterol Total y LDL-C en una forma dosis-dependiente. Este efecto y el incremento de las vitaminas A y E reflejan no sólo un efecto hipolipidemiante, sino además a un efecto pleiotrópico, en este caso antioxidante.

The Atorvastatin is used in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia owing its action of inhibition 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Additionally, they have showed to reduce oxidative stress and the susceptibility of LDL-C to oxidation. Considering these pleiotropic effects of Atorvastatin this research was proposed with the Objective: To evaluate the possible antioxidant effect of the Atorvastatin on the serum levels of α-Tocopherol and Retinol in hyperlipidemia individuals. Methodology: prior informed consent, 30 individuals with hyperlipidemia, was analyzed for lipid profile (enzymatic-colorimetric) and vitamins A and E (HPLC) before and after short-term treatment (7 days) with different doses of Atorvastatin. Results: Treatment with 10 mg significantly decreased triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-C, (p = 0.0308), (p = 0.031) and (p = 0.0193), an increase of 2.26% in HDL-C. The dose of 20 mg intensified significantly the mentioned effect, triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-C (p = 0.0211), (p = 0.0001) and (p = 0.0001), respectively. The values of Vitamins A and E showed a significantly increase with dose of 20 mg. Conclusion: Treatment with Atorvastatin at doses of either 10 or 20 mg decreased triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-C in a dose-dependent manner. The effect and the increase of Vitamin A and E levels could reflect not only a lipid lowering effect, but also a pleiotrópico, in this case antioxidant effect.

Introducción: el síndrome CADASIL (Cerebral Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephlopathy) es una microangiopatía no amiloidea, no ateromatosa que se transmite en forma autosómica dominante y cuyas principales manifestaciones clínicas ocurren a nivel cerebral. Su diagnóstico requiere criterios clínicos, imagenológicos y genéticos moleculares. Material y método: se estudiaron anatomopatológicamente mediante biopsia de piel y músculo y estudio genético molecular a tres integrantes de una familia con diagnóstico de CADASIL. Resultados: los exámenes clínicos, paraclínicos, neurológicos y ultraestructural de biopsia de piel mostraron resultados consistentes con CADASIL. La secuenciación de exones 2,3,4,5,8,11,20,23 del gene NOTCH3 detectó una mutación en forma heterocigota en el exón 5 no descripta en la literatura. Conclusiones: destacamos la importancia del diagnóstico precoz de esta enfermedad y la definición molecular que permite el asesoramiento genético a todos los integrantes de la familia y, eventualmente, el diagnóstico prenatal

Résumé Introduction: le syndrome CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopahy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) est une micro angiopathie pas amyloïde, pas athéromateuse qui se transmet sous forme autosomique dominante et dont les principales manifes-tations cliniques se manifestent au niveau du cerveau. Son diagnostic contemple des critères cliniques, d’image et génétiques moléculaires. Matériel et méthode: on étudie anatomopathologi-quement au moyen de biopsie de peau et de muscle et d’étude génétique moléculaire trois intégrants d’une famille ayant diagnostic de CASADIL. Résultats: les examens cliniques, para cliniques, neurologiques et ultra structural de biopsie de peau ont donné des résultats qui se correspondent au CASADIL La séquence des exons 2,3,4,5,8,11,20,23 du gène NOTCH3 a révélé une mutation à forme hétérozygote à l’exon 5 pas décrite. Conclusions: on signale l’importance du diagnostic précoce de cette maladie ainsi que la définition moléculaire qui permet une assistance génétique à tous les intégrants de la famille et, éventuellement, le diagnostic prénatal.

Resumo Introdução: a síndrome CADASIL (Cerebral Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoence-phlopathy) é uma microangiopatia não amiloidea, não ateromatosa que se transmite de maneira autossômica dominante cujas principais manifestações clinicas são observadas no cérebro. Para seu diagnóstico é necessário realizar provas clínicas, imagenológicas e de genética molecular. Material e método: foram realizados exames de anato-mia patológica e de genética molecular em biopsias de pele e músculo a três integrantes de uma família com diagnóstico de CADASIL. Resultados: os exames clínicos, paraclínicos, neurológicos e ultra-estrutural da biopsia de pele mostraram resultados consistentes com CADASIL. A seqüenciação dos exons 2,3,4,5,8,11,20,23 do gene NOTCH3 detectou uma mutação em forma heterozigótica no exon 5 não descrita na literatura. Conclusões: destacamos a importância do diagnóstico precoce desta doença e a definição molecular que permite o assessoramento genético a todos os integrantes da família e, eventualmente, o diagnóstico pré-natal.

Summary Introduction: CADASIL syndrome (Cerebral Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephlopathy), the most common form of hereditary stroke disorder is a nonamyloid, non-atheromatous microangiopathy. Main clinical features are found in the brain. The disease may be diagnosed by clinical findings, images and genetic molecular criteria. Methods: an anatomopathological analysis through a skin and muscle biopsy and molecular study was performed on three members of the same family diagnosed with CADASIL. Results: clinical, paraclinical, neurological and ultrastructural skin biopsy study’s findings were consistent with CADASIL. Notch3 sequence exonal analysis (2,3,4,5,8,11,20,23) suggested heterocigotic mutations in exon 5, not previously described in literature. Conclusions: we stress the importance of early diagnosis of this disease and the molecular definition that enables genetic counselling to all members of the family and, potentially, prenatal diagnosis of the disease.