ABSTRACT Objective: Obesity is an important factor for cardiovascular and metabolic events. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of overweight/obesity and the associated factors among healthcare university students. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional university-based study of 2,245 healthcare university students in the Midwest region of Brazil was conducted in 2018. Overweight and obesity were defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, respectively. Demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, family and comorbidities characteristics were investigated. Poisson regression was used for the multivariable analysis. All analysis was stratified by sex. Results: The mean age of the sample was 22.7 years (standard deviation = 4.1) and 69.5% of the students was female. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 13.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.2-15.6) and 4% (95% CI: 3.0-4.9) for women and 34.5% (95% CI: 30.9-38.1) and 11.3% (95% CI: 8.9-13.6) for men, respectively. After multivariate adjustment, the prevalence of overweight/obesity was at least 70% higher in female students aged 24 years or older (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.24-2.41) and those who smoke (PR = 1.95; 95% CI: 1.66-3.02). Additionally, female students with a family history of obesity (PR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.46-2.77) or with two or three comorbidities (PR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.43-3.04) exhibited a significantly higher probability for overweight/obesity. Similar findings were observed in male students, but with smaller effect sizes. Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of overweight/obesity among healthcare university students, especially in men. It was related to the socio-demographic and family characteristics rather than behavioral factors. Objective events Thus overweightobesity methods crosssectional cross sectional universitybased based 2245 2 245 2,24 2018 (BMI kgm2 kgm kg m2 m kg/m 3 respectively Demographic socioeconomic investigated sex Results 227 22 7 22. standard 4.1 41 4 1 695 69 5 69.5 139 13 9 13.9 95 (95 CI [CI] 12.215.6 122156 12.2 15.6 12 15 6 12.2-15.6 3.04.9 3049 3.0 4.9 0 3.0-4.9 345 34 34.5 30.938.1 309381 30.9 38.1 38 30.9-38.1 113 11 11.3 8.913.6 89136 8.9 13.6 8 8.9-13.6 men adjustment 70 PR [PR 1.73 173 73 1.242.41 124241 1.24 2.41 1.24-2.41 1.95 195 1.663.02. 166302 1.66 3.02 . 66 02 1.66-3.02) Additionally 2.01 201 01 1.462.77 146277 1.46 2.77 46 77 1.46-2.77 2.09 209 09 1.433.04 143304 1.43 3.04 43 04 1.43-3.04 sizes Conclusion sociodemographic socio demographic 224 2,2 4. 69. 13. (9 [CI 215 12.215. 12215 122 12. 156 15. 12.2-15. 3.04. 304 3. 49 3.0-4. 34. 938 30.938. 30938 309 30. 381 38. 30.9-38. 11. 913 8.913. 8913 89 8. 136 8.9-13. 1.7 17 242 1.242.4 12424 124 1.2 241 2.4 1.24-2.4 1.9 19 663 1.663.02 16630 166 1.6 302 1.66-3.02 2.0 20 462 1.462.7 14627 146 1.4 277 2.7 1.46-2.7 433 1.433.0 14330 143 1.43-3.0 2, ( 21 12.215 1221 12.2-15 3.0-4 93 30.938 3093 30.9-38 91 8.913 891 8.9-13 1. 1.242. 1242 2. 1.24-2. 1.663.0 1663 16 1.66-3.0 1.462. 1462 14 27 1.46-2. 1.433. 1433 1.43-3. 12.21 12.2-1 3.0- 30.93 30.9-3 8.91 8.9-1 1.242 1.24-2 1.663. 1.66-3. 1.462 1.46-2 1.433 1.43-3 12.2- 30.9- 8.9- 1.24- 1.663 1.66-3 1.46- 1.43- 1.66-

Resumo Estudo ecológico com objetivo de determinar o consumo de naltrexona em baixa dose (LDN) nas 26 capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal e acompanhar a tendência entre os anos de 2014 e 2020. A coleta de dados da dispensação de naltrexona manipulada, se deu por meio do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Produtos Controlados, publicizado em 2020, considerando-se baixa dose prescrições de até 5 mg. O cálculo dos coeficientes de dispensação utilizou as estimativas populacionais do Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa Geografia e Estatística. Utilizou-se análise estatística descritiva e de regressão generalizada de Prais-Winsten para a série temporal. As tendências observadas foram classificadas em crescentes, estáveis ou decrescentes, com intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram maiores coeficientes de consumo de LDN nas regiões Centro-Oeste, Sul e Sudeste e menores nas Norte e Nordeste. Observou-se dispensação de LDN crescente em 55,6% das capitais, estacionária em 44,4% e ausência de coeficientes decrescentes. Apesar das evidências limitadas quanto à farmacoterapia de LDN e da sua prescrição off-label, os dados demonstram que a prescrição, dispensação e consumo vem crescendo no Brasil, com ênfase nas regiões centro-sul do país.

Abstract The scope of this paper is an ecological study to determine the consumption of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) in the 26 Brazilian capitals and the Federal District and monitor the trend between the years 2014 to 2020. Data collection on the dispensation of manipulated naltrexone was done through the National Management System of Controlled Products, published in 2020, considering low-dose prescriptions of up to 5 mg. The calculation of the dispensation coefficients used the population estimates of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Descriptive statistical analysis and generalized Prais-Winsten regression analysis were used for the time series analysis. The trends observed were classified as increasing, stable, or decreasing, with a 95% confidence interval and 5% significance level. The results showed higher LDN consumption coefficients in the Mid-West, South and Southeast regions and lower coefficients in the North and Northeast. Increasing dispensation of LDN was observed in 55.6% of the capitals, being stationary in 44.4%, with no decreasing coefficients. Despite the limited evidence regarding LDN pharmacotherapy and its off-label prescription, the data show that prescription, dispensing, and consumption have been on the increase in Brazil, with emphasis on the central-south regions of the country.

Abstract The scope of this paper is an ecological study to determine the consumption of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) in the 26 Brazilian capitals and the Federal District and monitor the trend between the years 2014 to 2020. Data collection on the dispensation of manipulated naltrexone was done through the National Management System of Controlled Products, published in 2020, considering low-dose prescriptions of up to 5 mg. The calculation of the dispensation coefficients used the population estimates of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Descriptive statistical analysis and generalized Prais-Winsten regression analysis were used for the time series analysis. The trends observed were classified as increasing, stable, or decreasing, with a 95% confidence interval and 5% significance level. The results showed higher LDN consumption coefficients in the Mid-West, South and Southeast regions and lower coefficients in the North and Northeast. Increasing dispensation of LDN was observed in 55.6% of the capitals, being stationary in 44.4%, with no decreasing coefficients. Despite the limited evidence regarding LDN pharmacotherapy and its off-label prescription, the data show that prescription, dispensing, and consumption have been on the increase in Brazil, with emphasis on the central-south regions of the country. lowdose low dose (LDN 2 201 2020 Products mg Statistics PraisWinsten Prais Winsten increasing stable 95 level MidWest, MidWest Mid West, West Mid-West Northeast 556 55 6 55.6 444 44 4 44.4% offlabel off label prescription dispensing Brazil centralsouth central south country 20 202 9 55. 44.4 44.

Resumo Estudo ecológico com objetivo de determinar o consumo de naltrexona em baixa dose (LDN) nas 26 capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal e acompanhar a tendência entre os anos de 2014 e 2020. A coleta de dados da dispensação de naltrexona manipulada, se deu por meio do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Produtos Controlados, publicizado em 2020, considerando-se baixa dose prescrições de até 5 mg. O cálculo dos coeficientes de dispensação utilizou as estimativas populacionais do Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa Geografia e Estatística. Utilizou-se análise estatística descritiva e de regressão generalizada de Prais-Winsten para a série temporal. As tendências observadas foram classificadas em crescentes, estáveis ou decrescentes, com intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram maiores coeficientes de consumo de LDN nas regiões Centro-Oeste, Sul e Sudeste e menores nas Norte e Nordeste. Observou-se dispensação de LDN crescente em 55,6% das capitais, estacionária em 44,4% e ausência de coeficientes decrescentes. Apesar das evidências limitadas quanto à farmacoterapia de LDN e da sua prescrição off-label, os dados demonstram que a prescrição, dispensação e consumo vem crescendo no Brasil, com ênfase nas regiões centro-sul do país. (LDN 2 201 2020 manipulada Controlados considerandose considerando mg Estatística Utilizouse Utilizou PraisWinsten Prais Winsten temporal crescentes decrescentes 95 5% CentroOeste, CentroOeste Centro Oeste, Oeste Centro-Oeste Nordeste Observouse Observou 556 55 6 55,6 444 44 4 44,4 offlabel, offlabel off label, label off-label Brasil centrosul centro sul país 20 202 9 55, 44,

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify multimorbidity patterns in women in southern Brazil, and its relationship with sociodemographic, lifestyle characteristics, and nutritional status, as well as to explore the main independent risk factor for the identified patterns. Subjects and methods: This is a cross-sectional, population-based study with 1,128 women (20-69 years), southern Brazil. Chronic conditions were identified using the therapeutic and chemical anatomical classification of continuous use of medications. Multimorbidity was assessed as ≥2 or ≥3 chronic conditions to identify dyads and triads. Poisson regression was used to explore risk factors in the different adjustment models. As independent variables evaluated, in addition to sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle variables were included: consumption of fruits and vegetables, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking and nutritional status. Results: Eleven dyads (frequencies between 2.0% and 6.4%) and three triads (frequencies between 1.9% and 2.1%) of morbidities were identified in the study. Aging was related to a higher prevalence of all patterns, and obesity was a risk factor for multimorbidity patterns that contained conditions related to the cardiovascular and metabolic system and mental health. After adjustment, obesity increased the probability of “hypertension + common mental disorders (CMD)” (PR 3.63; 95% CI 1.94-6.78) and “dyslipidemia + CMD” (PR 3.69; 95% CI 1.08-12.65) by more than three times. Conclusion: This study identified common and important diseases in the patterns, associated with a common risk factor, obesity, that must be addressed by public health policies to prevent multimorbidity. Objective Brazil characteristics status methods crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional populationbased population based 1128 1 128 1,12 2069 20 69 (20-6 years, years , years) medications 2 ≥ 3 models evaluated included vegetables activity Results frequencies 0 2.0 6.4% 64 6 4 19 9 1.9 2.1% 21 hypertension CMD (CMD) PR 3.63 363 63 95 1.946.78 194678 1.94 6.78 94 78 1.94-6.78 dyslipidemia 3.69 369 1.0812.65 1081265 1.08 12.65 08 12 65 1.08-12.65 times Conclusion 112 1,1 206 (20- 2. 6.4 1. 2.1 (CMD 3.6 36 946 1.946.7 19467 194 678 6.7 7 1.94-6.7 0812 1.0812.6 108126 108 1.0 1265 12.6 1.08-12.6 11 1, (20 6. 3. 1.946. 1946 67 1.94-6. 081 1.0812. 10812 10 126 12. 1.08-12. (2 1.946 1.94-6 1.0812 1081 1.08-12 ( 1.94- 1.081 1.08-1 1.08-

Resumo Objetivo Investigar a prevalência de síndrome pré-menstrual (SPM) e do transtorno disfórico pré-menstrual (TDPM) em alunas universitárias, os fatores associados à SPM, os sintomasmais prevalentes e a interferência dos sintomas nas atividades acadêmicas, familiares, sociais e de trabalho. Métodos Este estudo transversal incluiu 1.115 estudantes universitárias ≥18 anos da Universidade de Rio Verde, Goiás. Síndrome pré-menstrual e TDPM foram identificados por meio do Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool. As associações com fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais, reprodutivos, nutricionais e de saúde foram investigadas utilizando-se a regressão de Poisson. Resultados A prevalência de SPM foi de 46,9% (intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95% 44,0-49,8) e de TDPM, 11,1% (IC 95% 9,3-13,0). Os sintomas mais prevalentes foram físicos, como sensibilidade mamária, distensão abdominal e ganho de peso (73%); seguidos por psicológicos, como comer demais/desejos por comida, chorar/mais sensível à rejeição (> 60%). Mais de 30% relataram que os sintomas interferiam de forma moderada a grave em suas atividades sociais e acadêmicas. Após análise ajustada, a SPM foi mais prevalente naquelas que estava cursando o 1°/2° semestre da faculdade (razão de prevalência [RP] 1,44; IC 95% 1,14-1,80), as que haviam consumido álcool nos últimos 30 dias (RP 1,23; IC 95% 1,04-1,47), e as que tinha depressão (RP 1,49; IC 95% 1,30-1,71). Conclusão Quase metade das universitárias tinha SPM e cerca de 11%, TDPM. Os sintomas físicos foram os mais comuns e interferiram de forma moderada a grave em vários aspectos da vida. Frequentar os primeiros semestres, consumir álcool e ter depressão foram fatores de risco para SPM. A identificação dos fatores de risco para a SPM é essencial para prevenir os sintomas e reduzir o impacto da síndrome.

Abstract Objective To investigate the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in university students, the factors associated with PMS, the most prevalent symptoms, and the interference of symptoms in academic, family, social, and work activities. Methods This cross-sectional study included 1,115 university students aged ≥ 18 years from the University of Rio Verde, Goiás. Premenstrual syndrome and PMDD were identified using the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool. Associations with sociodemographic, behavioral, reproductive, nutritional, and health factors were investigated using the Poisson regression. Results The prevalence of PMS was 46.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 44.0-49.8), and of PMDD, 11.1% (95% CI 9.3-13.0). The most prevalent symptoms were physical, such as breast tenderness, bloating, e weight gain (73%); followed by psychological ones such as overeating/food cravings, tearful/more sensitive to rejection (> 60%). More than 30% of the patients reported that the symptoms interfered in a moderate-tosevere way in their social and academic activities. After adjusted analysis, PMS was more prevalent in those who were attending the 1st/2nd semester of college (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.44; 95% CI 1.14-1.80), those who consumed alcohol in the last 30 days (PR 1.23; 95% CI 1.04-1.47), and those who had depression (PR 1.49; 95% CI 1.30-1.71). Conclusion Almost half of the university students had PMS and ~ 11%, PMDD. Physical symptoms were themost common and interfered in amoderate-to-severe way in various aspects of life. Attending the first semesters, consuming alcohol, and having depression were risk factors for PMS. The identification of risk factors for PMS is essential to prevent symptoms and reduce the impact of the syndrome.

ABSTRACT: Objective: This study aimed to identify the prevalence of multimorbidity and its associated factors in women in southern Brazil. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based study with a sample of 1,128 women (age 20–69 years), living in São Leopoldo, southern Brazil. Multimorbidity was defined as two or more chronic conditions measured using the therapeutic and chemical anatomical classification of continuous use medications prescribed by a physician. Poisson regression model with robust variance was used to assess the association between sociodemographic and lifestyle variables and multimorbidity. Results: The prevalence of multimorbidity was 21.7% (95%CI 19.3–24.2), and 26 chronic conditions were identified. A direct linear association was observed with age and income and an inverse association with education. Being unemployed was a risk factor for multimorbidity (PR 1.95; 95%CI 1.51–2.52). Alcohol consumption (moderate or excessive) had a protective effect. Overweight and obese women were 53% (PR 1.53; 95%CI 1.09–2.15) and 76% (PR 1.76; 95%CI 1.27–2.45) more likely to have multimorbidity than eutrophic women. Conclusion: Over 20% of the adult women had multimorbidity, and its occurrence was strongly associated with socioeconomic characteristics, such as fewer years of schooling, higher income, and not having an occupation. The results regarding alcohol consumption are still insufficient to propose a public policy for the prevention of multimorbidity. Excess weight was an independent risk factor and should be addressed in public health policies for the prevention and management of multimorbidity.

ABSTRACT: Objective: This study aimed to identify the prevalence of multimorbidity and its associated factors in women in southern Brazil. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based study with a sample of 1,128 women (age 20–69 years), living in São Leopoldo, southern Brazil. Multimorbidity was defined as two or more chronic conditions measured using the therapeutic and chemical anatomical classification of continuous use medications prescribed by a physician. Poisson regression model with robust variance was used to assess the association between sociodemographic and lifestyle variables and multimorbidity. Results: The prevalence of multimorbidity was 21.7% (95%CI 19.3–24.2), and 26 chronic conditions were identified. A direct linear association was observed with age and income and an inverse association with education. Being unemployed was a risk factor for multimorbidity (PR 1.95; 95%CI 1.51–2.52). Alcohol consumption (moderate or excessive) had a protective effect. Overweight and obese women were 53% (PR 1.53; 95%CI 1.09–2.15) and 76% (PR 1.76; 95%CI 1.27–2.45) more likely to have multimorbidity than eutrophic women. Conclusion: Over 20% of the adult women had multimorbidity, and its occurrence was strongly associated with socioeconomic characteristics, such as fewer years of schooling, higher income, and not having an occupation. The results regarding alcohol consumption are still insufficient to propose a public policy for the prevention of multimorbidity. Excess weight was an independent risk factor and should be addressed in public health policies for the prevention and management of multimorbidity.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar fatores associados aos transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) em uma amostra de mulheres adultas no Sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS Em estudo de base populacional composto por 1.128 mulheres, foram investigadas variáveis explicativas demográficas, socioeconômicas, comportamentais e de saúde/doença. Cinco grupos-resposta foram explorados: um grupo com transtornos mentais comuns – ponto de corte 6/7 no Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) – e outros quatro correspondentes aos diferentes clusters encontrados através da técnica de clusterização por classe latente, também a partir do SRQ-20. Esses quatro clusters (baixo, médio-depressivo, médio-digestivo e alto) foram denominados com base nas pontuações médias do SRQ-20 em cada grupo e nos padrões de resposta das variáveis e características fatoriais. O cluster “baixo” compreendeu mulheres com menores escores no SRQ-20 e, portanto, com menor probabilidade de apresentarem TMC. Já o cluster “alto”, com valores médios elevados no SRQ-20, esteve relacionado a maior morbidade psiquiátrica. Utilizou-se a técnica de regressão de Poisson, com comparação entre os achados dos diferentes grupos. RESULTADOS Foram identificadas 10 variáveis como fatores associados aos TMC. Idade, escolaridade, tabagismo, atividade física, percepção de saúde e número de consultas foram as variáveis comuns para as análises com ponto de corte assim como nas baseadas em clusters. Etilismo pesado esteve associado somente quando avaliada a amostra como ponto de corte. Já classe econômica, situação laboral e presença de doenças crônicas estiveram associadas somente quando analisada a amostra por clusters. No cluster “alto”, houve associação significativa com classes econômicas mais baixas (D ou E), tabagismo, inatividade física, presença de doenças crônicas e percepção de saúde negativa. CONCLUSÕES Diferentes fatores associados foram identificados segundo os grupos-resposta considerados. Novos enfoques que possibilitem identificar subgrupos de indivíduos com características e fatores associados específicos poderiam contribuir para um entendimento mais apurado dos TMC, servindo de base para intervenções em saúde.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE to identify factors associated with common mental disorders (CMD) in a sample of adult women in Southern Brazil. METHODS This population-based study, composed of 1,128 women, investigated socioeconomic, behavioral and health/disease explanatory demographic variables. Five response groups were explored: one group with common mental disorders – cut-off point 6/7 in the Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) – and four others corresponding to the different clusters found using the latent class clustering technique, also from the SRQ-20. These four clusters (low, medium-depressive, medium-digestive and high) were named (denominated) based on the mean scores in the SRQ-20 in each group and on the response patterns of the variables and factorial characteristics. The “low” cluster comprised women with lower SRQ-20 scores and, therefore less likely to present CMD. The “high” cluster, with high mean values in the SRQ-20, was related to higher psychiatric morbidity. We used the Poisson regression technique to compare the findings of the different groups. RESULTS We identified ten variables as factors associated with CMD. Age, education, smoking, physical activity, perception of health and number of medical appointments were the common variables for the cut-off point and cluster-based analyses. Heavy alcohol use was associated only when the sample was evaluated as a cut-off point. Social class, work situation and existence of chronic diseases were associated only when the sample was analyzed by clusters. There was a significant association in the “high” cluster with lower classes (D or E), smoking, physical inactivity, existence of chronic diseases and negative perception of health. CONCLUSION We identified different associated factors according to the response groups considered. New approaches allowing identification of subgroups of individuals with specific characteristics and associated factors may contribute for a more accurate understanding of CMD and provide the basis for health interventions.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar fatores associados aos transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) em uma amostra de mulheres adultas no Sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS Em estudo de base populacional composto por 1.128 mulheres, foram investigadas variáveis explicativas demográficas, socioeconômicas, comportamentais e de saúde/doença. Cinco grupos-resposta foram explorados: um grupo com transtornos mentais comuns – ponto de corte 6/7 no Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) – e outros quatro correspondentes aos diferentes clusters encontrados através da técnica de clusterização por classe latente, também a partir do SRQ-20. Esses quatro clusters (baixo, médio-depressivo, médio-digestivo e alto) foram denominados com base nas pontuações médias do SRQ-20 em cada grupo e nos padrões de resposta das variáveis e características fatoriais. O cluster “baixo” compreendeu mulheres com menores escores no SRQ-20 e, portanto, com menor probabilidade de apresentarem TMC. Já o cluster “alto”, com valores médios elevados no SRQ-20, esteve relacionado a maior morbidade psiquiátrica. Utilizou-se a técnica de regressão de Poisson, com comparação entre os achados dos diferentes grupos. RESULTADOS Foram identificadas 10 variáveis como fatores associados aos TMC. Idade, escolaridade, tabagismo, atividade física, percepção de saúde e número de consultas foram as variáveis comuns para as análises com ponto de corte assim como nas baseadas em clusters. Etilismo pesado esteve associado somente quando avaliada a amostra como ponto de corte. Já classe econômica, situação laboral e presença de doenças crônicas estiveram associadas somente quando analisada a amostra por clusters. No cluster “alto”, houve associação significativa com classes econômicas mais baixas (D ou E), tabagismo, inatividade física, presença de doenças crônicas e percepção de saúde negativa. CONCLUSÕES Diferentes fatores associados foram identificados segundo os grupos-resposta considerados. Novos enfoques que possibilitem identificar subgrupos de indivíduos com características e fatores associados específicos poderiam contribuir para um entendimento mais apurado dos TMC, servindo de base para intervenções em saúde.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE to identify factors associated with common mental disorders (CMD) in a sample of adult women in Southern Brazil. METHODS This population-based study, composed of 1,128 women, investigated socioeconomic, behavioral and health/disease explanatory demographic variables. Five response groups were explored: one group with common mental disorders – cut-off point 6/7 in the Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) – and four others corresponding to the different clusters found using the latent class clustering technique, also from the SRQ-20. These four clusters (low, medium-depressive, medium-digestive and high) were named (denominated) based on the mean scores in the SRQ-20 in each group and on the response patterns of the variables and factorial characteristics. The “low” cluster comprised women with lower SRQ-20 scores and, therefore less likely to present CMD. The “high” cluster, with high mean values in the SRQ-20, was related to higher psychiatric morbidity. We used the Poisson regression technique to compare the findings of the different groups. RESULTS We identified ten variables as factors associated with CMD. Age, education, smoking, physical activity, perception of health and number of medical appointments were the common variables for the cut-off point and cluster-based analyses. Heavy alcohol use was associated only when the sample was evaluated as a cut-off point. Social class, work situation and existence of chronic diseases were associated only when the sample was analyzed by clusters. There was a significant association in the “high” cluster with lower classes (D or E), smoking, physical inactivity, existence of chronic diseases and negative perception of health. CONCLUSION We identified different associated factors according to the response groups considered. New approaches allowing identification of subgroups of individuals with specific characteristics and associated factors may contribute for a more accurate understanding of CMD and provide the basis for health interventions.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar a associação entre níveis séricos de vitamina D e doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP). MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, com amostra consecutiva de 133 indivíduos. Foram considerados com DAOP pacientes com índice tornozelo braquial ≤ 0,90 ou com revascularização arterial. O nível sérico de vitamina D foi classificado em: suficiente (≥30 ng/mL), insuficiente (>20 a 29 ng/mL) e deficiente (<20 ng/mL). Razões de Prevalência (RP) foram calculadas por meio de regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS A prevalência de DAOP foi de 50,7% (IC95% 42-59). Após ajuste para potenciais fatores de risco para DAOP, as RP foram de 1,08 (IC95% 0,66-1,76) para nível sérico insuficiente e de 1,57 (IC95% 0,96-2,57) para o nível sérico deficiente de vitamina D; (p para tendência = 0,020). CONCLUSÃO O nível sérico de vitamina D mostrou uma relação dose/resposta inversa e significativa com DAOP.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between low serum vitamin D levels and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). METHODS A cross-sectional study with a consecutive sample of 133 individuals from Caxias do Sul, Brasil. We considered PAD patients those with an ankle-brachial index (ABI) ≤ 0.90 or with arterial revascularization. Vitamin D serum level was categorized as sufficient (≥30 ng/mL), insufficient (>20 to 29 ng/mL), and deficient (<20 ng/mL). Prevalence ratios (RP) were calculated through Poisson regression. RESULTS The prevalence of PAD was 50.7% (95% CI 42-59). After adjustment for potential PAD risk factors, RP were 1.08 (95% CI 0.66-1.76) for insufficient serum level and 1.57 (95% CI 0.96-2.57) for deficient vitamin D serum level; (p for trend = 0.020). CONCLUSION Vitamin D serum levels showed an inverse and significant dose-response relationship with PAD.

Resumo Objetivo analisar a prevalência de diabetes mellitus (DM) e fatores associados nas mulheres de 20 a 69 anos de idade residentes em São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil. Métodos estudo transversal de base populacional, cujo desfecho foi o diagnóstico médico de DM autorreferido; empregou-se regressão de Poisson. Resultados participaram 1.128 mulheres, das quais 8,16% (IC95%2,56;13,74) referiram diagnóstico de DM; na análise ajustada, verificou-se associação do desfecho com as idades de 50 a 59 (RP=15,73 – IC95%4,84;71,00) e 60 ou mais anos (RP=8,95 – IC95%1,98;40,49), classes econômicas D/E (RP=2,37 – IC95%1,17;4,83), obesidade (RP=1,41 – IC95%0,85;2,32), hipertensão arterial (RP=2,78 – IC95%1,73;4,46), transtornos mentais comuns (RP=1,47 – IC95%1,04;2,05), dislipidemia (RP=2,16 – IC95%1,45;3,23), autopercepção de saúde regular/ruim (RP=2,80 – IC95%1,20;6,56) e ao fato de não trabalhar (RP=1,98 – IC95%1,11;3,53). Conclusão o DM esteve associado a situações de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, como pobreza e não inserção no mercado de trabalho, e à presença de outras doenças.

Abstract Objective to analyze the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and associated factors in women aged 20 to 69 years in São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil. Method this was a population-based cross-sectional study, the outcome of which was self-reported medical diagnosis of DM. Poisson regression was used. Results 1,128 women took part, 8.16% (95%CI2.56;13.74) reported DM diagnosis; in the adjusted analysis association was found between the outcome and the 50-59 years age group (PR=15.73 – 95%CI4.84;71.00) and the over 60s (PR=8.95 – 95%CI1.98;40.49), economic classes D/E (PR=2.37 – 95%CI1.17;4.83), obesity (PR=1.41 – 95%CI0.85;2.32), arterial hypertension (PR=2.78 – 95%CI1.73;4.46), common mental disorders (PR=1.47 – 95%CI1.04;2.05), dyslipidemia (PR=2.16 – 95%CI1.45;3.23), regular/poor self-perception of health (PR=2.80 – 95%CI1.20;6.56), and not working (PR=1.98 – 95%CI1.11;3.53). Conclusion DM was associated with situations of economic and social vulnerability, such as poverty and being outside the labor market, as well as with the presence of other diseases.

Resumen Objetivo analizar la prevalencia de Diabetes Mellitus (DM) y factores asociados en mujeres de 20 a 69 años en São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil. Métodos estudio poblacional transversal, cuyo resultado fue diagnóstico médico de DM auto-referida; se utilizó la regresión de Poisson. Resultados participaron 1.128 mujeres, 8,16% (IC95%2,56;13,74) presentaron DM; en el análisis ajustado, hubo una asociación con la edad de 50 a 59 (RP=15,73 – IC95%4,84;71,00) y 60 o más (RP=8,95 – IC95%1,98;40,49), clases económicas D/E (RP=2,37 – IC95%1,17;4,83), obesidad (RP=1,41 – IC95%0,85;2,32), hipertensión (RP=2,78 – IC95%1,73;4,46), trastornos mentales comunes (RP=1,47 – IC95%1,04;2,05), dislipidemia (RP=2,16 – IC95%1,45;3,23), autopercepción de salud regular/deficiente (RP=2,80 – IC95%1,20;6,56) y a no trabajar (RP=1,98 – IC95%1,11;3,53). Conclusión la DM se asoció con situaciones de vulnerabilidad económica y social, como la pobreza y la no inserción en el mercado laboral, y la presencia de otras enfermedades.

Resumo Objetivo analisar a prevalência de diabetes mellitus (DM) e fatores associados nas mulheres de 20 a 69 anos de idade residentes em São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil. Métodos estudo transversal de base populacional, cujo desfecho foi o diagnóstico médico de DM autorreferido; empregou-se regressão de Poisson. Resultados participaram 1.128 mulheres, das quais 8,16% (IC95%2,56;13,74) referiram diagnóstico de DM; na análise ajustada, verificou-se associação do desfecho com as idades de 50 a 59 (RP=15,73 – IC95%4,84;71,00) e 60 ou mais anos (RP=8,95 – IC95%1,98;40,49), classes econômicas D/E (RP=2,37 – IC95%1,17;4,83), obesidade (RP=1,41 – IC95%0,85;2,32), hipertensão arterial (RP=2,78 – IC95%1,73;4,46), transtornos mentais comuns (RP=1,47 – IC95%1,04;2,05), dislipidemia (RP=2,16 – IC95%1,45;3,23), autopercepção de saúde regular/ruim (RP=2,80 – IC95%1,20;6,56) e ao fato de não trabalhar (RP=1,98 – IC95%1,11;3,53). Conclusão o DM esteve associado a situações de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, como pobreza e não inserção no mercado de trabalho, e à presença de outras doenças.

Abstract Objective to analyze the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and associated factors in women aged 20 to 69 years in São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil. Method this was a population-based cross-sectional study, the outcome of which was self-reported medical diagnosis of DM. Poisson regression was used. Results 1,128 women took part, 8.16% (95%CI2.56;13.74) reported DM diagnosis; in the adjusted analysis association was found between the outcome and the 50-59 years age group (PR=15.73 – 95%CI4.84;71.00) and the over 60s (PR=8.95 – 95%CI1.98;40.49), economic classes D/E (PR=2.37 – 95%CI1.17;4.83), obesity (PR=1.41 – 95%CI0.85;2.32), arterial hypertension (PR=2.78 – 95%CI1.73;4.46), common mental disorders (PR=1.47 – 95%CI1.04;2.05), dyslipidemia (PR=2.16 – 95%CI1.45;3.23), regular/poor self-perception of health (PR=2.80 – 95%CI1.20;6.56), and not working (PR=1.98 – 95%CI1.11;3.53). Conclusion DM was associated with situations of economic and social vulnerability, such as poverty and being outside the labor market, as well as with the presence of other diseases.

Resumen Objetivo analizar la prevalencia de Diabetes Mellitus (DM) y factores asociados en mujeres de 20 a 69 años en São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil. Métodos estudio poblacional transversal, cuyo resultado fue diagnóstico médico de DM auto-referida; se utilizó la regresión de Poisson. Resultados participaron 1.128 mujeres, 8,16% (IC95%2,56;13,74) presentaron DM; en el análisis ajustado, hubo una asociación con la edad de 50 a 59 (RP=15,73 – IC95%4,84;71,00) y 60 o más (RP=8,95 – IC95%1,98;40,49), clases económicas D/E (RP=2,37 – IC95%1,17;4,83), obesidad (RP=1,41 – IC95%0,85;2,32), hipertensión (RP=2,78 – IC95%1,73;4,46), trastornos mentales comunes (RP=1,47 – IC95%1,04;2,05), dislipidemia (RP=2,16 – IC95%1,45;3,23), autopercepción de salud regular/deficiente (RP=2,80 – IC95%1,20;6,56) y a no trabajar (RP=1,98 – IC95%1,11;3,53). Conclusión la DM se asoció con situaciones de vulnerabilidad económica y social, como la pobreza y la no inserción en el mercado laboral, y la presencia de otras enfermedades.

Resumo Objetivou-se identificar os padrões alimentares e a associação destes com a obesidade abdominal em mulheres trabalhadoras de turnos no sul do Brasil. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo de caso-controle não pareado, incluindo um total de 541 mulheres de 18 a 53 anos de idade (215 casos; 326 controles). A presença de obesidade abdominal foi verificada pela aferição da circunferência da cintura ≥ 88 centímetros e os padrões alimentares foram obtidos por meio da análise de componentes principais de 53 itens. Os padrões foram classificados com base nos alimentos de maior carga fatorial e características nutricionais. A associação entre obesidade abdominal e os padrões foi verificada por meio de regressão logística não condicional. Três padrões alimentares foram identificados: “gordura animal/calorias”, “lanches/fast-food” e “frutas/verduras”. Após análise ajustada, os casos apresentaram uma maior chance de adesão ao padrão “frutas/verduras” (OR = 2,26; IC95%:1,30-3,93) e uma menor chance de adesão ao padrão “lanches/fast-food” (OR = 0,60; IC95%:0,36-1,01). Assim, identificou-se três padrões alimentares entre as trabalhadoras de turnos e verificou-se uma melhora na alimentação naquelas com obesidade abdominal, representando uma possível alteração de hábitos alimentares após sua ocorrência.

Abstract The scope of this study was to identify dietary patterns and their association with abdominal obesity in female shift workers in southern Brazil. A non-matched case-control study was conducted, including a total of 541 women aged between 18 and 53 years old (215 cases; 326 controls). The presence of abdominal obesity was assessed by measuring waist circumference ≥ 88 cm and dietary patterns were obtained by principal component analysis of 53 food items. The name of dietary patterns was assigned based on higher load factor and nutritional characteristics of foods. The association between abdominal obesity and dietary patterns was obtained by non-conditional logistic regression. Three dietary patterns were identified: “animal fat/calories,” “snacks/fast-food” and “fruits/vegetables.” After adjusted analysis, the cases presented a greater chance of adherence to the “fruits/vegetables” dietary pattern (OR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.30 to 3.93) and a lower chance of adherence to the “snacks/fast food” pattern (OR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.36 to 1.01). In conclusion, this study identified three dietary patterns in female shift workers, and there was an improvement in nutrition in workers with abdominal obesity, representing a possible change in eating habits after their occurrence.

Resumo Objetivou-se identificar os padrões alimentares e a associação destes com a obesidade abdominal em mulheres trabalhadoras de turnos no sul do Brasil. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo de caso-controle não pareado, incluindo um total de 541 mulheres de 18 a 53 anos de idade (215 casos; 326 controles). A presença de obesidade abdominal foi verificada pela aferição da circunferência da cintura ≥ 88 centímetros e os padrões alimentares foram obtidos por meio da análise de componentes principais de 53 itens. Os padrões foram classificados com base nos alimentos de maior carga fatorial e características nutricionais. A associação entre obesidade abdominal e os padrões foi verificada por meio de regressão logística não condicional. Três padrões alimentares foram identificados: “gordura animal/calorias”, “lanches/fast-food” e “frutas/verduras”. Após análise ajustada, os casos apresentaram uma maior chance de adesão ao padrão “frutas/verduras” (OR = 2,26; IC95%:1,30-3,93) e uma menor chance de adesão ao padrão “lanches/fast-food” (OR = 0,60; IC95%:0,36-1,01). Assim, identificou-se três padrões alimentares entre as trabalhadoras de turnos e verificou-se uma melhora na alimentação naquelas com obesidade abdominal, representando uma possível alteração de hábitos alimentares após sua ocorrência.

Abstract The scope of this study was to identify dietary patterns and their association with abdominal obesity in female shift workers in southern Brazil. A non-matched case-control study was conducted, including a total of 541 women aged between 18 and 53 years old (215 cases; 326 controls). The presence of abdominal obesity was assessed by measuring waist circumference ≥ 88 cm and dietary patterns were obtained by principal component analysis of 53 food items. The name of dietary patterns was assigned based on higher load factor and nutritional characteristics of foods. The association between abdominal obesity and dietary patterns was obtained by non-conditional logistic regression. Three dietary patterns were identified: “animal fat/calories,” “snacks/fast-food” and “fruits/vegetables.” After adjusted analysis, the cases presented a greater chance of adherence to the “fruits/vegetables” dietary pattern (OR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.30 to 3.93) and a lower chance of adherence to the “snacks/fast food” pattern (OR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.36 to 1.01). In conclusion, this study identified three dietary patterns in female shift workers, and there was an improvement in nutrition in workers with abdominal obesity, representing a possible change in eating habits after their occurrence.

Resumo OBJETIVO: descrever o perfil farmacoterapêutico dos usuários do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF) e mensurar os gastos com os medicamentos mais prevalentes e os mais onerosos. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo, realizado no município de São Leopoldo-RS, Brasil; utilizaram-se dados secundários sobre solicitações de medicamentos deferidas em 2014 via processo administrativo; para avaliar os custos, foram consultadas as guias de remessa da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde/RS. RESULTADOS: foram incluídos 1.528 usuários, sobretudo mulheres (56,7%), e idade média de 52 anos (desvio-padrão=17,9); os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram asma alérgica (17,1%), doença renal crônica (11,5%) e artrite reumatoide (8,4%); o medicamento mais prevalente foi o fumarato de formoterol+budesonida (18,3%); o maior gasto total mensal entre os medicamentos mais prevalentes foi com alfaepoetina (R$37.922,34), e entre os mais onerosos, com infliximab (R$72.503,28). CONCLUSÃO: os dados apontam para a importância do CEAF no tratamento de alto custo de morbidades com elevada prevalência.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: to describe the pharmacotherapeutic profile of users of the Specialized Program for Pharmaceutical Assistance, and to measure the expenditure on the most prevalent and the most expensive medications. METHODS: descriptive study conducted in São Leopoldo-RS, Brazil, with secondary data regarding information about requests accepted in 2014, through administrative proceedings; delivery notes of the State Health Department/RS were used to assess the costs. RESULTS: 1,528 users were included in the study, mostly women (56.7%), and the average age was 52 years (standard deviation=17.9); the most frequent diagnoses were allergic asthma (17.1%), chronic kidney disease (11.5%) and rheumatoid arthritis (8.4%); the most prevalent drug was budesonide+formoterol fumarate (18.3%); among the most prevalent drugs, the highest total monthly expense was with epoetin alfa (BRL37,922.34) and among the most expensive drugs, infliximab (BRL72,503.28). CONCLUSION: the data show the importance of the Specialized Program for Pharmaceutical Assistance in the high-cost treatment of highly prevalent.

Resumen OBJETIVO: describir el perfil farmacoterapéutico de usuarios del Programa de Asistencia Farmacéutica Especializada (CEAF), y medir los costos de los medicamentos más comunes y más costosos. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo realizado en São Leopoldo/RS, con datos secundarios sobre solicitudes de drogas diferidas en 2014 a través de procesos administrativos; para evaluar el costo, utilizamos las entregas de Secretaría Estatal de Salud/RS. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 1.528 usuarios, la mayoría mujeres (56,7%), edad media 52 años (desviación estándar=17,9); los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron asma alérgica (17,1%), enfermedad renal crónica (11,5%) y artritis reumatoide (8,4%); la droga más frecuente fue budesónida+formoterol fumarato (18,3%); el mayor gasto total mensual de los fármacos más prevalentes fue con alfaepoetina (R$37.922,34) y entre los más caros, con infliximab (R$72.503,28). CONCLUSIÓN: los datos señalan la importancia de este componente en el tratamiento de alto costo de morbilidad con altas prevalencias.