Chloroquine is a drug belonging to the aminoquinoline family that is widely used for treating diseases such as lupus, cancer, and malaria. In this sense, the present work describes the development of a simple method based on electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) and a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) modified with carbon black for chloroquine determination. The carbon black modified SPE was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry to obtain the ECL-potential curves. The ECL method is based on the chemiluminescence resulting from the interaction between chloroquine and the tris(2’2-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) complex. Under optimized experimental conditions, the method showed a wide linear working range between 0.5 and 500 µmol L-1. The method presented good precision and accuracy in drug samples used in the treatment of malaria and artificial urine sample, showing recovery values from 100 to 103% and 99 to 103%, respectively.

Resumen Se determinó el efecto acaricida de 18 plantas mexicanas contra Rhipicephalus microplus. Los resultados del ensayo larvicida revelaron que 5 extractos metanólicos produjeron una actividad alta (86-100 % de mortalidad), 3 extractos mostraron una actividad relativamente alta (71-85 % de mortalidad), 2 extractos mostraron una actividad moderada (56-70 % de mortalidad), 2 extractos presentaron baja actividad (31-55 % mortalidad) y 6 extractos mostraron actividad acaricida no significativa (0-30 % mortalidad). Los extractos que inducían >56 % de mortalidad se analizaron posteriormente contra garrapatas ingurgitadas de R. microplus mediante una prueba de inmersión de adultos a una concentración de 5.0% p/v. En términos generales, los resultados en larvas y garrapatas adultas indicaron que los extractos metanólicos de Annona globiflora, Annona scleroderma, Litchi chinensis y Azadirachta indica mostraron las mayores actividades. El extracto crudo de A. indica fue sometido a una purificación cromatográfica, lo que llevó al aislamiento de 3-O-butil-(-)-epigalocatequina (1), 3-O-butil-(-)-epicatequina (2), (-)-epigalocatequina (3), (+)-galocatequina (4), (-)-epicatequina (5), β-sitosterol (6), estigmasterol (7), glucósido de estigmasterol (8), trilinoleína (9), azadiractina A (10) y el éster de ácido octadecanoico-tetrahidrofurano-3,4-diílico (11). Las estructuras químicas de los compuestos aislados fueron identificadas mediante la interpretación de los datos espectroscópicos de RMN y HRESI-MS. Los compuestos aislados se ensayaron frente a garrapatas ingurgitadas de R. microplus a una concentración de 6 mM. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos, se concluyó que el 3-O-butil-(-)-epigalocatequina (1), el 3-O-butil-(-)-epicatequina (2), la azadiractina A (10) y el ácido octadecanoico-tetrahidrofurano-3,4-diil éster (11) muestran la mayor eficacia.

Abstract This work determined the acaricidal effect of 18 Mexican plants against Rhipicephalus microplus. The results of the larvicidal assay revealed that 5 methanolic extracts produced high activity (86-100 % mortality), 3 extracts exhibited relatively high activity (71-85 % mortality), 2 extracts displayed moderate activity (56-70 % mortality), 2 extracts presented low activity (31-55 % mortality) and 6 extracts showed non-significant acaricidal activity (0-30 % mortality). Extracts inducing >56 % mortality were subsequently assayed against engorged ticks of R. microplus by adult immersion test at a concentration of 5.0% w/v. In general terms, the results on larvae and adult ticks indicated that the methanolic extracts of Annona globiflora, Annona scleroderma, Litchi chinensis and Azadirachta indica showed the greatest activities. The crude extract of A. indica was subjected to chromatographic purification, which has led to the isolation of 3-O-butyl-(-)-epigallocatechin (1), 3-O-butyl-(-)-epicatechin (2), (-)-epigallocatechin (3), (+)-gallocatechin (4), (-)-epicatechin (5), β-sitosterol (6), stigmasterol (7), stigmasterol glucoside (8), triolein (9), azadirachtin A (10), and the octadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-vinyl ester (11). The isolated compounds' chemical structures were identified by the interpretation of NMR and HRESI-MS spectroscopic data. The isolated compounds were assayed against engorged ticks of R. microplus at a concentration of 6 mM. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that 3-O-butyl-(-)-epigallocatechin (1), 3-O-butyl-(-)-epicatechin (2), azadirachtin A (10), and octadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-vinyl ester (11) show the highest effectiveness.

Abstract The planting of new types of table citrus is an interesting alternative for citrus growers in the state of Paraná, as this domestic market continues to grow and needs innovation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the acceptance and storage of a new hybrid for the region of Londrina / PR, Fremont IAC 543 mandarin (Citrus clementina hort. ex Tan x C. reticulataBlanco). Treatments were: storage of fruits with and without wax coating at room temperature [21 ± 2 °C and relative humidity (RH) = 60 ± 5%] for up to 36 days. Sensory (acceptance test and purchase intention) and physicochemical analyses [weight, juice yield, acidity, soluble solids and soluble solids/titratable acidity (ratio)] were performed before and after storage. Physicochemical data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression, while sensory analysis results were explored through descriptive statistics and principal components analysis using the R statistical software. It could be concluded that Fremont IAC 543 mandarin can be stored with wax coating and at room temperature without losing its quality characteristics for a period of up to 18 days.

Resumo O plantio de novos tipos de citros de mesa é uma alternativa interessante para os citricultores do Estado do Paraná, pois esse mercado interno continua em crescimento e necessita de inovação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aceitação e o armazenamento de um novo híbrido para a região de Londrina-PR, a tangerina Fremont IAC 543 (Citrus clementina hort. ex Tan x C.reticulata Blanco). Os tratamentos foram: armazenamento dos frutos com e sem revestimento de cera em temperatura ambiente [21 ± 2 °C e umidade relativa (UR) = 60 ± 5%] por até 36 dias. Análises sensoriais (teste de aceitação e intenção de compra) e físico-químicas [peso, rendimento do suco, acidez, sólidos solúveis e sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável (relação)] foram realizadas antes e após o armazenamento. Os dados físico-químicos foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão, enquanto os resultadosda análise sensorial foram explorados por meio de estatística descritiva e da análise decomponentes principais utilizando o software estatístico R. Pôde-se concluir que atangerina Fremont IAC 543 pode ser armazenada com revestimento de cera e em temperatura ambiente semperder suas características de qualidade por um período de até 18 dias.

Resumo Doru luteipes (Scudder, 1876) é um predador onívoro, que encontra na planta do milho diferentes recursos alimentares: ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797), uredósporos de Puccinia polysora (Underw, 1897) e pólen. Para definição da relevância desse predador como agente de controle biológico, conhecer a sobrevivência e preferência alimentar é essencial. Nós hipotetizamos que o comportamento de forrageamento e a capacidade de predação de D. luteipes podem ser afetados quando uma mesma planta oferece ovos, uredósporos e pólen, concomitantemente. A sobrevivência de D. luteipes na fase de ninfa e sua preferência entre os recursos alimentares, frequentemente disponíveis nas plantas de milho, foram determinados. Para verificar a sobrevivência de D. luteipes, ninfas recém eclodidas foram alimentadas exclusivamente com 1- uredósporos de P. polysora, 2- ovos de S. frugiperda, 3- pólen de milho, 4- combinação de uredósporos + ovos e 5- dieta artificial (controle). Em outro experimento, ninfas e adultos de D. luteipes com 24 e 48 horas de jejum foram liberadas individualmente, em recipientes contendo quatro dietas: 1- uredósporos de P. polysora, 2- ovos de S. frugiperda, 3- pólen de milho, 4- dieta artificial e mantidas durante 10 min, sendo avaliados a escolha pelo alimento e o tempo de alimentação. A alimentação exclusiva com ovos de S. frugiperda ocasionou baixa sobrevivência das ninfas (8%), porém a combinação de uredósporos de P. polysora + ovos de S. frugiperda possibilitou sobrevivência de 58,3%. D. luteipes preferiu se alimentar durante o período noturno e as maiores proporções de escolhas das ninfas e dos adultos ocorreram no pólen e na dieta, sendo que os adultos gastaram mais tempo se alimentando de pólen. Estas descobertas indicam que as escolhas tróficas de D. luteipes são relevantes para compreender sua contribuição como agente de controle de insetos-praga e doença fúngicas em milho.

Abstract Doru luteipes (Scudder, 1876) is an omnivorous predator that finds different food resources in the corn plant: eggs of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797), uredospores of Puccinia polysora (Underw, 1897), and pollen. Knowing the survival and food preferences of this predator is essential to define its relevance as a biological control agent. We hypothesize that the foraging behavior and predatory capacity of D. luteipes may be affected when several food resources, especially eggs of S. frugiperda, uredospores of P. polysora, and pollen are concurrently in the same plant. The survival of D. luteipes in the nymph stage and their preference among food resources, often available in corn plants, were determined. To verify the survival of D. luteipes, newly hatched nymphs were fed exclusively with 1- uredospores of P. polysora, 2- eggs of S. frugiperda, 3- corn pollen, 4- a combination of uredospores + eggs, and 5- artificial diet (control). In another experiment, nymphs and adults of D. luteipes with 24 and 48 hours of fasting were individually released in the center of a container with four diets: 1- uredospores of P. polysora, 2- eggs of S. frugiperda, 3- corn pollen, 4- artificial diet, and maintained for 10 minutes, to evaluate the food choice and feeding time. The exclusive feeding with S. frugiperda eggs caused low nymph survival (8%), but the combination of P. polysora uredospores + S. frugiperda eggs allowed 58.3% survival. D. luteipes preferred feeding during the nighttime and the most significant proportions of choices by nymphs and adults were for pollen and diet, with adults spending more time eating pollen. These findings indicate that the trophic choices of D. luteipes are relevant to understand its contribution as an agent to control pest insects and fungal diseases in corn.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging disease caused by an alphavirus of the Togaviridae family. Since its first description in 1952, the disease has spread worldwide, affecting populations in both tropical and temperate countries. To date, there is no licensed vaccine or specific pharmacological treatment. Therefore, there is an increasing urgency in developing new antiviral drugs capable of specifically inhibiting viral replication. In the present work, we report the synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of nineteen naphthoquinone derivatives, containing a sulfonamide or sulfonate group. Cell viability assays indicated a low toxic potential for all tested compounds and inhibitory assays against CHIKV identified five compounds with potent activity. The compounds were also evaluated for their virucidal potential, and the results demonstrated that compound 11a exhibited a virucidal effect higher than 70% in the treatment with 20 µM. Furthermore, in silico studies were performed to predict the antiviral drug targets.

Abstract: The main objective of this study is to examine emissions from mining tailings that affect PM10 loading in an area saturated with PM10 particulate matter in Andacollo, Coquimbo Region (Chile). Emission factors (EF) are determined by applying models developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Forty-six samples are analysed from five mining tailings (all located <3 Km from populated areas) and two schools. The results show that 100% of the samples contain fine sediments (sand and lime). The majority of the tailings are acidic with low salinity and low humidity. Those with acidic pH and high electrical conductivity (EC) show bioavailability of metals such as Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn. In conclusion, emissions from abandoned and inactive tailings deposits increase the PM10 inventory, making it necessary to modify EF standards to adapt them to Chile’s characteristics.

Resumen: Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar los tranques de relave que generan emisiones que afectan la carga de material particulado PM10 en una zona saturada respecto del material particulado respirable PM10 en la comuna de Andacollo, Región de Coquimbo (Chile). Se determinan los factores de emisión (FE) usando modelos de la agencia de protección ambiental (EPA, Estados Unidos). Se analizan 46 muestras provenientes de 5 relaves (todos ubicados a <3 Km de zona poblada) y de dos colegios. Los resultados muestran que el 100% de las muestras están compuestas por sedimentos finos (arena y limo). La mayoría de los relaves son ácidos poco salinos y de poca humedad. Aquellos de pH ácido y de alta conductividad eléctrica (CE), indican biodisponibilidad de algunos metales como Al, Cu, Fe, y Zn. En conclusión, emisiones provenientes de depósitos relaves abandonados e inactivos demuestran que aumenta el inventario de PM10, haciendo necesario modificar el formalismo de FE, adaptándolo a la realidad chilena.

Abstract: Domesticated species have been exposed to artificial pressures that regulate the genetic structure and divergence between populations. We estimated the genetic diversity, structure, inbreeding, effective population size, population bottlenecks and the ecological niche divergence, of wild, homegarden and cultivated populations of C. annuum. We analyzed, 13 populations across Oaxaca, Mexico and using seven nuclear microsatellite markers. C. annuum, shown high levels of genetic diversity in wild, homegarden and cultivated populations. Domesticated chiles in traditional agricultural habitats harbor unique gene pools and thus act as genetic variation reservoirs and to preserve its biodiversity. That indicates, a strong selection occurred at different phenotypes, could generating genetically diverse materials that have favored population adaptation to locations and environments. The values of inbreeding and the effective population size were sufficient to allow the maintenance of the populations. It is necessary to initiate programs to select chile varieties, to rescue some traits in the fruit. Genetic differentiation, was moderated among populations, we detected four geographic regions that are highly divergent between them. We suggest that in chile populations, a strong artificial selection could generate genetically divergent materials. We postulate, that climatic complexity and altitudinal gradients in Oaxaca, could promoting biodiversity, domestication and diversification. The Chiles from Oaxaca, are an example to the diversification of landraces that include chiles such as, 'Tusta', 'Tabaquero', 'Solterito', 'Piquín', 'Nanchita', 'Costeño' and 'Chile de Agua'.

Resumen: Las especies domesticadas han sido expuestas a presiones selectivas que regulan la estructura genética y divergencia entre poblaciones. Estimamos la diversidad genética, la estructura, la endogamia, el tamaño efectivo de la población, los cuellos de botella poblacionales y la divergencia del nicho ecológico, de poblaciones silvestres, de huertos familiares y cultivadas de C. annuum. Analizamos, 13 poblaciones en Oaxaca, México y usando siete marcadores de microsatélites nucleares. Las poblaciones de C. annuum, mostraron niveles altos de diversidad genética en poblaciones silvestres, de huertos familiares y cultivadas. Los chiles domesticados, en hábitats agrícolas tradicionales, contienen variedades genéticas únicas y por lo tanto, actúan como reservorios de variación genética y conservan la biodiversidad. Que indica, una fuerte selección, que ocurre en diferentes fenotipos lo que podría generar variedades genéticamente diversos, lo que ha favorecido la adaptación de las poblaciones a su entorno y ambientes. Los valores de la endogamia y el tamaño efectivo de la población son suficientes para permitir el mantenimiento de las poblaciones. Es necesario iniciar programas de selección de variedades de chile, para rescatar algunas características del fruto. La diferenciación genética, es moderada entre poblaciones, encontramos cuatro regiones geográficas que son muy divergentes entre ellas. Sugerimos, que en las poblaciones de chile, una fuerte selección artificial podría generar variedades genéticamente divergentes. Postulamos que la complejidad climática y los gradientes altitudinales en el estado de Oaxaca podrían promover la biodiversidad, la domesticación y la diversificación. Los chiles Oaxaca son un ejemplo de diversificación de las razas, que incluyen chiles como, 'Tusta', 'Tabaquero', 'Solterito', 'Piquín', 'Nanchita', 'Costeño' and 'Chile de Agua'.

Resumen En esta investigación se planteó como objetivo caracterizar color, textura y calidad sanitaria de pan adicionado con maíz criollo y cúrcuma. Se realizaron 14 diferentes panes empleando seis tipos de maíces (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 y M6). Los principales hallazgos fueron a) El color de los maíces, harinas nixtamalizada y masas tuvieron diferencia significativa (p < 0.05) al comparar valores medios de parámetros de Luminosidad, a* y b*. Los maíces azules y rojizo M2 (37.01), M3 (44.06) y M6 (41.07) y, amarillos y amarillo-naranja M1 (21.26), M4 (15.92) y M5 (26.01) presentaron los valores inferiores en L* y superiores en b*, respectivamente. La menor diferencia en color ∆E encontrada en el proceso de transformación de maíz a harina y masa, fue para maíces amarillos. b) En el pan de maíz se encontraron diferencias significativas en variable a* al compararse el mismo tipo de pan durante tres días consecutivos, en los panes BM1, BM5 y BM6, con una disminución de 7.5, 2.6 y 16.9%, con respecto al primer día. c) La calidad sanitaria del pan de trigo mejora con la adición de maíz nixtamalizado y cúrcuma. En los panes adicionados de maíz los que presentaron menor cantidad de colonias de hongos fueron los maíces azules y rojo (M2, M3 y M6). d) La dureza del pan de maíz criollo y cúrcuma no presentó diferencias durante tres días consecutivos beneficiando su conservación. El pan de maíz amarillo y cúrcuma BM1-C mostró incrementos en la dureza en los días 2 y 3.

Abstract The objective of this research was to characterize the color, texture and sanitary quality of bread added with creole corn and turmeric. Fourteen different breads were made using six types of corn (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6). The main findings were a) The color of the corn, nixtamalized flours and doughs had a significant difference (p < 0.05) when comparing mean values of Luminosity, a* and b* parameters. Blue and reddish corn M2 (37.01), M3 (44.06) and M6 (41.07) and, yellow and yellow orange M1 (21.26), M4 (15.92) and M5 (26.01) presented the lowest values in L* and highest in b*, respectively. The smallest difference in color ∆E found in the transformation process from corn to flour and dough, was for yellow corn. b) In corn bread, significant differences in variable a* were found when comparing the same type of bread for three consecutive days, in breads BM1, BM5 and BM6, with a decrease of 7.5, 2.6 and 16.9%, with respect to the first day. c) The sanitary quality of wheat bread improves with the addition of nixtamalized corn and turmeric. The blue and red corn (M2, M3 and M6) showed the lowest number of fungal colonies in the breads with corn additives. d) The hardness of the bread made with creole corn and turmeric did not show differences during three consecutive days, benefiting its conservation. The yellow corn and turmeric bread BM1-C showed increases in the hardness on days 2 and 3, and the yellow corn and turmeric bread BM1-C showed increases in the hardness on days 2 and 3.

Resumo Hymenaea martiana é uma espécie popularmente conhecida no Nordeste do Brasil como “jatobá” e usada na medicina popular para tratar a dor e a inflamação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória de H. martiana. No presente estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos do extrato etanólico bruto (Hm-EtOH) e da fração acetato de etila (Hm-AcOEt) em modelos de nocicepção e inflamação em camundongos. Foram utilizados estímulos químicos (contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético e teste da formalina) e estímulo térmico (teste da placa quente) para avaliação da atividade antinociceptiva, enquanto no perfil anti-inflamatório foi utilizado o teste do edema de pata induzido por carragenina e migração de leucócitos para a cavidade peritoneal. A presença do flavonoide astilbina nas amostras foi caracterizada através de análise por CLAE-DAD-EM. Hm-EtOH e o Hm-AcOEt (100, 200 e 400 mg.kg-1, i.p.) reduziram significativamente o número de contorções abdominais e diminuíram o tempo de lambida da pata no teste da formalina. No teste da placa quente, houve aumento do tempo de latência dos animais. Hm-EtOH e Hm-AcOEt inibiram significativamente o aumento do edema após a administração de carragenina, bem como inibiram a migração de leucócitos no teste de peritonite. A análise por CLAE-DAD-EM de Hm-EtOH e Hm-AcOEt revelou a presença do flavonoide astilbina nas amostras. De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, tanto Hm-EtOH quanto o Hm-AcOEt possuem atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória, o que pode estar relacionado à presença do flavonoide. Os resultados reforçam o uso popular desta planta.

Abstract Hymenaea martiana is a species popularly known in Northeastern Brazil as “jatobá” and used in folk medicine to treat pain and inflammation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of H. martiana. In the present study, we carried out an investigation about the effects of the crude ethanolic extract (Hm-EtOH) and the ethyl acetate fraction (Hm-AcOEt) in models of nociception and inflammation in mice. Chemical (acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin) and thermal stimuli (hot plate) were used for the evaluation of antinociceptive activity, while for the anti-inflammatory profile paw edema induced by carrageenan was used, along with leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity. The presence of the flavonoid astilbin in the samples was characterized through HPLC-DAD-MS analysis. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt (100, 200 and 400 mg.kg-1, i.p.) significantly reduced the number of abdominal contortions and decreased the paw licking time in the formalin test. In the hot plate, the extract increased the latency time of animals. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt inhibited significantly the increase in the edema after the administration of carrageenan. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt inhibited leukocyte migration in the peritonitis test. HPLC-DAD-MS analysis of Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt revealed the presence of the flavonoid astilbin in the samples. According to the results of this study, both Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, which could be related with the presence of flavonoid in the extracts. The results reinforce the popular use of this plant.

Resumo Relatamos a descoberta de que o predador Doru luteipes (Scudder, 1876) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) se alimenta de uredosporos de Puccinia polysora Underw, o agente causal da ferrugem polisora que é uma doença primária que afeta a cultura do milho no Brasil. Realizamos experimentos em laboratório e em casa de vegetação para testar o efeito da fungivoria de D. luteipes (1º/2º e 3º/4º iìstares e adultos) sobre a concentração de uredosporos de P. polysora. Todos os ensaios mostraram uma redução significativa da concentração inicial de uredosporos. Houve uma redução na concentração de uredosporos com o aumento do número de D. luteipes alimentando-se deles. Também testamos o consumo de uredosporos quantificando sua porcentagem nas fezes de D. luteipes. Ninfas do 2º e 4º ínstar, assim como adultos, alimentaram-se de 88%, 85% e 83,8% dos uredosporos, respectivamente. Para ninfas do 3º ínstar, a porcentagem de consumo de uredosporos (75,6%) foi estatisticamente significativo em comparação com os outros grupos. No experimento em casa de vegetação, aos 28 dias após a inoculação das plantas com 9,9 x 104 uredosporos, a porcentagem de consumo de uredosporos foi de 81,7%. Nossos resultados confirmaram a fungivoria de D. luteipes em uredosporos de P. polysora. Este é o primeiro relato de fungivoria de D. luteipes, que pode ter papel importante no controle biológico de P. polysora em milho.

Abstract We report the discovery that the earwig predator Doru luteipes (Scudder, 1876) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) feed on Puccinia polysora Underw uredospore, the causal agent of Southern Rust of Corn (SRC), which is a primary disease affecting the maize crop in Brazil. We performed experiments in laboratory and greenhouse to test the effect of D. luteipes (1st/2nd and 3rd/4th instars, and adults) fungivory on the P. polysora uredospore concentration. All trials showed a significant reduction of the initial concentration of uredospore. There was a reduction in uredospore concentration with increase in number of D. luteipes feeding on them. We also tested the uredospore consumption by quantifying its percentage in the feces of D. luteipes. Nymphs of the 2nd, 4th instar and adults fed 88%, 85%, and 83.8% of the uredospore, respectively. For nymphs of the 3rd instar, the percentage of uredospore consumption (75.6%) was statistically significant compared with the other groups. In greenhouse experiment, at twenty-eight days after plant inoculation with 9.9 x 104 uredospores, the percentage of uredospore consumption was 81.7%. Our results confirmed the fungivory of D. luteipes on P. polysora uredospore. This is the first report of D. luteipes fungivory, which may play an important role in the biological control of P. polysora in corn.

ABSTRACT A new and deadly virus known as SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is spreading rapidly around the world causing more than 4 million deaths. Hence, there is an urgent need to find new and innovative ways to reduce the likelihood of infection. One of the most common ways of catching the virus is by being in contact with droplets delivered by a sick person. The risk can be reduced by wearing a face mask as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO), especially in closed environments such as classrooms, hospitals, and supermarkets. However, people hesitate to use a face mask leading to an increase in the risk of spreading the disease, moreover when the face mask is used, sometimes it is worn in the wrong way. In this work, an autonomic face mask detection system with deep learning and powered by the image tracking technique used for the augmented reality development is proposed as a mechanism to request the correct use of face masks to grant access to people to critical areas. To achieve this, a machine learning model based on Convolutional Neural Networks was built on top of an IoT framework to enforce the correct use of the face mask in required areas as it is requested by law in some regions.

RESUMEN Un virus nuevo y letal conocido como SARS-CoV-2, responsable de la enfermedad del coronavirus (COVID-19), se está propagando rápidamente por el mundo y ha provocado más de 4 millones de muertes. Por tal razón, existe una necesidad urgente de encontrar formas nuevas e innovadoras de reducir la probabilidad de infección. Una de las formas usuales de contraer el virus es al estar en contacto con las gotas de saliva de una persona enferma. Este riesgo se puede reducir usando una mascarilla tipo cubrebocas como sugiere la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), especialmente en entornos cerrados como aulas, hospitales y supermercados. Sin embargo, las personas dudan en usar una mascarilla, lo que aumenta el riesgo de propagar la enfermedad, además, cuando se usa la mascarilla, a veces se usa de manera incorrecta. En este trabajo de investigación se propone un sistema autonómico de detección de mascarilla con aprendizaje profundo empoderado con la técnica de detección de imágenes que se utiliza en desarrollos de realidad aumentada como mecanismo para solicitar el correcto uso de mascarilla para permitir el acceso de personas a zonas críticas. Para lograr esto, se construyó un modelo de aprendizaje máquina basado en redes neuronales convolucionales con un enfoque de IoT para hacer cumplir el uso correcto de la máscara facial en las áreas requeridas, tal como lo exige la ley en algunas regiones.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the erectile function in patients who underwent partial penectomy and identify factors associated with penile functional status. Materials and Methods: We identified patients who underwent partial penectomy due to penile cancer between 2009 and 2014. Clinical and pathological characteristics included patient age at the time of diagnosis, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, metabolic syndrome, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status, penile shaft length, tumor size, primary tumor stage (pT), clinical nodal status, and local recurrence. Erectile function was assessed prospectively with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) at least 3 months after partial penectomy. Results: A total of 81 patients met analysis criteria. At the diagnosis, the median age was 62 years (range from 30 to 88). Median follow-up was 17 months (IQR 7-36). Of total patients, 37 (45%) had T2 or higher disease. Clinically positive nodes were present in 16 (20%) patients and seven (8.6%) developed local recurrence. Fifty patients (62%) had erectile dysfunction (ED) after partial penectomy, 30% had moderate or severe erectile dysfunction scores. Patients with ED versus without ED were similar in baseline characteristics except for age, penile shaft length, and presence of inguinal adenopathy (p <0.05). Multivariate analysis using logistic regression confirmed that older patients, shorter penile shaft length, and clinically positive lymph node were significantly associated with ED. Conclusion: Partial penectomy due to penile cancer provides adequate local control of the disease, however, proper counselling is important especially in relation to ED consequences. Preservation of penile length yields to more optimal erectile recovery.

Abstract Retroperitoneal extragonadal teratomas are rare entities that affect both sexes. They represent less than 5% of germline tumors. There are no exact incidence data in Mexico. Extragonadal germ tumors are malignant tumors that arise from embryonic precursors known as primordial germ cells, because they arise from stem cells they can exhibit a wide range of histologies. Treatment is based on surgery with complete resection and chemotherapy. In our case, we present a 30-year-old female patient who presented a mixed retroperitoneal extragonadal teratoma that required surgery followed by chemotherapy.

Resumen Los teratomas extragonadales (TEG) de localización retroperitoneal son entidades raras que afectan a ambos sexos. Representan menos del 5% de los tumores germinales. No existe datos exactos de incidencia en México. Los tumores germinales extragonadales son tumores malignos que surgen de precursores embrionarios conocidos como células germinales primordiales, debido a que surgen de células pluripotenciales pueden exhibir una amplia gama de histologías. El tratamiento se basa en la cirugía con resección completa y quimioterapia. En nuestro caso presentamos una paciente de sexo femenino de 30 años que presentó un TEG mixto en retroperitoneo que ameritó cirugía inicial seguida de quimioterapia.

Resumo Os ácaros nasais são comumente encontrados em beija-flores (Apodiformes). Na maioria dos casos, os ácaros foram relatados como endoparasitas, parasitando o sistema respiratório, particularmente as câmaras nasais anteriores, a laringe, a traqueia, os pulmões e os sacos aéreos e conjuntivais. No entanto, alguns ácaros são transportados apenas por beija-flores, pois flores servem como fonte de nutrientes para esses pequenos ácaros, assim como para Apodiformes tropicais alimentados de néctar em seu habitat natural. De agosto de 2012 a maio de 2014, beija-flores foram capturadas com redes de neblina e examinadas quanto à presença de ácaros nasais (identificados de acordo com chaves específicas) nos biomas Pantanal e Cerrado, no estado do Mato Grosso, Centro-Oeste do Brasil. No total, 76 exemplares Apodiformes da família Trochilidae foram capturados e 20 fêmeas de ácaros nasais, identificados como pertencentes ao gênero Rhinoseius, foram coletados de oito hospedeiros (10,5%), das seguintes espécies: Amazilia fimbriata, Amazilia versicolor, Eupetonema macroura e Thalurania furcata. Rhinoseius spp. foi relatado em muitos ecossistemas nas Américas, incluindo o Brasil, no entanto, este é o primeiro relato em Apodiformes do bioma Pantanal. Os ácaros foréticos não são responsáveis por danos diretos à população de Apodiformes, pois não são patogênicos. No entanto, eles competem por comida com beija-flores e diminuem a quantidade de comida disponível no ambiente. Eles também afetam a dinâmica reprodutiva das plantas, se alimentam de pólen e interferem nas interações da biodiversidade em que vivem.

Abstract Nasal mites are commonly found in hummingbirds (Apodiformes). In most cases, endoparasitic mites were reported to parasitize the respiratory system, particularly the anterior nasal chambers, larynx, trachea, lungs, and the air and conjunctival sacs. However, some mites are only carried by hummingbirds, because flowers serving as a nutrient source for these small mites, such as for Apodiformes, a tropical nectar-feeding in their natural habitat. From August 2012 to May 2014, humminbirds were captured using mist nets, and examined for the presence of nasal mites (identified according to specific keys) in the Pantanal, and Cerrado biomes, from the Mato Grosso state, midwestern Brazil. Overall, 76 Apodiform specimens, from the Trochilidae family were captured, and 20 female nasal mites, identified as being from the Rhinoseius genus, were collected from eight hosts (10.5%), of the following species: Amazilia fimbriata, Amazilia versicolor, Eupetonema macroura, and Thalurania furcata. The Rhinoseius spp. has been reported on, in many ecosystems in the Americas, including Brazil, however, this is the first report on Apodiformes from the Pantanal biome. Phoretic mites are not responsible for direct damage to the population of Apodiformes, as they are not pathogenic. However, they compete for food with hummingbirds and decrease the quantity of food available in the environment. They also affect the reproductive dynamics of plants, feed on pollen, and interfere with the intricacies of the biodiversity where they live.

Abstract: The objective of this research study is to compare pollutant dispersion in a Gaussian model, using the wind rose from the city of Andacollo (Chile), with a model based on the chaos theory that uses raw public Andacollo station data from the Chilean National Air Quality Information System (SINCA, for its acronym in Spanish). The data consist of time series for particulate matter, temperature, relative humidity, pressure, solar radiation, and wind speed magnitude. The chaotic treatment of each series provides their corresponding Lyapunov exponent, Hurst coefficient, and correlation entropy. The chaotic approximation shows that entropies of meteorological variables act on that of the pollutant, causing an asymptotic decay according to the loss of persistence. This explains its localized thermal interactions. It is concluded that both models show similar predictions when comparing the decay of the pollutant PM10.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es contrastar un modelo Gaussiano de dispersión de contaminantes, usando la rosa de los vientos de la ciudad de Andacollo (Chile), con un modelo cuya génesis está en la teoría del caos y que emplea datos crudos de carácter público de mediciones de la estación Andacollo del Sistema de Información Nacional de Calidad del Aire (SINCA) de Chile. Los datos conforman series de tiempo de material particulado, temperatura, humedad relativa, presión, radiación solar y magnitud de la velocidad del viento. El tratamiento caótico de cada serie entrega su exponente de Lyapunov, su coeficiente de Hurst y su entropía de correlación. La aproximación caótica muestra que las entropías de las variables meteorológicas actúan sobre la del contaminante provocando su decaimiento asintótico según perdida de persistencia, explicando sus interacciones térmicas localizadas. Se concluye que los modelos exhiben predicciones similares al comparar el decaimiento del contaminante PM10.