Silage mixed with forage and byproducts is an alternative nutritional strategy for ruminant production. This study aimed to characterize chemical-nutritional aspects, fermentative profile, and digestibility of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) silage with different contents of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) peel inclusion at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, or 80% of fresh matter. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates per treatment. Mixed feeds were ensiled in experimental silos for 65 days, subsequently opened, and samples were analysed. The increase in the proportions of pineapple peel caused a linear increase in dry matter, crude protein, mineral matter, ether extract, soluble carbohydrate, cellulose, lignin, and in vitro digestibility of dry matter in sorghum silage. The mean concentrations of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) had a negative quadratic relationship with the inclusion of pineapple peel, reducing from 0% to 40% (-2.56% for NDF and -3.14% for ADF) followed by stabilization at subsequent contents. Silage pH was not influenced, however, acetic and propionic acids increased linearly, while butyric acid decreased linearly with pineapple peel inclusion. The highest losses in gases and effluents were obtained in silage with 0% pineapple peel inclusion (1.77% of dry matter and 4.06 kg t-1 of dry matter), which resulted in lower dry matter recovery (93.56%). Adding pineapple peel to sorghum benefits composition, fermentation, in vitro digestibility, and decreases silage losses. An inclusion of 40-80% sorghum can be recommended.

Resumen Introducción. Las mariposas son indicadores ecológicos muy sensibles a los cambios ambientales; el inventario de sus comunidades es una herramienta válida para conocer el estado de conservación o alteración de su hábitat. Objetivos. Evaluar la diversidad y composición de las mariposas (Lepidoptera: Morphinae y Satyrinae) en los Varíllales de la Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo Mishana (RNAM), Perú. Metodología. Los muestreos fueron realizados de enero a diciembre del 2015. En un Varillal alto y bajo a lo largo de 7 transectos de 25 m, las mariposas fueron atraídas con cebos de frutas fermentadas y capturadas con una red entomológica, durante 1 semana de cada mes; con recolectas diarias en el trascurso de la mañana y la tarde. Resultados. Se registraron un total de 2662 individuos, incluidos en 38 especies y 16 géneros, siendo las especies más abundantes Pierella lena, Pierella lamia y Cithaerias pireta aurorina dentro de los Satyrinae; y en los Morphinae figuran Morpho helenor y Caligo eurilochus. Entre las especies comerciales, resaltan Morpho menelaus, M. helenor, Caligo idomeneus, C. eurilochus, C. pireta aurorina y Haetera piera negra. Alcance. La mayor riqueza de especies se encontró en el Varillal alto y albergan varias especies de alto valor para fines de educación ambiental y bionegocios.

Abstract Introduction. Butterflies are very sensitive ecological indicators to environmental changes. The inventory of their communities is a valid tool to know the state of conservation or alteration of their habitat. Objective. To evaluate the diversity and composition of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Morphinae and Satyrinae) in the varillales of the Allpahuayo Mishana National Reserve (RNAM for its acronym in Spanish), Peru. Methodology. Sampling was carried out from January to December 2015. Butterflies were attracted with fermented fruit baits and captured with an entomological net in a high and low Varillal along 7 transepts of 25m during 1 week of each month, with daily collections in the morning and the afternoon. Results. A total of 2,662 individuals were recorded, included in 38 species and 16 genera, being the most abundant species Pierella lena, Pierella lamia and Cithaerias pireta aurorina within the Satyrinae, and Morpho helenor and Caligo eurilochus within the Morphinae. Among the commercial species, Morpho menelaus, M. helenor, Caligo idomeneus, C. eurilochus, C. pireta aurorina and Haetera piera negra stand out. Scope. The highest species richness was found in the upper Varillal and they host several species of high value for environmental education and biobusiness purposes.

Resumen Objetivo: Carmenta foraseminis (Busck) Eichlin es una plaga de importancia económica para el cultivo del cacao y está presente en toda la región de San Martín, Perú. El estudio busca determinar los factores ambientales como, temperatura, humedad relativa y altitud relacionados con la incidencia de la plaga en frutos de cacao, asociada a la aparición de enfermedades fungosas en tres distritos de la región San Martín. Metodología: Se seleccionaron ocho parcelas aledañas a estaciones meteorológicas y se obtuvieron registros diarios de temperatura y humedad relativa; y se registraron las altitudes con un GPS. Simultáneo a la evaluación de la incidencia de C. foraseminis se registraron la presencia de las enfermedades Phytophthora palmivora “pudrición parda”, Moniliophthora roreri “monilia” y Moniliophthora perniciosa “escoba de bruja” categorizando los frutos en tres niveles, Nivel 1: frutos con presencia de C. foraseminis, Nivel 2: frutos con presencia de C. foraseminis + patógeno y Nivel 3: frutos totalmente dañado con presencia de C. foraseminis + patógeno. Se evaluaron un total de 1320 frutos, revisando en su interior la presencia de larvas de la plaga y de los hongos basados en su sintomatología. Resultados: La incidencia fue de 36,4% en las zonas evaluadas. El distrito de Juanjui registró la mayor incidencia (54%), Tabalosos (30,2%) y San Roque de Cumbaza (25%). Los mayores niveles de daños se observaron en el nivel 2 (41,7%) y el nivel 3 (34,3%) y el más bajo en el nivel 1 (24%). Alcance: La incidencia de C. foraseminis tuvo una relación positiva con la temperatura (P=0,033), pero no presentó relación con la altitud ni con la humedad relativa. El daño del insecto influyó positivamente en el desarrollo de los hongos P. palmivora “pudrición parda” (P=0,004) y M. roreri “monilia” (P=0,009), pero no con M. perniciosa “escoba de bruja” (P=0,362).

Abstract Objective: Carmenta foraseminis (Busck) Eichlin is a plague of economic importance for the cultivation of cocoa and is widespread in all the San Martín Region, Peru. The study aims to determine the environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and altitude associated with pest incidence in cocoa fruits and associated with occurrence of fungal diseases in three districts of the San Martin region. Methodology: Eight plots, adjacent to meteorological stations, were selected and daily records of temperature and relative humidity were obtained. The altitudes were recorded with a GPS. Simultaneous to the incidence of C. foraseminis, the presence of Phytophthora palmivora "brown rot", Moniliophthora roreri "monilia" and Moniliophthora pernicious "witch's broom" were evaluated categotizing the fruits in three levels as follows: Level 1: fruits with presence of C. foraseminis; Level 2: fruits with presence of C. foraseminis + pathogen; and Level 3: fruits totally damaged with the presence of C. foraseminis + pathogen. A total of 1320 fruits were evaluated by checking inside for the presence of pest larvae and fungi based on their symptomatology. Results: The incidence was 36.4% in the evaluated areas. The district of Juanjui registered the highest incidence (54%), Tabalosos (30.2%) and San Roque de Cumbaza (25%). The highest levels of damage were observed at level 2 (41.7%) and level 3 (34.3%) and the lowest at level 1 (24%). Scope: The incidence of C. foraseminis had a positive relationship with temperature (P=0.033), but was not related to altitude or relative humidity. The damage of the insect positively influenced the development of the fungi P. palmivora "brown rot" (P=0.004) and M. roreri "monilia" (P=0.009), but it did not influence M. perniciosa "witch's broom" (P = 0.362).

O trato gastrointestinal de 14 falsas orcas, 6 machos e 8 fêmeas, encalhadas em junho de 1995 no sul do Brasil, com comprimentos totais de 338 a 507 cm, foi analisado quanto à presença de endoparasitas e itens alimentares. Uma fêmea grávida apresentava um feto de 77,5 cm. Parasitas foram encontrados em todas as 14 falsas orcas. O nematóide Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809) foi encontrado no estômago de 57% dos animais e o acantocéfalo Bolbosoma capitatum (Linstow, 1889) Porta, 1908, estava presente no intestino de todos os espécimes, com densidades de até 600 parasitas/m-1. Um cestóide não identificado (Tethrabothridae) também foi encontrado nos intestinos de 14% dos indivíduos. As altas infecções por B. capitatum e A. simplex não estavam diretamente relacionadas à causa da morte. Nos estômagos de quatro fêmeas foram encontrados bicos de pelo menos oito espécimes de lulas oceânica e epipelágica Ommastrephes bartramii (Lesueur, 1821), com comprimentos de manto variando entre 189,8 e 360,9 mm. A distribuição de O. bartramii na costa do Rio Grande do Sul é consistente com a alimentação de falsas orcas em águas da plataforma oceânica.

The gastrointestinal tract of 14 false killer whales, 6 males and 8 females, stranded in June 1995 in southern Brazil, with total standard lengths from 338 to 507 cm, were analysed for endoparasites and food items. A pregnant female had a male foetus of 77.5 cm. Parasites were found in all 14 false killer whales. The nematode Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809) was found in the stomach of 57% of the animals and the acanthocephalan Bolbosoma capitatum (Linstow, 1889) Porta, 1908 was present in the intestine of all specimens and showed densities up to 600 m-1. An unidentified cestode (Tethrabothridae) was found also in the intestines of 14% of the individuals. The high infections of B. capitatum and A. simplex were not directly related with the cause of death. In the stomachs of four females, beaks of at least eight specimens of the oceanic and epipelagic species Ommastrephes bartramii (Lesueur, 1821) were found, with mantle lengths ranging from 189.8 to 360.9 mm. The distribution of O. bartramii in the coast of Rio Grande do Sul is consistent with false killer whales feeding in continental shelf waters.