Abstract In recent years, the use of pesticides has increased considerably for pest control and to improve agricultural production. The rural areas of several municipalities of department of Cordoba, north of Colombia, are highly dependent on agriculture. In this study, a questionnaire and field observations about pesticide use and genotoxic damage through the comet assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes of children who live near crop fields was evaluated. Damage Index for Comet Assay (DICA) of five children populations exposed to pesticides (mean of 94.73±53.95 for the municipality of Monteria, the higher damage in this study) were significantly Higher than control children population (mean of 7.56±7.39). Results showed the damage index in children exposed group was higher than in the control group. An inadequate management of pesticides, as well as incorrect disposal of toxic wastes was observed in the study zone. years production Cordoba Colombia agriculture evaluated DICA (DICA mean 94735395 94 73 53 95 94.73±53.9 Monteria 7.56±7.39. 756739 7.56±7.39 . 7 56 39 7.56±7.39) zone 9473539 9 5 94.73±53. 75673 7.56±7.3 3 947353 94.73±53 7567 7.56±7. 94735 94.73±5 756 7.56±7 9473 94.73± 75 7.56± 947 94.73 7.56 94.7 7.5 94. 7.

RESUMEN La microcuenca de la quebrada Jui, enmarcada dentro de la cuenca alta del río Sinú, región Caribe de Colombia, es uno de los recursos hídricos utilizados por la población rural para consumo, riego y saneamiento; sin embargo, recibe cargas contaminadas de centros poblados en su área de influencia, que corresponden al vertimiento de aguas residuales, afluentes de laguna de oxidación, actividades ganaderas, extracción de arena, agricultura de pancoger y cultivos no formales. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el índice de calidad del agua (ICA) y establecer la relación entre los parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos con las diferentes fuentes antropogénicas, para establecer origen común de contaminación. Además, el análisis de plaguicidas organoclorados y organofosforados, para conocer la influencia de las actividades agrícolas. Se tomaron muestras en seis estaciones, en el periodo seco y húmedo del 2018. Las concentraciones de los parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos, se analizaron empleando los métodos estandarizados de la American Public Health Association. Los plaguicidas, se cuantificaron por el método cromatografía de gases con espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). En promedio, el ICA fue 74,1, clasificando la fuente hídrica con buena calidad, exceptuando las estaciones (E4 y E5), en el periodo húmedo, cuya clasificación fue media, debido al aporte de coliformes fecales y turbidez. La concentración de plaguicidas, se presentó por debajo del límite de detección del método. En general, el análisis estadístico multivariado indica que las fuentes de contaminación derivan de aguas residuales domésticas, escorrentía agrícola, excretas del ganado porcino y minería de arena.

ABSTRACT The micro-base of the Jui creek, framed within the upper Sinú River basin, Colombia Caribbean region, is one of the water resources used by the rural population for consumption, irrigation and sanitation. However, it receives contaminated loads from urban centers in its area of influence that correspond to the discharge wastewater, oxidation lagoon tributaries, livestock activities, sand extraction, agriculture and non-formal crops. The objective of this study was to determine the water quality index (ICA) and establish the relationship between the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters with the different anthropogenic sources to establish a common source of contamination. In addition, the analysis of organochlorinated and organophosphate pesticides to understand the influence of agricultural activities. Samples were taken in six seasons, in the dry and humid period of 2018. Concentrations of physical-chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed using the American Public Health Association's standardized methods. The pesticides were quantified by the gas chromatography method with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). On average the WQI was 74.1 classifying the water source with good quality, except the seasons (E4 and E5) in the wet period, the classification of which was average, due to the contribution of fecal coliforms and turbidity. The concentration of pesticides was below the detection limit of the method. In general, multivariate statistical analysis indicates that sources of pollution are from domestic wastewater, agricultural runoff, pig excretions and sand mining.

This project assessed the technical feasibility of organic matter (COD) removal in livestock effluents, by electrocoagulation. An experimental design was used to block two factors at three levels, to evaluate the effect of the variables distance between electrodes and pH, using aluminum sacrificial electrodes. Maximum removal (90.16%) was obtained at 7 units pH, and 2.0 cm distance between electrodes. This study demonstrated the technical feasibility of electrocoagulation (EC) for the removal of organic matter as COD, present in wastewater from the livestock industry.

Resumen Objetivo: Se desarrolló un cuadro de mando integral de gestión ambiental para el fortalecimiento competitivo de las pequeñas y medianas empresas -PYME- del sector salud, partiendo de los resultados que arrojó la aplicación de un modelo de madurez ambiental y la caracterización ambiental de las IPS participantes. Materiales y métodos: Para esto se aplicó un instrumento de medición ambiental a 41 empresas del sector salud de la ciudad de Montería (Córdoba, Colombia) seleccionadas aleatoriamente; este instrumento fue diseñado con validez de contenido y constructo, teniendo en cuenta las variables ambientales empresariales propuestas por Wee-Quazi; para el análisis de confiabilidad se utilizó el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: Se definió la agrupación óptima de las empresas objeto de estudio por características comunes a través del método multivariable análisis de clúster y se hallaron 8 grupos de semejanzas entre ellas. Conclusiones: El modelo que mide la madurez de los sistemas de gestión ambiental obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 99,3 %, lo que permite verificar su confiabilidad para que las IPS analizadas conozcan qué aspectos son los más relevantes al llevar a cabo buenas prácticas ambientales.

Abstract Objective: A scorecard of environmental management was developed for competitive strengthening of Small and Medium Enterprises -SMEs- in the health sector, building on the results that showed the application of a maturity environmental model and environmental characterization of the IPS participants. Materials and methods: For this, it applied an environmental measuring instrument 41 companies in the health sector of the city of Monteria (Córdoba, Colombia) randomly selected, this instrument was designed with content and construct validity, considering corporate environmental variables proposed by Wee - Quazi, for analysis reliability was used Cronbach 's alpha coefficient. Results: It defined optimal clustering of firms studied by common features through cluster method of multivariate analysis and found 8 groups of similarities between them. Conclusions: The model measures the maturity of environmental management systems obtained a Cronbach 's alpha of 99.3 %, which verifies its reliability for the analyzed IPS know what aspects are most relevant to implementing good environmental practices.

Se evaluaron cinco extractos coagulantes naturales en solución salina de tallos de Hylocereus cf. trigonus (Cactus), exudado gomoso de Albizia saman (Campano), corteza de Guazuma ulmifolia (Guácimo) y corteza y semilla de Moringa oleífera (Moringa), en muestras de agua cruda tomadas del río Sinú, con niveles de turbidez inicial entre 56 y 300 unidades nefelométricas de turbidez (UNT). Con ensayos de jarras, se determinó las eficiencias de remoción de turbidez, como una función del porcentaje de actividad coagulante, para dosis aplicadas entre 5 mg/L a 200 mg/L. Aunque el Carbono Orgánico Total (COT) es un parámetro importante en la calidad del agua, no se incluyó en este estudio debido a que se ha hallado que la turbidez del rio Sinú es de origen sedimentario y su corriente tiene una baja carga orgánica. Las eficiencias de remoción variaron de 40% (con turbidez menores a 100 UNT) hasta 90% (con turbidez inicial mayor a 150 UNT), para dosis óptimas de 10 mg/L a 40 mg/L de extractos de tallos de H. cf. trigonus, exudado gomoso de A. saman, y cortezas de G. ulmifolia y de M. oleífera. El extracto de mayor eficiencia fue el obtenido de la semilla de M. oleífera, siendo más efectivo con turbidez mayor a 150 UNT, logrando una actividad coagulante hasta del 98%.

Five natural coagulants extracts in saline were evaluated: stems Hylocereus cf. trigonus (Cactus), exudate gum Albizia saman (Campano), bark Guazuma ulmifolia (Guácimo) and bark and seed of Moringa oleífera (Moringa) in raw water samples taken from the Sinú river with initial turbidity levels between 56 and 300 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). With Jar tests, the turbidity removal efficiencies as a function of percent activity coagulant dosages applied between 5 mg/L to 200 mg/L was determined. Although the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is an important parameter of the water quality, it was not included in this study because it has been found that the Sinú river turbidity is from sedimentary origin and its stream has a low organic load. The optimal extract dosage was found to be between 10 mg/L and 40 mg/L obtaining removal efficiencies from 40% (turbidity lower than 100 NTU) to 90% (initial turbidity higher than 150 NTU) for extracts of stems H. cf. trigonus, exudate gum A. saman, bark G. ulmifolia and bark M. oleífera. The M. oleífera seed extract had the greatest turbidity removal efficiency even when using an initial turbidity higher than 150 NTU, achieving a coagulant activity up to 98%.