Abstract The present investigation was carried out with the objective of evaluating the crown morphometric parameters of the Neltuma alba in young plantations located in different site properties, in order to describe their behavior and analyze their relationships. For this purpose, permanent sampling plots of plantations located in three site properties of the province of Formosa were surveyed, measuring the normal diameter, crown radius, total height, crown insertion height and crown length of all the trees that were found within the plots. Through these variables, the following were calculated: crown diameter, crown volume, degree of slenderness, amplitude index, protrusion index, crown percentage and crown shape. The mean values of the parameters and morphometric indices by sites class showed important differences. Statistically, the effect of the site could be evidenced on the crown percentage and crown volume. When using simple regression models, it was determined that the relationship between normal diameter and crown diameter can be properly described by linear functions. The information generated on the crown morphometry can contribute to improve the management decisions of the plantations of this species.

Resumen La presente investigación fue realizada con el objetivo de evaluar los parámetros morfométricos de copa de Neltuma alba en plantaciones jóvenes ubicadas en diferentes calidades de sitio, a fin de describir su comportamiento y analizar sus relaciones. Para tal efecto, se relevaron parcelas de muestreo permanente de plantaciones ubicadas en tres calidades de sitio de la provincia de Formosa, midiéndose el diámetro normal, radios de copa, altura total, altura de inserción de copa y largo de copa de todos los árboles que se encontraron en las parcelas. A través de estas variables se efectuaron cálculos sobre el diámetro de copa, volumen de copa, grado de esbeltez, índice de amplitud, índice saliente, porcentaje de copa y forma de copa. Los valores medios de los parámetros e índices morfométricos por clases de sitios evidenciaron diferencias analíticas. Estadísticamente el efecto del sitio pudo evidenciarse sobre el porcentaje de copa y volumen de copa. Mediante el empleo de modelos de regresión simple se determinó que la relación entre el diámetro normal y el diámetro de copa puede describirse satisfactoriamente por funciones lineales. La información generada sobre la morfometría de copa puede contribuir a mejorar las decisiones de manejo de las plantaciones de esta especie.

Abstract A determination of how the amount of allotted feedlot living space influences both production indicators as well as carcass and meat quality traits obtained from Holstein steers was performed by forming two treatment groups, T14: 65 steers/pen (14 m2/head of space allowances) and T16: 57 steers/pen (16 m2/head of space allowances), with five replications each treatment. The average arrival weight 238 ± 0.74 kg. During the fattening period the cattle was feed twice a day with commercial diets. The steers were slaughtered after a 261-d period. At the moment of the first reimplant a greater average body weight was found in T16 vs T14 (384.25 vs 378.38 kg; P<0.05) and the difference continued until day 261 (612.35 vs 595.54 kg; P<0.05); regarding ADG, hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight the result were: 1.50 vs 1.46 kg (P<0.05), of ADG kg/d; 367.34 vs 360.35 kg (P<0.05) and 366.68 vs 358.78 kg (P<0.05). No difference between treatments were found in dorsal fat, marbling, pH and meat color. The results suggest that an increase from 14 m2/animal to 16 m2/animal improves the production results as well as the hot and cold carcass weight, with no effect on the quality traits of the carcass and beef.

Resumen Se determinó cómo la cantidad de espacio vital asignado en el corral de engorda, influye tanto en los indicadores de producción como en los rasgos de calidad de la canal y la carne obtenidas de novillos Holstein mediante la formación de dos grupos de tratamiento, T14: 65 novillos/corral (14 m2/cabeza de espacio permitido) y T16: 57 novillos/corral (16 m2/cabeza de espacio permitido), con cinco repeticiones en cada tratamiento. El peso promedio de llegada fue de 238 ± 0.74 kg. Durante el período de engorda el ganado se alimentó dos veces al día con dietas comerciales. Los novillos se sacrificaron después de un período de 261 días. En el momento del primer reimplante se encontró un mayor peso corporal promedio en T16 vs T14 (384.25 vs 378.38 kg; P<0.05) y la diferencia se mantuvo hasta el día 261 (612.35 vs 595.54 kg; P<0.05); en cuanto a la GDP, el peso de la canal caliente y el peso de la canal fría, los resultados fueron: 1.50 vs 1.46 kg (P<0.05), de GDP kg/día; 367.34 vs 360.35 kg (P<0.05) y 366.68 vs 358.78 kg (P<0.05). No se encontraron diferencias entre los tratamientos en la grasa dorsal, el marmoleado, el pH y el color de la carne. Los resultados sugieren que un aumento de 14 m2/animal a 16 m2/animal mejora los resultados productivos, así como el peso de la canal caliente y fría, sin afectar a los rasgos de calidad de la canal y la carne.

Abstract Massive bleeding due to rupture of hypogastric artery pseudoaneurysm is an exceptional complication of colorectal anastomotic leakage. A 41-year-old woman with history of rectal cancer surgery, who debuted with massive rectorrhagia and hypovolemic shock due to rupture of a hypogastric artery pseudoaneurysm as a late complication of a colorectal anastomosis leak. The ruptured hypogastric artery pseudoaneurysm should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of patients with massive rectorrhagia and history of colorectal anastomosis leak. Endovascular embolization is considered the first-line treatment.

Resumen La hemorragia masiva por rotura de un pseudoaneurisma de la arteria hipogástrica es una complicación muy rara de la fuga anastomótica colorrectal. Mujer de 41 años con antecedentes de cirugía por cáncer de recto, que debutó con un cuadro de rectorragias masivo y shock hipovolémico secundario a la rotura de un pseudoaneurisma de la arteria hipogástrica como complicación tardía de una fuga de la anastomosis colorrectal. La rotura de un pseudoaneurisma de la arteria hipogástrica se debe tener presente en el diagnostico diferencial de pacientes con rectorragia masiva y antecedentes de dehiscencia de anastomosis colorrectal. La embolización endovascular es actualmente el tratamiento de elección.

Resumen Introducción. La tutoría universitaria rara vez cuenta con aportaciones innovadoras que den lugar a nuevos procedimientos que despierten el interés e impacto entre la comunidad universitaria. Objetivo. Este trabajo analiza la satisfacción del alumnado con la experiencia de innovación educativa basada en la tutoría invertida a partir del diferencial entre expectativas iniciales y percepción final. Método. La investigación se sustenta en un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo y un diseño no experimental, descriptivo y longitudinal. Participan en la investigación 164 estudiantes de los Grados de Educación Infantil, Primaria y Pedagogía, a través de un cuestionario diseñado ad hoc, válido y fiable. Resultados. Los resultados muestran satisfacción del alumnado con el método de tutoría utilizado y el uso de kahoot, por el contrario, el alumnado muestra insatisfacción con el uso de los foros virtuales. Conclusiones. Estas herramientas digitales ofrecen alternativas pedagógicas que facilitan la labor tutorial, kahoot se percibe como un acierto en la detección de necesidades formativas, mientras los foros virtuales requieren de reflexión docente para su incorporación en procesos de tutoría invertida.

Resumo Introdução. A tutoria universitária raramente contribui com inovações que suscitam interesse e impacto na comunidade universitária. Objetivo. Este artigo analisa a satisfação dos estudantes com a experiência de inovação educacional baseada na tutoria invertida, considerando a diferença entre as expectativas iniciais e a percepção final. Método. A pesquisa adota uma abordagem metodológica quantitativa e um desenho não experimental, descritivo e longitudinal. Participaram da pesquisa 164 estudantes dos cursos de Educação Infantil, Ensino Fundamental e Pedagogia, respondendo a um questionário elaborado ad hoc, considerado válido e confiável. Resultados. Os resultados demonstram que os estudantes estão satisfeitos com o método de tutoria utilizado e com o uso do Kahoot. Por outro lado, os alunos demonstram insatisfação com o uso de fóruns virtuais. Conclusões. Estas ferramentas digitais oferecem alternativas pedagógicas que facilitam o trabalho do tutor. O Kahoot é percebido como um sucesso na identificação de necessidades formativas, enquanto os fóruns virtuais demandam reflexão por parte dos docentes para sua incorporação nos processos de tutoria invertida.

Abstract Introduction. University tutoring rarely includes innovative contributions that lead to new procedures to generate interest and have an impact on the university community. Objective. This paper analyzes student satisfaction with the experience of educational innovation based on flipped tutoring, focusing on the difference between initial expectations and final perception. Method. The research was based on a quantitative methodological approach and a non-experimental, descriptive, and longitudinal design. The participants in the study, 164 students from an Early Childhood Education, Primary Education, and Pedagogy degree, answered a valid and reliable questionnaire designed ad hoc. Results. The results showed student satisfaction with the employ of the tutoring method and the Kahoot platform. On the contrary, the students expressed dissatisfaction with the use of virtual forums. Conclusions. These digital tools offer pedagogical alternatives that facilitate the work of the tutor. Kahoot is perceived as a success in detecting training needs, while virtual forums require teacher reflection for their incorporation into flipped tutoring processes.

Resumen: Se presenta un estudio psicométrico por procedimientos confirmatorios de la Escala de Desempeño Laboral de Koopmans, Bernaards, Hildebrandt, Van Buu ren, Van der Beek y De Vet (2013) en su versión argentina realizada por Gabini y Salessi (2016) con el objetivo de obtener la validez de constructo en apego a la estructura original y validez de criterio concurrente a través de correlación con la escala de Expectativas Laborales (Villa-George, Moreno-Jiménez, Rodríguez-Muñoz y Villalpando, 2011). Se utilizó un diseño no experimental-transversal y se aplicó el muestreo de bola de nieve. La muestra estuvo constituida por 404 profesionistas del Valle de México que se encontraban laborando en teletrabajo. Se analizó la estructura de tres factores (rendimiento en la tarea, comportamientos contraproducentes y rendimiento en el contexto) y con 12 ítems, los resultados indican una buena fiabilidad del instrumento, un ajuste adecuado del modelo a los datos, y pertinente validez de constructo convergente. Se considera que la escala es un instrumento recomendable para la evaluación del Desempeño Laboral en profesionistas mexicanos.

Abstract: A psychometric study is presented using confirmatory procedures of the Work Performance Scale of Koopmans, Bernaards, Hildebrandt, Van Buuren, Van der Beek y De Vet (2013) in its Argentine version carried out by Gabini y Salessi (2016) to obtain construct validity in accordance with the original structure and concurrent criterion validity through correlation with the Work Expectations scale (Villa-George, Moreno-Jiménez, Rodríguez-Muñoz, y Villalpando, 2011). A non-experimental-cross-sectional design was used and snowball sampling was applied. The sample was made up of 404 professionals from the Valley of Mexico who were working remotely. The three-factor structure was analyzed (performance in the task, counterproductive behaviors and performance in the context) and with 12 items, the results indicate good reliability of the instrument, an adequate fit of the model to the data, and relevant convergent construct validity. It is considered that the scale is a recommended instrument for the evaluation of Work Performance in Mexican professionals.

Abstract Participation in external quality assessment programmes focused on rare genetic diseases makes it possible to assess the laboratory technical and analytical performance and it is a prerequisite for accreditation according to ISO 15189. The objective of this study was to perform a retrospective evaluation of our performance in the EMQN (European Molecular Genetics Quality Network) and the CF Network (Cystic Fibrosis European Network) programmes in the 2014-2022 period. The laboratory performance on genotyping, interpretation and clerical accuracy and patient identifiers in a total of 88 schemes were assessed. The information of our scores and the mean scores of all participating laboratories in the three categories were collected. A total of 90.9% of the schemes were fully completed. The performance in genotyping showed scores above the mean scores in 89.3% of the schemes; 0.8% of the reports correspond to false negative results. Regarding interpretation category, 66.7% of the schemes presented scores above the mean scores and 33.3% below the mean scores. The clerical accuracy and patient identifiers were above the mean scores in 97.6% of the schemes. A statistically significant difference in the percentage of schemes with a score above the mean for the interpretation category in the year 2022 (10/12 schemes) was observed compared to the year 2014 (1/6 schemes) (p=0.0128). In conclusion, regular participation in external quality assessment programmes had a positive impact on the quality of the studies and allows for continuous improvements based on the recommendations suggested by these programmes.

Resumen La participación en programas de evaluación externa de la calidad (PEEC) dirigidos al diagnóstico de enfermedades genéticas permite obtener una medida objetiva del desempeño técnico y analítico de los laboratorios y es un requisito para la acreditación de los laboratorios clínicos bajo la norma ISO 15189. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar retrospectivamente el desempeño en los esquemas EMQN (European Molecular Genetics Quality Network) y CF Network (Cystic Fibrosis European Network) en el período 2014-2022. Se participó en un total de 88 esquemas. Se recolectó la información de nuestros puntajes y las medias de los laboratorios participantes en las categorías genotipificación, interpretación y exactitud de la información del paciente/informe. Se informó en forma completa el 90,9% (n=80) de los esquemas. El desempeño en genotipificación mostró puntajes superiores a la media en el 89,3% de los esquemas; 0,8% de los informes correspondieron a falsos negativos. En interpretación, el 66,7% de los esquemas evidenció un desempeño superior a la media y el 33,3% debajo de la media. La exactitud de la información del paciente/informe presentó puntajes superiores a la media en el 97,6% de los esquemas. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el porcentaje de esquemas con puntaje por encima de la media en el año 2022 (10/12 esquemas) respecto al año 2014 (1/6 esquemas) en la categoría interpretación (p=0,0128). En conclusión, la participación regular en PEEC tuvo impacto positivo en la calidad de los estudios y permite realizar mejoras continuas a partir de las recomendaciones sugeridas por estos programas.

Resumo A participação em programas de avaliação externa da qualidade (PEECs) voltados para o diagnóstico de doenças genéticas permite obter uma mensuração objetiva do desempenho técnico e analítico dos laboratórios e é requisito para a acreditação dos laboratórios clínicos sob a norma ISO 15189. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar retrospectivamente o desempenho nos esquemas EMQN (European Molecular Genetics Quality Network) e CF Network (Cystic Fibrosis European Network) no período 2014-2022. Participou-se em um total de 88 esquemas. Foram coletadas informações de nossos escores e das médias dos laboratórios participantes nas categorias genotipagem, interpretação e precisão da informação do paciente/laudo. 90,9% (n=80) dos esquemas foram informados em sua totalidade. O desempenho na genotipagem apresentou escores acima da média em 89,3% dos esquemas; 0,8% dos laudos corresponderam a falsos negativos. Na interpretação, 66,7% dos esquemas apresentaram desempenho acima da média e 33,3% abaixo da média. A precisão das informações do paciente/laudo apresentou escores acima da média em 97,6% dos esquemas. Observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa no percentual de esquemas com pontuação acima da média no ano de 2022 (10/12 esquemas) em relação ao ano de 2014 (1/6 esquemas) na categoria interpretação (p=0,0128). Em conclusão, a participação regular em PEECs teve um impacto positivo na qualidade dos estudos e permite fazer melhorias contínuas com base nas recomendações sugeridas por esses programas.

Abstract For two eggplant hybrids grown under greenhouse conditions the researchers calculated the correlations among ten variables: leaf width (LW, in cm), number of spines per leaf (NSL), plant height (PH, in cm), fruit length (FL, in cm), fruit diameter (FD, in cm), number of spines per calyx (NSC), number of seeds per fruit (NSF), fruit weight (FW, in g), number of fruits per plant (NFP), and yield (Y, in kg/plant). Data for variables PH, NSC and NSF did not show a normal distribution; the opposite was the case for all other variables. A significant Spearman correlation was found between NSC and NSL (r = 0.96*). Seven significant Pearson correlations were found between the following variables: FL and FW (r = 0.98**), FL and FD (r = 0.95**), FW and Y (r = 0.94**), NSL and FD (r = -0.93**), FL and Y (r = 0.93**), FD and FW (r = 0.92**), and FD and Y (r = 0.85*); in these cases, linear regression equations and determination coefficients (R2) were obtained. FW, FL and FD were the only variables that showed a significant correlation with Y, and so they should be considered key traits for breeding processes in eggplant.

Resumen Se calcularon las correlaciones entre diez variables, para dos híbridos de berenjena cultivados bajo invernadero. Las variables evaluadas fueron: ancho de hoja (AH, en cm), número de espinas por hoja (NEH), altura de planta (AP, en cm), longitud de fruto (LF, en cm), diámetro de fruto (DF, en cm), número de espinas en el cáliz (NEC), número de semillas por fruto (NSF), peso del fruto (PF, en g), número de frutos por planta (NFP), y rendimiento (R, en kg/planta). Los datos de las variables AP, NEC y NSF no mostraron una distribución normal; y lo contrario sucedió con las demás variables. Se encontró una correlación de Spearman significativa entre NEC y NEH (r = 0,96*). Se hallaron siete correlaciones de Pearson que fueron significativas, entre las siguientes variables: LF y PF (r = 0,98**), LF y DF (r = 0,95**), PF y R (r = 0,94**), NEH y DF (r = -0,93**), LF y R (r = 0,93**), DF y PF (r = 0,92**), y DF y R (r = 0,85*); en estos casos se obtuvo la ecuación de regresión lineal y su coeficiente de determinación (R2). Dado que PF, LF y DF fueron las únicas variables que mostraron una correlación significativa con R, por lo que se consideran características muy importantes para el proceso de fitomejoramiento en berenjena.

ABSTRACT Background: Osteoarthritis is a frequent rheumatic disease. Some single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the gene associated with fat mass and obesity are associated with increased body mass index and knee osteoarthritis. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the association of single nucleotide polymorphism rs1477196 of the fat mass and obesity gene with primary knee osteoarthritis. Methods: This observational and cross-sectional study included 347 Mexican participants. We performed the genotypification analysis with TaqMan® probe C_2031262_10 for rs1477196 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Multivariate analysis included covariables such as age, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and postmenopause. Results: Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and postmenopause were associated with primary knee osteoarthritis in female participants. We did not find an association between rs1477196 and obesity. In the codominant and dominant genetic models, rs1477196 was significantly associated with primary knee osteoarthritis only in the female group, including in the model adjusted by other covariables (odds ratio = 2.517; 1.035-6.123; p = 0.042 and odds ratio = 2.387; 1.054-5.407; p = 0.037, respectively). The interaction between rs1477196 and obesity was significantly associated with primary knee osteoarthritis in female participants (p = 0.039 and p = 0.043). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the rs1477196 variant of the fat and obesity mass gene may be associated with the risk of primary knee osteoarthritis in women.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to analyze the two most important monetary laws that have been implemented in El Salvador, namely the Monetary Integration Law (MIL) and the Bitcoin Law. The most important articles of both laws will be analyzed, as well as the consequences of dollarization, and the possible advantages and risks associated with the adoption of Bitcoin as legal tender. Although this measure may have some positive aspects by encouraging financial innovation and facilitating remittances, the macroeconomic risk is very high due to the volatility of this cryptocurrency. So far no positive results have been achieved as the acceptance has been very low and there has been a depreciation of the asset in recent months. Salvador MIL (MIL analyzed dollarization tender remittances cryptocurrency months

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as duas leis monetárias mais importantes que têm sido implementadas em El Salvador, nomeadamente a Lei de Integração Monetária (MIL) e a Lei Bitcoin. Serão analisados os artigos mais importantes de ambas as leis, bem como as consequências da dolarização, e as possíveis vantagens e riscos associados à adopção da moeda de curso legal Bitcoin. Embora esta medida possa ter alguns aspectos positivos ao encorajar a inovação financeira e facilitar as remessas, o risco macroeconómico é muito elevado devido à volatilidade desta moeda criptográfica. Até agora não foram alcançados resultados positivos, uma vez que a aceitação tem sido muito baixa e tem havido uma depreciação do ativo nos últimos meses. Salvador MIL (MIL Bitcoin dolarização remessas criptográfica meses

RESUMEN Fundamento: los proyectos de tesis de los residentes representan una de las actividades fundamentales en su desarrollo científico. Objetivo: describir las principales dificultades encontradas en los proyectos de investigación de los residentes de Estomatología General Integral. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Sagua la Grande en el periodo 2014-2022. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos para la fundamentación de la investigación y recogida de información. Se confeccionó un modelo para la recogida de datos extraídos de los proyectos, y se elaboró una base de datos para su almacenamiento. Resultados: las principales dificultades constatadas fueron: no sustentar adecuadamente la investigación, dificultades en la redacción del problema científico, específicamente en la relación entre el problema y el tipo de investigación, la conceptualización y/o operacionalización de las variables, la selección y elaboración de los métodos, técnicas e instrumentos para la recogida de la información y la acotación de la bibliografía por normas de Vancouver. Conclusiones: se constataron las principales dificultades en los proyectos de investigación de los residentes de Estomatología General Integral por la necesidad de que desarrollen habilidades investigativas desde el primer año de formación, para un mejor desempeño profesional, a partir de la aplicación del método científico en la solución de los problemas de salud bucal que se presenten en su quehacer diario.

ABSTRACT Background: residents' thesis projects represent one of the fundamental activities in their scientific development. Objective: to describe the main difficulties found in the research projects of Comprehensive General dentistry residents. Methods: a retrospective descriptive observational study was carried out at Sagua la Grande Faculty of Medical Sciences from 2014 to 2022. Theoretical and empirical methods were used to support the research and collect information. A model was created for data collection extracted from the projects, and a database was created for its storage. Results: the main difficulties found were: not adequately supporting the research, difficulties in writing the scientific problem, specifically in the relationship between the problem and the type of research, the conceptualization and/or operationalization of the variables, the selection and preparation of the methods, techniques and instruments for collecting information and delimiting the bibliography according to Vancouver standards. Conclusions: the main difficulties were confirmed in the research projects of the residents of Comprehensive General Dentistry due to the need for them to develop research skills from the first year of training, for better professional performance, based on the application of the scientific method in the solution to oral health problems that arise in everyday life.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o melhor dia para polinização das flores da cultivar de morangueiro San Andreas após a antese floral. O estudo foi realizado em dois períodos (verão e outono), em uma propriedade de plantio comercial. Um total de 12 botões florais foram acompanhados e fotografados em cada um dos seguintes 11 tratamentos: polinização cruzada manual (PCM) de 1 a 5 dias após a antese floral (PCM1 a PCM5), polinização natural (PN) de 1 a 5 dias após a antese floral (PN1 a PN5) e autopolinização (AP). Após a polinização, as flores foram ensacadas até o desenvolvimento e a maturação do receptáculo floral. Em seguida, os frutos foram colhidos, quantificados e submetidos a avaliações para determinação de biometria, grau de deformidade e percentagem de aquênios fertilizados. As flores da cultivar San Andreas permanecem abertas por cinco dias, quando já se pode observar o início do desenvolvimento do receptáculo floral. Os melhores dias para a polinização da flor do morangueiro pela PCM ou pela PN são os dois primeiros dias após à antese. verão outono, outono , outono) comercial tratamentos (PCM PCM1 PCM5, PCM5 PCM5) (PN PN1 PN5 AP. AP . (AP) seguida colhidos biometria fertilizados (AP

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the optimal day for pollinating the flowers of the San Andreas strawberry cultivar after flower anthesis. The study was carried out in two periods (summer and fall), on a commercial farm. A total of 12 flower buds were monitored and photographed in each of the following 11 treatments: manual cross-pollination (MCP) on the first to fifth day after flower anthesis (MCP1 to MCP5), natural pollination (NP) on the first to fifth day after flower anthesis (NP1 to NP5), and self-pollination. After pollination, the flowers were bagged until the development and maturation of the flower receptacle. Subsequently, the fruits were harvested, quantified, and subjected to evaluations to determine biometry, degree of deformity, and the percentage of fertilized achenes. The flowers of the San Andreas cultivar remain open during five days, when the beginning of the development of the flower receptacle can already be observed. The optimal days for strawberry flower pollination through MCP or NP are the first two days after anthesis. summer fall, fall , fall) farm 1 treatments crosspollination cross (MCP MCP1 MCP5, MCP5 MCP5) (NP NP1 NP5, NP5 NP5) selfpollination. selfpollination self pollination. self-pollination Subsequently harvested quantified biometry deformity achenes observed

Abstract Objective To report the prevalence of malignant transformation of vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) and possible risk factors. Methods This is a cohort study with data analysis from medical records of 138 patients with histological diagnosis of VLS registered at the Vulvar Pathology Outpatient Clinic of the University Hospital, between 2007 and 2017. Predominance of risk factors was performed using logistic regression analysis. The variables studied were the length of follow-up, age, regular or irregular follow up; presence of symptoms (dyspareunia, pruritus and/or vulvar burning); histology characteristics, the presence of epithelial hyperplasia; and the presence of autoimmune diseases. Results There were 138 patients included in the study, and among them five progressed to malignant transformation. The patients had a median age of 59 years and 83% were symptomatic. The most frequent symptom was itching with 72%. Autoimmune diseases were present in 11.6%, the most prevalent being thyroid disease. All five case of malignant transformation (0.6%) had an irregular follow up. The logistic regression analysis was used among the studied variables, and no statistical significance was found among them (p ≥ 0.05). The relationship between hyperplasia and the clinical outcome of malignant transformation, in which non-significant but acceptable p value close to 0.05 was observed. Conclusion The prevalence of malignant transformation in patients with VLS was 0.6%, and common factors were the lack of adherence to medical treatments and the loss of follow-up. (VLS 13 Hospital 200 2017 followup, followup up, up follow-up dyspareunia, dyspareunia (dyspareunia andor burning burning) characteristics 5 83 symptomatic 72 72% 116 11 6 11.6% disease 0.6% 06 0 (0.6% 0.05. 005 . 05 0.05) nonsignificant non significant 0.0 observed followup. 1 20 201 8 7 11.6 0.6 (0.6 00 0. 2 11. (0. (0 (

Abstract: This article examines the levels of democracy in Latin America and their evolution, based on data provided by the main indicators on the state of democracy. The data show regional heterogeneity, with levels of democratic fatigue varying across places and times. The analysis also confirms the growing citizen fatigue, manifested in the crisis of representation, as evidenced by the exhaustion of political parties, the loss of confidence in institutions and high levels of democratic dissatisfaction amid the rapid sociocultural changes brought about by the digital revolution.

Resumen: Este artículo examina los niveles de democracia en América Latina y su evolución a partir de datos proporcionados por los principales indicadores del estado de la democracia, que muestran la heterogeneidad regional con distintos niveles de fatiga democrática evidenciados a través del tiempo. Asimismo, y de manera correlacionada, el análisis constata el creciente cansancio ciudadano manifestado por la crisis de la representación, centrada en el agotamiento del papel de los partidos políticos, la pérdida de confianza en las instituciones y los elevados niveles de insatisfacción democrática en el marco de los cambios socioculturales exponenciales que arrastra la revolución digital.

Abstract Objective: In patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), early neuropathological changes in the entorhinal cortex have been described, which precede temporomesial involvement. The evaluation of hippocampal atrophy using visual scales and volumetry are useful tools in the assessment of patients with cognitive impairment. Our objective is to establish the correlation between the visual evaluations of entorhinal cortex atrophy (ECA), temporomesial atrophy (TMA), and hippocampal volume. Material and methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Patients with cognitive complaint and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included. ACE and TMA visual scales were used. Hippocampal volume was measured using the volBrain 1.0 software. Results: Forty-eight patients were included, 31 were women (64.6%). Median age was 76.5 (IQR: 69-83). The correlation between ECA and TMA on the right side was 0.67 (p < 0.0001) and on the left side was 0.69 (p < 0.0001). We found a negative moderate correlation between ECA and hippocampal volume, on the right side it was –0.59 (p < 0.0001) and on the left side it was –0.42 (p = 0.003). Conclusion: The ECA scale shows high correlation with the TMA scale and moderate correlation with hippocampal volume. Its use could provide valuable information for the assessment of cognitive disorders.

Resumen Objetivo: En pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) se han descrito cambios neuropatológicos tempranos en la corteza entorrinal, que anteceden el compromiso temporomesial. La evaluación de la atrofia hipocampal mediante escalas visuales y volumetría son herramientas útiles en la valoración de pacientes con deterioro cognitivo. Nuestro objetivo es establecer la correlación entre la evaluación visual de la atrofia de la corteza entorrinal (ACE), la atrofia temporomesial (ATM) y el volumen hipocampal. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes con queja cognitiva y resonancia magnética (RM) cerebral. Se utilizaron escalas visuales de ACE y ATM. Se midió el volumen hipocampal mediante el software volBrain 1.0. Resultados: Se incluyeron 48 pacientes, 31 eran mujeres (64,6%). Mediana de edad: 76,5 (RIQ: 69-83). La correlación entre las escalas visuales ACE y la ATM del lado derecho fue de 0,67 p < 0,0001) y del lado izquierdo de 0,69 (p < 0,0001). Encontramos correlación negativa moderada entre la ACE y el volumen hipocampal, del lado derecho fue de –0,59 (p < 0,0001) y del lado izquierdo de –0,42 (p = 0,003). Conclusión: La escala de ACE muestra moderada correlación con la escala de ATM y con el volumen hipocampal. Su uso podría aportar información valiosa para valoración de trastornos cognitivos.

RESUMEN Introducción: los factores de riesgo epidemiológicos de la enfermedad coronaria están muy relacionados con la existencia, la evolución y las complicaciones de la enfermedad. Objetivo: diseñar modelos matemáticos predictivos de la enfermedad arterial coronaria diagnosticada por calcio score a partir de variables epidemiológicas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 820 pacientes con dolor torácico y calcio score realizado, la muestra (246) fue seleccionada por muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple. Se empleó la regresión logística a partir de un modelo de regresión logística (mediante la opción paso a paso hacia delante) para cada uno de los cuatro vasos coronarios, cada modelo se ajustó a las variables y seidentificaron las que tienen coeficientes significativamente diferentes de cero (p<0,05) mediante el estadígrafo de Wald. Se estimaron los Odd Ration puntuales y por intervalos de confianza, se realizó validación interna y se exploró el rendimiento a través de la discriminación del modelo con el análisis del área bajo la curva y la calibración a través del estadígrafo Chi cuadrado de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Resultados: predominaron los mayores 60 años (61,4%), el sexo masculino (65,9%) y la hipertensión arterial (68,7%). Los modelos matemáticos para cada vaso coronario excluyen la variable edad. Son predictores importantes: la diabetes y el hábito de fumar. La técnica de validación interna respalda el buen rendimiento de los modelos matemáticos obtenidos. Conclusión: el resultado refuerza la necesidad de realizar estudios predictivos que garanticen la estratificación de riesgo cardiovascular mediante calcio score y variables epidemiológicas sobre las que se debe actuar de forma eficaz para mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: epidemiological risk factors for coronary artery disease are closely related to the existence, evolution and complications of the disease. Objective: to design mathematical models predictive of coronary artery disease diagnosed by calcium score from epidemiological variables. Methods: a cross-sectional analytical study was carried out. The population consisted of 820 patients with chest pain and calcium score, the sample (246) was selected by simple random probability sampling. Logistic regression was employed from a logistic regression model (using the forward stepwise option) for each of the four coronary vessels, each model was fitted to the variables and those with coefficients significantly different from zero (p<0.05) were identified using the Wald statistic. We estimated the point Odd Ration and confidence intervals, performed internal validation and explored the performance through model discrimination with the analysis of the area under the curve and calibration through the Hosmer-Lemeshow Chi-square statistic. Results: the predominant age group was older than 60 years (61.4%), male sex (65.9%) and arterial hypertension (68.7%). The mathematical models for each coronary vessel exclude the variable age. The following are important predictors: diabetes and smoking. The internal validation technique supports the good performance of the mathematical models obtained. Conclusion: the result reinforces the need for predictive studies to ensure cardiovascular risk stratification by calcium score and epidemiological variables on which effective action should be taken to improve patient prognosis.