ABSTRACT From February to December 2021, 960 serum samples from different climate regions in two Mexican states were analyzed for antibodies against EIAV using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests. The overall seroprevalence of EIAV infection in equids determined by ELISA and AGID tests was 19.69% and 17.60%, respectively. The highest rate of seropositivity was observed in the state of Veracruz (23.67%, using AGID test), and the lowest rate was found in the state of Puebla (13.12%, using cELISA test). In total, 17.45% (85/487, using AGID test) and 15.40% (75/487, using cELISA test) of horses were positive for EIAV infection. Donkeys showed a prevalence of 19.87% (94/473) in cELISA and 21.99% (104/476) in AGID. The cELISA was compared with AGID as the gold standard test. The diagnostic sensitivity for horses and donkeys was 90.4% and 92.2%, and the specificity was 97.5% and 97.3%, respectively, with an almost perfect degree of agreement (kappa values of 0.871 and 0.888). Therefore, the overall seroprevalence rate of EIAV infection in equines in the sampled states of Puebla and Veracruz was 19.3%, with 91.4% sensitivity, 97.4% specificity, and an agreement of 96.25%, indicating almost perfect agreement (kappa = 0.880). 2021 96 enzymelinked enzyme linked (cELISA (AGID 1969 19 69 19.69 1760 17 60 17.60% respectively 23.67%, 2367 23 67 (23.67% test, test , 13.12%, 1312 13 12 (13.12% . total 1745 45 17.45 85/487, 85487 85 487 (85/487 1540 15 40 15.40 75/487, 75487 75 (75/487 1987 87 19.87 94/473 94473 94 473 (94/473 2199 21 99 21.99 104/476 104476 104 476 (104/476 904 90 4 90.4 922 92 2 92.2% 975 97 5 97.5 973 3 97.3% kappa 0871 0 871 0.87 0.888. 0888 0.888 888 0.888) Therefore 193 19.3% 914 91 91.4 974 97.4 9625 25 96.25% 0.880. 0880 0.880 880 0.880) 202 9 196 1 6 19.6 176 17.60 23.67% 236 (23.67 13.12% 131 (13.12 174 17.4 85/487 8548 8 48 (85/48 154 15.4 75/487 7548 7 (75/48 198 19.8 94/47 9447 47 (94/47 219 21.9 104/47 10447 10 (104/47 90. 92.2 97. 97.3 087 0.8 088 0.88 88 19.3 91. 962 96.25 20 19. 17.6 23.67 (23.6 13.12 (13.1 17. 85/48 854 (85/4 15. 75/48 754 (75/4 94/4 944 (94/4 21. 104/4 1044 (104/4 92. 08 0. 96.2 23.6 (23. 13.1 (13. 85/4 (85/ 75/4 (75/ 94/ (94/ 104/ (104/ 96. 23. (23 13. (13 85/ (85 75/ (75 (94 (104 (2 (1 (8 (7 (9 (10 (

RESUMO De fevereiro a dezembro de 2021, 960 amostras de soro de diferentes regiões climáticas em dois estados mexicanos foram analisadas quanto à presença de anticorpos contra o EIAV, por meio de testes de imunoabsorção enzimática competitiva (cELISA) e imunodifusão em gel de ágar (AGID). A soroprevalência geral da infecção por EIAV em equídeos, determinada pelos testes ELISA e AGID, foi de 19,69% (189 de 960 amostras de soro) e 17,60% (169 de 960 amostras de soro), respectivamente. A maior taxa de soropositividade foi observada no estado de Veracruz (23,67%, usando-se o teste AGID), e a menor taxa foi encontrada no estado de Puebla (13,12%, usando-se o teste cELISA). No total, 17,45% (85/487, usando-se o teste AGID) e 15,40% (75/487, usando-se o teste cELISA) dos cavalos foram positivos para a infecção por EIAV. Os jumentos apresentaram uma prevalência de 19,87% (94/473) no cELISA e 21,99% (104/476) no AGID. O cELISA foi comparado com o AGID como o teste padrão-ouro. A sensibilidade diagnóstica para cavalos e jumentos foi de 90,4% e 92,2%, e a especificidade foi de 97,5% e 97,3%, respectivamente, com um grau de concordância quase perfeito (valores kappa de 0,871 e 0,888). Portanto, a taxa de soroprevalência geral da infecção por EIAV em equinos nos estados de Puebla e Veracruz amostrados foi de 19,3%, com sensibilidade de 91,4%, especificidade de 97,4% e concordância de 96,25%, indicando concordância quase perfeita (kappa = 0,880). 2021 96 (cELISA . (AGID) equídeos 1969 19 69 19,69 189 (18 1760 17 60 17,60 169 (16 soro, , respectivamente 23,67%, 2367 23 67 (23,67% usandose usando se 13,12%, 1312 13 12 (13,12% cELISA. total 1745 45 17,45 85/487, 85487 85 487 (85/487 1540 15 40 15,40 75/487, 75487 75 (75/487 1987 87 19,87 94/473 94473 94 473 (94/473 2199 21 99 21,99 104/476 104476 104 476 (104/476 padrãoouro. padrãoouro padrão ouro. ouro padrão-ouro 904 90 4 90,4 922 92 2 92,2% 975 97 5 97,5 973 3 97,3% valores 0871 0 871 0,87 0,888. 0888 0,888 888 0,888) Portanto 193 19,3% 914 91 91,4% 974 97,4 9625 25 96,25% 0,880. 0880 0,880 880 0,880) 202 9 (AGID 196 1 6 19,6 18 (1 176 17,6 16 23,67% 236 (23,67 13,12% 131 (13,12 174 17,4 85/487 8548 8 48 (85/48 154 15,4 75/487 7548 7 (75/48 198 19,8 94/47 9447 47 (94/47 219 21,9 104/47 10447 10 (104/47 90, 92,2 97, 97,3 087 0,8 088 0,88 88 19,3 91,4 962 96,25 20 19, ( 17, 23,67 (23,6 13,12 (13,1 85/48 854 (85/4 15, 75/48 754 (75/4 94/4 944 (94/4 21, 104/4 1044 (104/4 92, 08 0, 91, 96,2 23,6 (23, 13,1 (13, 85/4 (85/ 75/4 (75/ 94/ (94/ 104/ (104/ 96, 23, (23 13, (13 85/ (85 75/ (75 (94 (104 (2 (8 (7 (9 (10

Abstract The Six Sigma DMAIC methodology was applied to reduce noise in a metal-mechanical production process. In the definition stage, the workers were consulted, for the measurement stage, noise measurements were made for 10 days in four areas of the company, and 10 points reported by employees as potential sources of noise. The measurements showed that, on average, there were 7 points with a noise level higher than what is allowed by the standard, and the improvement actions established lower noise level averages in the different points. For the control stage, a test of means was performed with paired samples, which showed that the decrease in points was significant, although after the improvement, the milling machine and the polishing machine continued to have noise level averages above the values allowed.

Resumen Se aplicó la metodología DMAIC de Six Sigma para la disminución de ruido en un proceso productivo metalmecánico. En la etapa de definición se consultó a los trabajadores, para la etapa de medición se realizaron las mediciones de ruido durante 10 días en cuatro zonas de la empresa y en 10 puntos reportados por los empleados como fuentes potenciales de ruido. Las mediciones arrojaron que en promedio hubo 7 puntos con nivel de ruido superior a lo permitido por la norma y las acciones de mejora establecieron promedios de nivel de ruido inferiores en los diferentes puntos. Para la etapa de control se realizó una prueba de medias con muestras pareadas, la cual mostró que la disminución en los puntos fue significativa, aunque después de la mejora, la fresadora y la pulidora siguieron teniendo promedios de nivel de ruido por encima de los valores permitidos.

Background: Information regarding diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with type 1 diabetes (PWT1D) in Mexico is limited. We developed an on-line platform Registro Nacional de Pacientes con Diabetes Tipo 1 (RENACED-DT1). Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the characteristics and healthcare of PWT1D registered in RENACED-DT1. Methods: Analyses of 965 PWT1D from July 2014 to January 2018 in different endocrinology clinics around Mexico. Results: Sixty-one percent were female with median age of 21 years, age at diagnosis 11 years, and disease duration at inclusion 8.2 years. Treatment regimen was basal-bolus in 61% and insulin-pumps in 21% (mainly in the private sector); 33.3% with self-monitoring of blood-glucose (SMBG) ≥4 times/day. Mean HbA1c at last follow-up was 8.7 ± 2.1% (72±23 mmol/mol), 18% had HbA1c < 7% (53 mmol/mol), and 35% > 9% (75 mmol/mol). SMBG ≥ 4 times/day was associated with HbA1c < 7%. Time since diagnosis > 10 years, female sex, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, SMBG < 4 times/day, and any hypoglycemia were associated with microvascular complications (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Percentage of patients achieving HbA1c < 7% is low; increased blood glucose monitoring is associated with better glycemic control. The achievement of optimal glycemic control must be increased to reduce the incidence of chronic complications and improve quality of life in PWT1D.

Abstract: Background: Several ethnobotanical indices evaluate the importance of wild edible plants (WEPs), but most of them consider mainly anthropological/cultural information; thus, their appropriate use for selection of priority species for developing new crops is difficult. In Mexico, few ethnobotanical studies involve ranchers of non-indigenous communities and the distribution of their knowledge. Hypotheses: Application of a proper ethnobotanical index and taking account the plant culinary characteristics permit the selection of the most important WEPs for food security. Knowledge about WEPs is homogeneously distributed among the ranchers. Study site and dates: Fifty-three semi-structured interviews about the use of WEPs among the ranchers of Southern Baja California were conducted in 2015. Methods: Plant importance was determined by the Food Significance Index (FSI) and the Salience Index (SI). Priority species for food security were selected by analyzing the index values of plants and their culinary uses. Results: Fifty-one taxa of WEPs were recorded, mostly fruits and vegetables. FSI grouped a more diverse selection of plant-foods in the top rated species than SI; however, both identified almost the same priority species after considering the culinary prioritization of the analyzed species. The number of WEPs cites was higher for men (26) than for women (19). Conclusions: Analysis of WEPs using ethnobotanical indexes (FSI/SI) and culinary information permits the selection of food priority species reducing the bias of the index for one kind of food. Stenocereus thurberi, S. gummosus, Matelea cordifolia, and Cnidoscolus maculatus were the selected priority species with potential to be new crops.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Varios índices etnobotánicos evalúan la importancia de las plantas silvestres comestibles (PSCs); sin embargo, la mayoría de ellos consideran principalmente características antropológicas/culturales, por lo que es difícil emplearlos para seleccionar especies prioritarias para desarrollarse como nuevos cultivos. En México, existen pocos estudios etnobotánicos enfocados en la cultura del ranchero de grupos no indígenas y sobre cómo su conocimiento está distribuido. Hipótesis: La aplicación de un índice etnobotánico adecuado y tomando en cuenta la diversidad culinaria de las PSCs, permitirá la selección de las especies más apropiadas para la seguridad alimentaria de la región. El conocimiento sobre las PSCs se distribuye homogéneamente entre los rancheros. Sitio y año de estudio: Durante el 2015, se realizaron 53 entrevistas semi-estructuradas acerca del uso de plantas silvestres comestibles entre los rancheros de la Región del Cabo, Baja California Sur. Métodos: La importancia de las especies se estimó mediante el Índice de Importancia Alimentaria (IIA) y el Índice de Prominencia (IP). Las especies prioritarias se establecieron mediante el valor de los índices y sus usos culinarios. Resultados: Se registraron 51 taxa de plantas silvestres comestibles, principalmente frutos y vegetales. Entre las especies mejor evaluadas, el IIA agrupó una mayor diversidad de alimentos, comparado con el IP; sin embargo, ambos identificaron prácticamente las mismas especies prioritarias cuando la selección se realizó en base a las prioridades culinarias. El número de PSCs citadas por los hombres (26) fue mayor que el de las mujeres (19). Conclusiones: El empleo de los índices etnobotánicos (IIA/IP) junto con la información culinaria permite seleccionar a las PSCs prioritarias para la seguridad alimentaria, reduciendo el sesgo de los índices por algún tipo de alimento. Stenocereus thurberi, S. gumossus, Matelea cordifolia y Cnidoscolus maculatus fueron las especies prioritarias con mayor potencial de establecerse como nuevos cultivos.

Based on a thorough analysis of the literature on Lepidoptera associated with Mexico, and a review of the database MARIPOSA (> 500 000 records and specimens), a synthesis of the global Lepidoptera diversity is presented, including estimates and proportions of diversity and endemism in Mexico. In addition, a detailed examination of the species richness and endemism of one of the best-known families in Mexico, Papilionoidea s. lat., is provided, preceded by a summary of state-level, habitat-specific and transect-based research on Lepidoptera diversity conducted over the past 3 decades. In summary, Mexico hosts about 14 500 documented species of Lepidoptera, with about 23 750 species estimated. These figures suggest that 10% of the world's Lepidoptera taxa are represented in Mexico. Among Papilionoidea, similarly, about 10% of the world's taxa are reported from Mexico. Percentages of endemic species for the various families of Papilionoidea in Mexico are: Hesperiidae 15.83%, Papilionidae 6.3%, Pieridae 12.98%, Lycaenidae 5.27%, Riodinidae 11.86% and Nymphalidae 16.29%. When subspecies are considered, 22.2% of these taxa are endemic to Mexico, almost a quarter of all subspecies in the country. The number of endemic taxa represented in each state and biogeographic province is tabulated from a list of about 450 endemic subspecies. Oaxaca and the Sierra Madre del Sur represent the state and biogeographic province with the highest proportion of endemic taxa, while Chiapas and the Gulf Coast region represent the state and biogeographic province hosting the greatest overall diversity.

Con base en un análisis exhaustivo de la bibliografía de Lepidoptera relacionada con México y en la revisión de la megabase MARIPOSA (>500 000 registros y ejemplares), se presenta una síntesis sobre la riqueza mundial, sus estimados y sus proporciones con México, así como un examen detallado de la distribución de la riqueza y el endemismo de Papilionoidea s. lat., una de las superfamilias mejor conocidas para México. La distribución va precedida por un resumen de las contribuciones del equipo respecto a estudios estatales, fisiográficos y vegetacionales realizados durante las últimas 3 décadas. En cifras resumidas, se estima que México contiene 23 750 especies de Lepidoptera, con cerca de 14 500 descritas y documentadas. La cifra real y la estimada se acercan al 10% de representación en México. Lo mismo ocurre con el porcentaje de Papilionoidea (s. lat.) de México respecto al mundial. Los porcentajes de endemismo en especies de las familias de Papilionoidea para el país fueron: Hesperiidae 15.83%, Papilionidae 6.3%, Pieridae 12.98%, Lycaenidae 5.27%, Riodinidae 16.29% y Nymphalidae 11.86%. Si se consideran las subespecies, el endemismo en general aumenta a 22.2%, casi la cuarta parte de los taxones de este nivel. Se tabula el número de especies y las endémicas representadas en cada estado y provincia biogeográfica a partir de una lista con cerca de 450 subespecies endémicas. El estado de Oaxaca y la provincia biogeográfica Sierra Madre del Sur contienen la mayor singularidad proporcional por su endemismo, mientras que Chiapas y la provincia Costa del Golfo de México contienen la mayor riqueza.

Background: amebic liver abscess is frequently seen in endemic regions, and has a poor prognosis when diagnosis and treatment are inappropriate. Aim: to evaluate and compare our own results; to propose a new classification and therapeutic algorithm. Design: an observational and retrospective study. Method: medical records were reviewed for sex, age, signs and symptoms, images, laboratory tests, size, location, treatment, hospital stay, and morbidity-mortality. Results: sixteen patients with amebic liver abscess had been treated -9 were males, mean age was 30.56 years, all abscesses were solitary, 14 were in the right hepatic lobe, average size was 63.25, and 10 were of the collected type according to N’Gbesso’s classification. Seven patients had a good response to medical treatment, 6 needed percutaneous drainage, and 3 required surgery. Morbidity was 12.5% and mortality 0%. Average hospital stay was 7.68 days. Conclusion: our results are similar to those in other published series. The addition of two new groups to N’Gbesso’s classification provides better therapeutic orientation. We believe that early percutaneous drainage for collected abscesses bigger than 5 cm may improve symptoms and shorten hospital stay.

Antecedentes: los abscesos amebianos hepáticos se presentan frecuentemente en zonas endémicas, teniendo mal pronóstico si no son diagnosticados y tratados adecuadamente. Objetivo: evaluar nuestros resultados, ampliar la clasificación ultrasonográfica utilizada y proponer un algoritmo terapéutico. Diseño: retrospectivo observacional. Método: revisión de los expedientes clínicos de los pacientes y valoración de los siguientes datos: sexo, edad, signo-sintomatología, métodos complementarios de imágenes y laboratorio, tamaño, localización, estancia hospitalaria y tratamiento. Resultados: fueron tratados 16 abscesos, 9 fueron hombres, la media etaria fue de 30,56 años, todos fueron únicos, 14 se localizaron en el lóbulo derecho, la media en medida fue de 63,25 milímetros, 10 fueron del tipo coleccionado en la clasificación de N’Gbesso. Siete pacientes tuvieron buena respuesta con el tratamiento médico, en 6 se realizó drenaje percutáneo y en 3 cirugía. La morbilidad fue del 12,5% y la mortalidad del 0%. La estancia hospitalaria global tuvo una media de 7,68 días. Conclusión: nuestros resultados son similares a otras series, el agregado a la clasificación de N’Gbesso de abscesos intermedios y complicados o con signos de alarma mejora la orientación terapéutica, creemos que el drenaje precoz en abscesos coleccionados de 5 o más cm mejora la sintomatología y disminuye la estancia hospitalaria.