Abstract The objective of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of publications that reported the association between dispositional optimism and depression during youth, analyzing if the strength of this relationship varied according to potential factors. Systematic searches were carried out in APA PsycNet, Virtual Health Library, Embase, Web of Science, PubMed Central, and Scopus to collect English, Portuguese, or Spanish studies from 2009 onwards. Two reviewers selected the eligible articles, assessed the quality of each study, and extracted the data. For the synthesis of the results, a meta-analytic approach was used. We identified 4077 publications in the initial searches and 22 in the supplementary searches, from which 31 studies remained for analysis once the eligibility criteria were applied. The results showed a statistically significant negative association between dispositional optimism and depression in the young population, age being a factor that modifies the effect measure between these variables. This meta-analysis provides a consistent and robust synthesis on the interaction effect between dispositional optimism and depression in the young population. Based on these findings, early clinical admissions may effectively improve optimistic tendencies in young people, which could help them prevent depressive symptoms or episodes.

La neurobiología de la depresión involucra cambios estructurales del sistema nervioso relacionados con procesos cognitivos como la memoria y la atención. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto a largo plazo de la sintomatología depresiva (SD) en una tarea de memoria de trabajo visual con y sin interferencia atencional en estudiantes universitarios. Se utilizó un diseño factorial de 2 X 2 en el cual las variables independientes fueron la condición clínica (con SD y sin SD) y la versión del Memonum (con o sin interferencia de color). Memonum es un software para evaluar memoria de trabajo por medio de la retención de dígitos directos, en dos versiones: una blanco-negro (sin interferencia) y otra con un distractor atencional de color (con interferencia). Para la evaluación de la SD, 76 universitarios respondieron al CES-D, luego se les aplicó aleatoriamente una u otra versión de la prueba Memonum (con o sin interferencia de color), 2 semanas después de la detección de síntomas. De manera general, la SD no alteró a largo plazo el desempeño de los participantes en tareas de memoria de trabajo visual con o sin interferencia atencional. Sin embargo, se pudo establecer que la utilización de las estrategias para la ejecución de la tarea mnemónica dependió de la condición clínica, y la agrupación fue la menos usada por los participantes con SD.

The neurobiology of depression involves structural changes in the nervous system associated with cognitive processes such as memory and attention. This study sought to evaluate the long-term effect of depressive symptomatology (DS) using a task of visual working memory with or without attentional interference in college students. A 2 X 2 factorial design was used wherein the independent variables were the clinical condition (with and without DS) and the Memonum version (with and without interference of color). The Memonum consists of software to evaluate working memory through retention of direct digits, in two versions: a black-white (without interference) and another with a color attentional distractor (with interference). Depressive symptomatology was evaluated by applying the CES-D to 76 undergraduates. Two week after the diagnosis of DS, the test version was randomly applied (with or without attentional interference). The DS did not alter long-term performance of the tasks involved in visual working memory with or without attentional interference. However, it was found that the use of strategies for mnemonic task performance depended on the clinical condition, being the strategy of grouping the least used by the participants with DS.

Introducción: Algunos estudios han sugerido que el recuerdo potenciado de eventos negativos en personas que presentan trastornos depresivos parece ser un factor importante en la etiología, curso y sostenimiento de la depresión. Objetivo: Evaluar la memoria emocional en personas con y sin sintomatología depresiva, mediante una prueba auditivo-visual. Método: Se evaluaron 73 estudiantes universitarios, hombres y mujeres, con edades entre los 18 y 40 años, distribuidos en dos grupos: con sintomatología depresiva (32) y sin sintomatología depresiva (40), utilizando la Escala del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos para Depresión (CES-D) y un punto de corte de 20. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el recuerdo libre de los voluntarios con y sin sintomatología depresiva, a pesar de que ambos asignaron un valor emocional más alto a la versión emocional de la prueba auditivo-visual y de asociarla a la emoción de tristeza. Conclusión: Las personas con sintomatología depresiva no presentaron el efecto de potenciación mnemónica generalmente asociado al contenido de la versión emocional de la prueba; por lo tanto, no se comprobó la hipótesis de congruencia emocional.

Introduction: Some studies have suggested that potentiated remembrance of negative events on people with depressive disorders seems to be an important factor in the etiology, course and maintenance of depression. Objective: Evaluate the emotional memory in people with and without depressive symptomatology by means of an audio-visual test. Methodology: 73 university students were evaluated, male and female, between 18 and 40 years old, distributed in two groups: with depressive symptomatology (32) and without depres-sive symptomatology (40), using the Scale from the Center of Epidemiologic Studies for Depression (CES-D, English Abbreviation) and a cutting point of 20. Results: There were not meaningful differences between free and voluntary recalls, with and without depressive symptomatology, in spite of the fact that both groups had granted a higher emotional value to the audio-visual test and that they had associated it with emotional sadness. Conclusion: People with depressive symptomatology did not exhibit the effect of mnemonic potentiation generally associated to the content of the emotional version of the test; therefore, the hypothesis of emotional consistency was not validated.

Introducción: Diferentes niveles de “alertamiento” emocional pueden favorecer la potenciación o el deterioro de la memoria. El impacto emocional en personas víctimas del desplazamiento en Colombia puede constituirse en un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo del trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT). Objetivo: Evaluar la memoria emocional de sujetos en condición de desplazamiento por la violencia con y sin diagnóstico positivo para el TEPT. Método: Muestra de 95 voluntarios en condición de desplazamiento del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga (18 a 61 años), a quienes se les aplicaron los instrumentos de diagnóstico para TEPT (DSM IV, Checklist) y una prueba auditivo-visual de memoria emocional. Los participantes fueron distribuidos en dos grupos: sujetos con TEPT y sujetos sin TEPT. Ambos grupos fueron redistribuidos en cuatro subgrupos según la versión neutra y emocional de la prueba auditivo-visual. Resultados: El grupo de participantes clasificado con TEPT atribuyó una mayor ponderación a la historia emocional, pero su contenido “alertador” no potenció la memoria de estos participantes. Conclusión: El contenido “alertante” de la prueba auditivo-visual no potenció la memoria de aquellos sujetos diagnosticados con TEPT, lo cual sugiere que estos participantes pueden presentar un deterioro de las potencialidades mnemónicas dado por las limitaciones funcionales que involucran los procesos de reforzamiento emocional.

Introduction: Different levels of emotional arousal can potentiate or impair memory. Since the emotional impact on victims of displacement in Colombia may constitute a risk factor for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the objective of this study was to evaluate emotional memory of people displaced by violence with and without PTSD. Method: The sample consisted of 95 volunteers in condition of displacement of the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga (18 to 61 years old), to whom an instrument for the diagnosis of PTSD (DSM IV, Checklist) and an audio-visual Emotional Memory Test were applied. The participants were distributed into two groups: Subjects with and without PTSD. Both groups were redistributed into four subgroups according with the emotional or neutral version of the emotional memory test. Results: The group of participants with PTSD attributed an emotional rate higher to the emotional story than to the neutral story, but the emotional arousal content did not potentiate the memory of these participants. Conclusion: The emotional contents implemented in this emotional memory test did not potentiate the memory of subjects diagnosed with PTSD. Based on this, it could be that these participants present a deterioration of the mnemonic potential given by the functional limitations that involve the processes of emotional reinforcement.

INTRODUÇÃO: A crescente procura da natação como um tratamento não-farmacológico da hipertensão arterial tem aumentado. Objetivo: Analisar as respostas da pressão arterial (PA) após o exercício de natação e durante a rotina diária de trabalho de indivíduos pré-hipertensos. MÉTODOS: Oito indivíduos pré-hipertensos (128,2 ± 7,8 / 77,8 ± 6,0mmHg; 41,8 ± 3,2 anos; 84,7 ± 17,9kg; 180,4 ± 4,8cm; 27,3 ± 5,8kg.m2(-1)) foram submetidos a duas sessões, sendo uma de natação (SN) e a outra de controle (SC). A PA foi medida no repouso pré-exercício e durante 12 horas de recuperação pós-exercício. Na SN, os pacientes nadaram por 45min em uma intensidade moderada a alta (PSE 14,5 ± 1,6), e, durante a SC, os sujeitos permaneceram em repouso na posição sentada pelo mesmo período de tempo. RESULTADOS: ANOVA para medidas repetidas evidenciou diminuição significativa (p < 0,05) na PAS por duas horas após a SN em relação ao repouso, e uma diferença significativa entre os deltas do PAS (Δ - PAS variação na recuperação pós-exercício em relação ao repouso pré-exercício) foi observada entre as sessões na primeira e segunda horas após a recuperação, respectivamente (ΔSS = -10,4 e -9,3 vs. ΔCS = 0,8 e 4,4mmHg, p < 0,05). Nγo houve diferenças significativas da PAD, intra e entre as sessões. CONCLUSÃO: O exercício de natação em intensidade moderada a alta foi eficaz para promover redução da PA pós-exercício em indivíduos hipertensos durante a sua rotina de trabalho.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing demand for swimming as a non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension has increased. PURPOSE: To analyze the blood pressure (BP) responses after swimming and during the daily work routine of pre-hypertensive individuals. METHODS: Eight male borderline hypertensive individuals (128.2 ± 7.8 / 77.8 ± 6.0 mmHg; 41.8 ± 3.2 years; 84.7 ± 17.9 kg; 180.4 ± 4.8 cm; 27.3 ± 5.8 kg.m2 (-1)) were submitted to a swimming exercise (SS) and control (CS) sessions. BP was measured at pre-exercise rest and during 12 hours of the post-exercise recovery. In SS, patients swan for 45 minutes in a moderate-high intensity (PSE 14.5 ± 1.6), and during CS the subjects remained at seated rest for 45 min. RESULTS: ANOVA for repeated measures evidenced significant decrease (P < 0.05) in SBP in the for 2 hours after SS in comparison to rest, and a significant difference between the SBP deltas (Δ - SBP variation in the post-exercise recovery compared to pre-exercise rest) was observed when comparing sessions at 1 and 2 hours after recovery, respectively (ΔSS = -10.4 and -9.3 vs. ΔCS = 0.8 and 4.4 mmHg, p <0.05). There were not significant differences in DBP within and between sessions. CONCLUSION: Swimming exercise at moderate-high intensity was effective in promoting post-exercise BP reduction for borderline hypertensive individuals during their daily work routine.

Introducción: Diversos estudios han demostrado que el alertamiento emocional potencia la memoria a largo plazo en adultos. Objetivo: El presente trabajo pretende contribuir al estudio de la memoria declarativa asociada con contenido emocional mediante la evaluación con una prueba auditivo-visual en adolescentes, su correlación con indicadores psicométricos de ansiedad derivados del Cuestionario de Autoevaluación Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo en Niños (STAIC) y el desempeño académico de adolescentes. Metodología: Se estudió una muestra de 59 adolescentes escolares de Bucaramanga, hombres y mujeres, con edades entre los 12 y 15 años. Esta muestra se distribuyó en dos grupos: los adolescentes que obtuvieron un puntaje alto en el punto rasgo del STAIC y los que obtuvieron un puntaje bajo en la misma prueba. Cada uno de los grupos se distribuyó aleatoriamente en dos subgrupos donde los participantes observaron una misma serie de 11 diapositivas acompañadas por narraciones diferentes. Un subgrupo fue expuesto a una historia «emocionalmente neutra» y el otro subgrupo a una historia «de alertamiento emocional». Resultados: Dentro de los resultados más importantes se encontró que los sujetos que asistieron a la versión emocional de la prueba recordaron más elementos de la historia que los sujetos que asistieron a la historia neutra, evidenciando el efecto mnemónico inducido por «alertamiento emocional». No obstante este efecto no fue modificado por los niveles de ansiedad estado y rasgo evaluados con el STAIC. Conclusiones: Se encontró que las emociones más asociadas con la versión emocional de la prueba auditivo-visual fueron tristeza y miedo, mientras que la versión neutra estuvo más asociada con la emoción felicidad. Además, se pudo demostrar una correlación positiva significativa entre el desempeño académico y la potenciación mnemónica.

Introduction: Several studies have demonstrated that emotional arousal enhanced long-term memory in adults. Objective: In the current study, we examined declarative memory associated with emotional content using the visual-auditory test in adolescents, and he correlation between the visual-auditory test, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) and adolescent’s academic performance. Methodology: Fifty nine subjects were recruited from a School in Bucaramanga. Subject’s ages ranged between 12 and 15, with approximately equal representation of males and females. All subjects were divided in two groups: Adolescents with high score in trait anxiety and adolescents with low score in trait anxiety of STAIC. Each group were distributed in others two groups randomly. One group viewed 11 slides accompanied by «emotional arousal story», and the second group viewed 11 slides accompanied by «neutral story». In both groups the 11 slides showed the same pictures. Results: Main results were the group of «emotional arousal story» remembered more elements than the «neutral story» group, demonstrating the effect mnemonic induced by «emotional arousal». The scores state-trait anxiety (STAIC) didn’t changing the mnemonic performance in «emotional arousal story» group. Conclusions: Sadness and fear were associated with emotional version of visual-auditory test, whereas the neutral version was associated with happiness. Finally, we founded a high positive correlation between enhancement mnemonic and academic performance.

La participación del lóbulo temporal en la memoria para eventos emocionales, ha sido evaluada utilizando la Prueba auditivo-visual, cuyo contenido emocional es presentado en narrativas complejas. El presente estudio examinó si el desempeño en el Token Test, afectaba la retención a largo plazo de información alertante emocionalmente en pacientes con lobectomía temporal unilateral. Se evaluaron 48 participantes, a quienes se les aplicó: Trail Making Test, Token Test y una Prueba auditivo-visual. De manera general, la ausencia del efecto de potenciación mnemónico encontrado en pacientes con lobectomía temporal izquierda no estuvo correlacionada con el rendimiento en el Token Test. En conjunto, se muestra la importancia de la integridad del lóbulo temporal izquierdo para la potenciación de la memoria declarativa asociada a contenido emocional.

Several studies have demonstrated that long-term declarative memory is enhanced by emotional arousal contents. Additionally, the role of the temporal lobe in memory associated to emotional stimuli has been evaluated through the audio-visual Emotional Memory Test, where emotional content is presented by complex narratives. The present study examined if Token Testâ's performance influenced the long-term retention associated to emotional arousal in patients undergoing unilateral temporal lobectomy. A sample of 48 volunteers, were evaluated by Trail Making Test, Token Test and audio-visual Test. Patients didnâ't show a mnemonic enhancement effect, particularly, those with left lobectomy. Low Token's performance did not show any correlation with audio-visual Test's performances. Results highlight the importance of left temporal lobe for long-term enhancement of declarative memory associated to emotional events.

Con el fin de contribuir a la caracterización fisiológica del estado de alertamiento de personas expuestas a una prueba de memoria emocional auditivo-visual, se estudiaron 63 voluntarios, entre 18 y 48 años de edad, distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos de acuerdo con las versiones narradas de las historias de la prueba (emocional o neutra). Se evaluó el desempeño mnemónico, la atribución del valor emocional y se registraron, en paralelo a las sesiones, la conductancia eléctrica de la piel (SCL) y la frecuencia de pulso (FP). En conjunto, los resultados verificaron el efecto de potenciación mnemónica inducida por la versión emocional asociada a activación simpática e inhibición parasimpática, tanto en adquisición como en evocación. Por lo tanto, se concluye que la percepción de alertamiento es coherente con el cuadro fisiológico inducido.

In order to contribute to the characterization of people's arousal state when exposed to an audio-visual emotional memory test, 63 volunteers aged from 18 up to 48 years old were distributed randomly in two groups according to the test stories' narrated versions (Emotional or Neutral). The mnemonic performance, the emotional value, and in parallel to the sessions, the skin's electrical conductance (SCL) and pulse's frequency (FP) were evaluated. Altogether, these results verified an enhancer mnemonic effect induced by the emotional version associated to sympathetic activation and parasympathetic inhibition both in acquisition and recovery. It is therefore concluded that the arousal perception is coherent with the induced physiological state.