ABSTRACT Some native species of the Cerrado have great ecological and economic potential. An alternative that aims to contribute to the good performance of post-planting plants is the incorporation of biochar into the soil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of filter cake biochar as a soil conditioner and its influence on the growth and physiology of macaúba, araçá and cajuzinho do cerrado. The experiments were set up at Fazenda Hamilton de Abreu Navarro, Federal University of Minas Gerais, where the effect of four doses of filter cake biochar (1%, 2%, 4% and 8% v/v) and two treatments were evaluated. control: one with soil correction (7.5 g of GEOX) and mineral fertilization (380 g NPK 4:14:8 per plant) and the other without fertilization. To monitor the performance of the seedlings, evaluations were carried out at 30, 60 and 120 days after transplanting, the physiological parameters (photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, CO2 consumed, internal carbon and electron transport rate), and morphological parameters (height and diameter), at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after transplanting. At 120 days, the production of shoot, root and total dry biomass was evaluated. For macaúba, the application of biochar, at a dose of 2%, favored its photosynthesis. As for araçá, at 30 days after transplanting, the treatment without fertilization was better for most variables, however the treatments with biochar also had satisfactory results. The cajuzinho from the cerrado also responded positively to the application of biochar at all doses. The physiological and morphological variables responded well to treatments without fertilization and with application of biochar to the soil. Therefore, filter cake biochar can be indicated in the planting of the studied species, as well as the non-application of corrective and mineral fertilizer.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do biochar de torta de filtro como condicionador de solo e sua influência no crescimento e na fisiologia de macaúba, araçá e cajuzinho do cerrado. Os experimentos foram montados na Fazenda Hamilton de Abreu Navarro da UFMG, onde foram avaliados o efeito de quatro doses de biochar de torta de filtro (1%, 2%, 4% e 8% v/v) e dois tratamentos controle: um com correção do solo e adubação mineral, e o outro sem adubação. Para acompanhar o desempenho das mudas, foram realizadas avaliações aos 30, 60 e 120 dias após o transplantio, dos parâmetros fisiológicos (fotossíntese, transpiração, condutância estomática, CO2 consumido, carbono interno e taxa de transporte de elétrons), e morfológicos (altura e diâmetro), aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após o transplantio. Aos 120 dias, avaliou-se a produção de biomassa seca da parte aérea, de raízes e total. Para a macaúba, a aplicação de biochar, na dose de 2%, favoreceu a sua fotossíntese. Já para o araçá, aos 30 dias após o transplantio, o tratamento sem adubação foi melhor para a maioria das variáveis, entretanto os tratamentos com biochar também tiveram resultados satisfatórios. O cajuzinho do cerrado também respondeu positivamente à aplicação de biochar em todas as doses. As variáveis fisiológicas e morfológicas responderam bem aos tratamentos sem adubação e com aplicação de biochar ao solo. Portanto, o biochar de torta de filtro pode ser indicado no plantio das espécies estudadas, assim como a não aplicação de corretivo e fertilizante mineral.

Benzimidazole and its derivatives are molecules that have diverse biological properties, therefore we synthesized and studied a new benzimidazole to understand their physical/chemical properties. The compound was obtained through a new synthetic route, using graphite oxide, in the absence of solvent, with crystalline packaging supported by C-H…N and C-H…π interactions. According to the frontier molecular orbitals, the compound is kinetically stable while the molecular electrostatic potential map confirms the site of molecular interactions involving nitrogen atoms and the π-system. This comprehensive study on synthesis, structural description and theoretical calculations can support ongoing studies in pharmaceutical science.

Resumo Anaplasma marginale é uma bactéria Gram-negativa intracelular obrigatória de eritrócitos de ruminantes e responsável pela anaplasmose bovina. A diversidade genética de A. marginale tem sido caracterizada com base nas sequências das principais proteínas de superfície (MSPs), como a MSP1α. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a diversidade genética de A. marginale em bovinos no estado do Maranhão, Nordeste do Brasil. Dessa forma, 343 amostras de sangue foram submetidas ao ensaio iELISA, utilizando-se a proteína recombinante MSP5. Das 343 amostras de sangue, 235 (68,5%) foram escolhidas aleatoriamente e submetidas à extração de DNA, qPCR e PCR convencional para gene msp1α, para determinação das sequências de aminoácidos e classificação dos genótipos. Os resultados do iELISA mostraram 81,34% de soropositividade (279/343), enquanto qPCR revelou 224 amostras positivas (95,32%). Dentre estas na qPCR, 67,4% (151/224) mostraram-se positivas no PCR convencional. Das 50 sequências obtidas, 21 cepas não haviam sido relatadas anteriormente. Em relação aos genótipos, H (26/50) e E (18/50) foram os mais frequentes, enquanto os genótipos F e C foram identificados apenas duas vezes cada, e B e G uma vez cada. Em conclusão, alta prevalência e marcante diversidade genética de A. marginale foram observadas em rebanhos leiteiros no estado do Maranhão.

Abstract Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium found in ruminants’ erythrocytes and is the etiological agent of bovine anaplasmosis. The bacterium’s genetic diversity has been characterized based on sequences of major surface proteins (MSPs), such as MSP1α. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity of A. marginale in cattle in the state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. To this end, 343 blood samples were harvested and subjected to iELISA assays using the recombinant surface protein MSP5. Out of 343 blood samples, 235 (68.5%) were randomly chosen and submitted to DNA extraction, qPCR and conventional PCR targeting the msp1α gene to determine amino acid sequences and classify the genotypes. The iELISA results showed 81.34% seropositivity (279/343), whereas qPCR revealed 224 positive samples (95.32%). Among these qPCR-positive samples, 67.4% (151/224) were also positive in the cPCR. Among the 50 obtained sequences, 21 strains had not been previously reported. Regarding the genotypes, H (26/50) and E (18/50) were identified most often, while genotypes F and C were only identified twice each and B and G once each. In conclusion, high prevalence and genetic diversity for A. marginale were observed in dairy cattle herds in the state of Maranhão.

Los insectos plaga representan los mayores problemas en plantaciones forestales, principalmente, en monocultivos del género Eucalyptus, debido a los relevantes daños y su persistencia durante todo el ciclo de cultivo. Supputius cincticeps presenta potencial para ser usado en el control biológico de larvas defoliadoras de eucalipto. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la morfología e histología de los órganos reproductivos de S. cincticeps, con el fin de contribuir en el conocimiento de su reproducción, para ser aplicado en programas de cría masiva. Los ovarios y los testículos de ese depredador fueron extraídos y se realizaron cortes de 5mm, en un micrótomo automático, los cuales, fueon descritos y registrados fotográficamente.

Insect pests represent the most remarkable problems in forest plantations. This scenario is present mainly in monocultures of the genus Eucalyptus, due to significant damage that occurs throughout the growing season. Supputius cincticeps might be used biological control agent of eucalyptus defoliating larvae. The aim of this work was to study the morphology and histology of the reproductive organs of S. cincticeps to contribute to the knowledge of their reproduction to be applied in mass rearing programs. Ovaries and testicles of the predator were extracted and sectioned by using a microtome up to obtain tissue sections of 5mm which were described and recorded photographically.

A produção de pimentões em ambiente protegido tem sido severamente afetada por fitopatógenos de solo, fazendo com que produtores adotem novas técnicas de cultivo, como por exemplo o cultivo em substratos, mas informações sobre este tipo de cultivo ainda são escassas. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o acúmulo de nutrientes de pimentão cultivado em fibra da casca de coco como substrato, em casa-de-vegetação. Foram plantadas 160 plântulas ('Eppo'), sendo divididas em quatro blocos. Foram analisadas duas plantas por bloco a cada 21 dias após o transplante. O cultivo do pimentão foi realizado em vasos plásticos de 13 L, contendo fibra da casca de coco, e dispostos em fileiras duplas nos espaçamentos 0,5 x 0,8 m entre fileiras simples e 1,10 m entre fileiras duplas. A produção comercial de frutos maduros estimada foi de 97,3 t ha -1, sendo toda a produção classificada como Extra (qualidade máxima). Foi verificado acúmulo de 8,22 g planta -1 de N, 1,14 g planta-¹ de P, 7,84 g planta -1 de K, 3,25 g planta-¹ de Ca, 1,34 g planta -1 de Mg, 2,24 g planta -1 de S, 16,65 mg planta -1 de B, 3,36 mg planta -1 de Cu, 45,98 mg planta -1 de Fe, 34,78 mg planta -1 de Mn e 22,28 mg planta -1 de Zn.

The production of sweet peppers in greenhouse has been severely affected by soil pathogens. With this, producers are adopting new cultivation techniques, such as cultivation in substrates, but information about this type of cultivation are still scarce. The aim of the present work was to evaluate nutrient accumulation in sweet peppers cultivated in coconut fiber with fertirrigation in greenhouse. Initially, 160 plants (Eppo cultivar) were divided into four blocks, where two plants per block were analyzed every 21 days after transplanting. The sweet peppers were cultivated in plastic pots of 13 L, containing coconut fiber, and placed in double rows with spacing of 0.5 x 0.8 m between single rows and 1.10 m between double rows. The commercial production of the mature fruits was estimated to be 97.3 t ha -1, where all the production was classified as Extra (maximum quality). The accumulation of the various determined nutrients were: 8.22 g plant -1 of N, 1.14 g plant -1 of P, 7.84 g plant -1 of K, 3.25 g plant -1 of Ca, 1.34 g plant -1 of Mg, 2.24 g plant -1 of S, 16.65 mg plant -1 of B, 3.36 mg plant -1 of Cu, 45.98 mg plant -1 of Fe, 34.78 mg plant -1 of Mn and 22.28 mg plant -1 of Zn.

Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard is an important pest of solanaceous plants, including tomatoes. This mite is characterized by a high reproductive rate, which leads to high population growth in a short period of time causing important economic damage. Control of T. evansi is mainly through synthetic acaricides. In searching for environmentally friendly control measures, we evaluated the efficiency of alternative products to control T. evansi on tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. The products tested were lime sulphur and neem based products. We first estimated the lethal concentration (LC) and instantaneous rate of increase (r i) of T. evansi exposed to different product concentrations in laboratory conditions, and later tested the efficacy of LC95 and the concentrations that restrained mite population growth (r i = 0) in greenhouse conditions. The following treatments were repeated three times: NeemPro (81.0 and 71.6 mg a.i./l), Natuneem (31.1 and 20.4 mg ai/l), Organic Neem (39.1 and 30.4 mg a.i./l), lime sulphur (1.0 and 0.6%) and water (control). For all products, control provided by LC95 was higher than provided for lower concentrations (r i = 0) one day after spraying. However, after five days, for both concentrations, the percentage of T. evansi population reduction was superior to 95% and increased over time. Only plants sprayed with Natuneem (31.1 mg a.i./l) showed symptoms of phytotoxicity. Lime sulphur and neem based products, applied in appropriate concentrations and formulations, bear out as a viable alternative to control T. evansi on tomato plants.

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o fluxo gênico em soja, na Região Oeste do Paraná. Foram semeados cinco círculos concêntricos, com a cultivar CD 219RR, que contém o gene CP4 EPSPS. Os círculos foram espaçados em 50 cm, com círculo interno de diâmetro de 50 cm. Externamente a estes, foi semeada a cultivar CD 211 (convencional), também em cinco círculos concêntricos, espaçados em 1 m. As plantas da cultivar CD 211 foram colhidas e trilhadas individualmente, e as sementes semeadas novamente no campo. Após a emergência, foram obtidas 151.772 plântulas, as quais, com 15 dias, foram pulverizadas com 900 g ha-1 de i.a. de glifosato. Após uma semana, plantas sobreviventes foram submetidas à análise de PCR, para verificar a presença do gene CP4 EPSPS. A taxa de fecundação cruzada foi de 0,61, 0,29, 0,23, 0,22 e 0,23% respectivamente a 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 m de distância das plantas geneticamente modificadas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate soybean gene flow in the Western Region of Paraná. Five concentric circles were sowed with the CD 219RR cultivar, which contains the CP4 EPSPS gene. The circles were spaced in 50 cm and the central circle had 50 cm in diameter. Externally to the CD 219RR circles, five concentric circles were sowed with CD 211 cultivar, a no genetically modified soybean, spaced of 1 m. The CD 211 plants were harvested and threshed separately and the seeds were sowed again. After the emergency, 151,772 seedlings were obtained, which with 15 days were sprayed with 900 g ha-1 a.i. of glyphosate. After one week, the surviving plants were analysed by PCR to verify the CP4 EPSPS gene presence. The cross-pollinating rate was 0.61, 0.29, 0.23, 0.22 and 0.23% in 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 m distance of the genetically modified plants, respectively.

O uso agrícola do composto de lixo, como fertilizante orgânico, além de melhorar as propriedades do solo, representa uma alternativa importante para gestão de resíduos sólidos domiciliares. Foram estudados os efeitos da aplicação do composto de lixo, proveniente da cidade de São Paulo (Usina de compostagem São Matheus), na dose de 30 g dm-3 (60 t ha-1), na presença e ausência de calcário dolomítico e adubos minerais, sobre os teores de cátions trocáveis (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ e Na+); a capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC) e a saturação por bases (V%) de 21 solos ácidos e 5 solos alcalinos. Nos solos alcalinos o calcário foi substituído por gesso. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de casa de vegetação em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas em faixas e três repetições. Nos solos ácidos, a aplicação do composto de lixo promoveu aumentos nos teores trocáveis de potássio, cálcio, magnésio e sódio, em média, de 195%, 200%, 86% e 1200%, e elevação da CTC em 42%, refletindo na V%, com aumento médio de 39%. Nos solos alcalinos, esses efeitos foram menos pronunciados, refletindo porém, em média, em aumentos da CTC em 8,4% e da V% em 2%. Os maiores efeitos sobre as propriedades químicas avaliadas foram conseqüências das aplicações do composto + adubo + calcário, nos solos ácidos, e do composto + adubo + gesso, nos solos alcalinos. A aplicação agrícola do composto de lixo urbano é viável, porém seus efeitos sobres as propriedades químicas do solo devem ser monitorados.

The use of urban organic solid waste compost as organic fertilizer is an important alternative to solid waste management. This waste has been applied to agricultural lands because of the benefits in relation to soil chemical properties. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the application of urban waste compost, at the rate of 30 g dm-3 (60 t ha-1), on the contents of exchangeable cations (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+), on cation exchangeable capacity (CEC), and on base saturation (BS%) of 21 acid and 5 alkaline soils. The organic compost (collected at the São Matheus Plant Treatment, São Paulo, Brazil) was applied with or without dolomitic lime and mineral fertilizers. For alkaline soils, lime was substituted by gypsum. The experiment was carried out on a split-plot, completely randomized block design with three replicates. The compost application increased the exchangeable content of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium on average of 195%, 200%, 86%, and 1200%, respectively, and elevated the CEC by 42% in acid soils. Consequently the BS% was increased 39%. A lower, but significant, increase on CEC was observed in alkaline soils in response to the compost application. Average CEC and BS% increases were of 8.4% and 2%, respectively. The highest effects on the evaluated soil properties were verified for compost + fertilizer + lime and compost + fertilizer + gypsum applications in acid and alkaline soils, respectively. It is concluded that the use of urban waste compost in agricultural lands is viable only if its effects on chemical properties are properly monitored.