ABSTRACT Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, presents diverse clinical manifestations, and current therapeutic options have limitations, including long treatment periods, potential hospitalization, and excessive pain during treatment. Methyl gallate, a phenolic compound found in plants such as Libidibia ferrea, presents promising antileishmanial activity. Combining this compound with existing leishmaniasis medications could lead to reduced dosages and the minimization of side effects. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a microemulsion containing methyl gallate, either on its own or in combination with Glucantime®, for the experimental treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a 30-day in vivo assay using golden hamsters infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. The control groups included an untreated positive control and an uninfected, untreated negative control. After treatment, we evaluated clinical, parasitological, and biochemical parameters. While none of the treatments achieved clinical or parasitological cure, notable improvements were observed in the combined group, with significant reductions in snout skin lesions and parasite load when compared to the control. Biochemical parameters such as creatinine, CK-MB, GOT, and GPT remained unchanged, but urea and CPK levels significantly increased in all the experimental groups relative to the control. In conclusion, the integration of a topical methyl gallate microemulsion with intralesional Glucantime® showed potential as an effective treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Further investigations into optimal dosages and therapeutic schemes are warranted in order to enhance treatment outcomes. manifestations limitations periods hospitalization ferrea activity effects Glucantime 30day day 30 (Leishmania amazonensis uninfected cure group creatinine CKMB, CKMB CK MB, MB CK-MB GOT unchanged conclusion outcomes 3

RESUMO A leishmaniose cutânea, causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania, apresenta diversas manifestações clínicas e as opções terapêuticas atuais têm limitações, incluindo longos períodos de tratamento, possível hospitalização e dor excessiva durante o tratamento. O galato de metila, um composto fenólico encontrado em plantas como Libidibia ferrea, mostra atividade antileishmania promissora. A combinação deste composto com os medicamentos existentes para leishmaniose pode levar a dosagens reduzidas e à minimização dos efeitos colaterais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de uma microemulsão contendo galato de metila, isoladamente ou em combinação com Glucantime®, no tratamento experimental da leishmaniose cutânea em um ensaio in vivo de 30 dias em hamsters sírios infectados com Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Os grupos de controle incluíram um controle positivo não tratado e um controle negativo não infectado e não tratado. Após o tratamento, avaliamos parâmetros clínicos, parasitológicos e bioquímicos. Embora nenhum dos tratamentos tenha alcançado cura clínica ou parasitológica, melhorias notáveis foram observadas no grupo combinado, com redução significativa nas lesões cutâneas do focinho e na carga parasitária em comparação com o controle. Parâmetros bioquímicos como creatinina, CK-MB, TGO e TGP permaneceram inalterados, os níveis de ureia e CPK aumentaram significativamente em todos os grupos experimentais em relação ao controle. Em conclusão, a integração da microemulsão tópica de galato de metila com Glucantime® intralesional mostrou potencial como um tratamento eficaz para a leishmaniose cutânea. Mais investigações sobre dosagens ideais e esquemas terapêuticos são necessárias para melhorar os resultados do tratamento. limitações ferrea promissora colaterais Glucantime 3 (Leishmania amazonensis clínicos parasitológica combinado creatinina CKMB, CKMB CK MB, MB CK-MB inalterados conclusão

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la inoculación con L. buchneri liofilizado y/o activado sobre las poblaciones de bacterias de ácido láctico en ensilajes de maíz. Los tratamientos experimentales consistieron en ensilaje de maíz sin aditivo y ensilaje con los inoculantes L. buchneri 1 × 10 5 ufc/g, aplicados según las recomendaciones del fabricante (1 g/tonelada de forraje) en las formas de inoculante liofilizado e inoculante preactivado. Se identificaron aislados purificados de ensilajes de maíz con y sin inocu lación, y el 93% de los aislados correspondieron a bacterias de ácido láctico de la especie L. plantarum. Entre los aislados no se detectaron bacterias de la especie L. buchneri. La aplicación de L. buchneri liofilizado o activado en la masa ensilada promueve un aumento considerable de la población de bacterias de ácido lácticas en los ensilajes de maíz durante todo el período de fermentación.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inoculation with lyophilised and/or activated Lactobacillus buchneri on lactic acid bacteria populations in corn silage. Experimental treatments consisted of corn silage without additives or silage with the inoculants of L. buchneri (1 x 10 5 cfu/g) applied according to the manufacturer’s recommendations (1 g/tonne fodder) in the forms of the lyophilised inoculant and pre-activated inoculant. Purified isolates from corn silage with and without the inoculant were identified, and 93% of the isolates corresponded to the lactic acid bacteria of the species Lactobacillus plantarum. Among the isolates, no bacteria of the species L. buchneri were detected. The application of lyophilised or activated L. buchneri improved the microbiological profile and reduced ethanol production in corn silage, even without being identified among the isolates captured 70 days after ensilage.

Abstract The main constituents of the Euterpe oleracea Mart., Arecaceae, fruits (açaí) are anthocyanins. This paper aimed to standardize the extraction process and characterize an anthocyanin-rich dry extract obtained from this fruit. A 23 full factorial design was used. The volumes of ethanol 92% and acetic acid and the extraction time were used as factors. Total solids and anthocyanins content were used as feedback. The dry extract was obtained by freeze-drying. The content of anthocyanins was determined spectrophotometrically. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimeter, Thermogravimetry, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry were used for characterizingthe dry extract. The DPPH method was used for evaluating radical scavenging activity. The extraction conditions were established. The most influent factor was the volume of acetic acid. The dry extract moisture content was equal to 1.39 ± 0.25%, the evaporation residue 97.25 ± 1.28%, total ashes 0.62 ± 0.12%, and the anthocyanin content was 61.75 ± 3.28%. The elemental composition shows the presence of manganese 4.85 ppm, iron 1.62 ppm, zinc 0.05, copper 1.38 ppm, calcium 1.01 ppm, cadmium 0.003 ppm, nickel 0.37 ppm, and lead 0.38 ppm. The dried extract IC50 estimated by the radical scavenging assay with DPPH was 31.25 ± 2.31 ppm. The optimal extraction conditions were: the volume of ethanol 92%: 400 ml; volume of acetic acid: 75 ml; an extraction time: 4 h.

Resumo Recentemente, a importância de roedores selvagens na manutenção de agentes Anaplasmataceae no ambiente tem sido investigada, haja visto o papel que tais mamíferos podem desempenhar como reservatórios para os patógenos e como hospedeiros para estágios imaturos dos carrapatos vetores. O presente estudo objetivou investigar a ocorrência de Ehrlichia sp. e Anaplasma sp. em 24 cotias (Dasyprocta azarae) capturadas na Reserva Ambiental de Itapiracó, em São Luís, Maranhão, nordeste do Brazil, utilizando métodos moleculares. Quatro animais (16,7%) mostraram-se positivos nos ensaios de nested PCR para Ehrlichia spp. baseados no gene 16S rRNA gene. Na análise filogenética baseda no gene 16S rRNA e utilizando o método de Máxima Verossimilhança e modelo evolutivo GTRGAMMA+I, os genótipos de Ehrlichia sp. detectados em cotias mostraram-se filogeneticamente relacionados às sequências de E. canis e outros genótipos relacionados a E. canis detectados previamente em animais selvagens no Brasil. O presente trabalho mostrou a primeira detecção molecular de Ehrlichia sp. em cotias no Brasil.

Abstract Recently, the importance of wild-living rodents for maintenance of pathogens of the family Anaplasmataceae in the environment was investigated. These mammals play a role as reservoirs for these pathogens and act as hosts for the immature stages of tick vectors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of Ehrlichia sp. and Anaplasma sp. in 24 specimens of Azara’s agouti (Dasyprocta azarae) that had been trapped in the Itapiracó Environmental Reserve, in São Luís, Maranhão, northeastern Brazil, using molecular methods. Four animals (16.7%) were positive for Ehrlichia spp. in nested PCR assays based on the 16S rRNA gene. In a phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene, using the maximum likelihood method and the GTRGAMMA+I evolutionary model, Ehrlichia sp. genotypes detected in Azara’s agoutis were found to be closely related to E. canis and to genotypes relating to E. canis that had previously been detected in free-living animals in Brazil. The present work showed the first molecular detection of Ehrlichia sp. in Azara’s agoutis in Brazil.

Abstract This study aimed to measure the carbohydrate and protein fractioning of silage of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (BBS). The experiment was a completely randomized design with five treatments and five repetitions to evaluate the inclusion of dehydrated brewery residue (DBR) to Marandu grass silage at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% fresh matter basis. The DBR inclusion resulted in a linear reduction (P<0.05) of total carbohydrate content, which decreased 0.35% per unit of residue added. The content of fraction B2 decreased linearly as DBR was added (P<0.05). Nitrogen content increased linearly when residue was added to silage of Marandu grass (P<005). Fraction A, obtained from Marandu grass, presented a linear increasing behavior according to the inclusion of DBR. This inclusion promoted a linear decrease (P<0.05) of fraction B1+B2, which resulted in a 0.37% reduction for each 1% of byproduct added. Dehydrated brewery residue is a good source of additives for ensiling Marandu grass, by considerably improving fractions of proteins and carbohydrates. The level of addition of 40% is recommended for providing better nutritional value to silage.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo medir el fraccionamiento de carbohidratos y proteínas del ensilaje de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (BBS). El experimento fue un diseño completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos y cinco repeticiones para evaluar la inclusión de residuos de cervezas deshidratadas (DBR) en ensilaje de hierba Marandu en niveles de 0, 10, 20, 30 y 40% de materia fresca. La inclusión de DBR resultó en una reducción lineal (P <0.05) del contenido total de carbohidratos, que disminuyó 0.35% por unidad de residuo agregado. El contenido de la fracción B2 disminuyó linealmente a medida que se agregaba DBR (P<0.05). El contenido de nitrógeno aumentó linealmente cuando se añadió residuo al ensilaje del pasto Marandu (P <005). La fracción A, obtenida del pasto Marandu, presentó un comportamiento de aumento lineal de acuerdo con la inclusión de DBR. Esta inclusión promovió una disminución lineal (P<0.05) de la fracción B1 + B2, que resultó en una reducción de 0.37% por cada 1% de subproducto agregado. Los residuos de cervecería deshidratada son una buena fuente de aditivos para ensilar el pasto Marandu, mejorando considerablemente las fracciones de proteínas y carbohidratos. Se recomienda un nivel de adición del 40% para proporcionar un mejor valor nutritivo al ensilaje.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do farelo de arroz sobre as perdas por gases e efluente, o perfil fermentativo e a composição química das silagens de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk ensilado em silos de laboratório. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos: 0; 10; 20, 30 e 40g/kg de farelo de arroz, com base na matéria natural da gramínea. Os valores das perdas por gases e efluentes foram reduzidos linearmente em 0,11 e 0,39g/kg MS, enquanto a recuperação da matéria seca aumentou linearmente em 0,32g/kg MS. Houve comportamento quadrático nos valores de pH e, redução linear para os valores de N-amoniacal e poder tampão, estimados em 1,1 e 0,5g/kg MS. As concentrações de ácido acético, butírico e propiônico foram reduzidas linearmente em 0,1; 0,008 e 0,006g/kg MS, enquanto a de ácido láctico aumentou linearmente em 0,5g/kg MS. Cada unidade porcentual de farelo de arroz promoveu aumento linear de 4,3; 1,8; 7,1 e 7,0g/kg nos teores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e nutrientes digestíveis totais, e redução linear de 6,9; 4,3 e 2,6g/kg MS nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e hemicelulose. A inclusão de 10g/kg de farelo de arroz já assegura diminuição das perdas por gases e efluentes, aumento na recuperação de matéria seca, proporcionando melhorias no perfil fermentativo e na composição química das silagens.

SUMMARY The objective was to assess the effects of rice meal over losses by gas and effluent, the fermentative profile and the chemical composition of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk silage in laboratory bags. Entirely random lining was used, with five treatments: 0; 10; 20; 30 and 40g/kg rice meal, based on natural grass matter. The values of losses by gas and effluents were reduced linearly in 0.11 and 0.39g/kg DM, while recovery of dry matter increased linearly in 0.32g/kg DM. There was quadratic behavior for pH values and linear decrease for the values of N-ammoniacal and buffering power estimated in 1.1 and 5g/kg DM. Concentrations of acetic, butyric and propionic acids were reduced linearly in 0.1; 0.008 and 0.006g/kg DM, while lactic acid increased linearly in 0.5g/kg DM. Each 1g/kg rice meal promoted linear increase of 4.3; 1.8; 7.1 and 7.0g/kg dry matter levels, crude protein, ethereal extract and total digestible nutrients and linear decrease of 6.9; 4.3 and 2.6g/kg DM of fiber in neutral detergent, fiber in acidic detergent and hemicellulose levels. Inclusion of 10g/kg rice meal already ensures lowering losses by gas and effluents, increase in dry matter recovery, allowing improvements on the fermentative profile and the chemical composition of silage.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to evaluate the resistance of maize inbred lines to anthracnose leaf blight (Colletotrichum graminicola Ces.), and to estimate genetic parameters associated with resistance. Sixteen lines (S5) were evaluated for resistance to anthracnose leaf blight in three experiments, in a randomized block design with four replications. From three evaluations of severity, it was estimated the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and the genetic parameters associated with resistance. Results showed the existence of genetic variability for resistance to anthracnose leaf blight in the set of studied lines. Five lines stood out for the high resistance pattern to anthracnose leaf blight, presenting the lowest AUDPC values in the three experiments, and thus were considered important sources of C. graminicola resistance genes. Estimates of genetic parameters indicated low participation of the environment and highlighted the possibility of genetic gains with artificial selection for resistance in this pathosystem.

Trata-se de relato de experiência desenvolvida de modo interdisciplinar por estudantes e preceptor do Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde. A atividade recebeu a denominação de Grupo Informativo e foi realizada junto às pessoas encaminhadas judicialmente para cumprimento de Medida Educativa, após apreensão por consumo/porte de drogas ilícitas. O campo de prática, sediado em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial álcool e outras drogas, em Salvador-BA, Brasil, foi planejado na lógica da Redução de Danos (RD). O objetivo principal consistiu na troca de informações e experiências sobre o uso de drogas, em um espaço de escuta caracterizado pela livre circulação da palavra. Os resultados evidenciam que a atenção às diferenças e singularidades favoreceu a adesão ao grupo, o esclarecimento de dúvidas e questões relativas ao uso de drogas e o delineamento de estratégias de RD apropriadas a cada caso.

This paper presents the outcome of an interdisciplinary experiment developed by students and their counselor from the Education by Work for Health Program (PET-Health), nominated Informative Group. This program was designed for people sent by the judicial system to participate in Educational Measures after being apprehended for illicit drug consumption and/or possession. The program location, the Psychosocial Attention Center for alcohol and other drugs (Salvador-BA), was selected in accordance with the principles of harm reduction (HR). The main goal was for the participants and facilitators to share knowledge, information, and experiences related to drug use in a space where these ideas could be freely expressed. The results suggested that care tailored to the differences and unique issues of each participant improved attendance, cleared up questions related to drug use, and helped define case-appropriate HR strategies.

El artículo presenta el relato de una experiencia desarrollada de modo interdisciplinaria por estudiantes y el preceptor del Programa de Educación en el Trabajo para la Salud. El llamado Grupo Informativo se realizó en cumplimiento de Medida Judicial Educativa con personas aprehendidas por uso/posesión de drogas ilegales. El campo de práctica, con sede en un Centro de Atención Psicosocial para alcohol y otras drogas (Salvador-BA), se desarrolló basándose en los principios de la Reducción de Daños (RD). El objetivo principal consistió en el intercambio de informaciones y experiencias sobre el uso de drogas, en un espacio donde las ideas podían ser expresadas libremente. Los resultados sugieren que los cuidados enfocados en las diferencias y singularidades favorecieron la adhesión al grupo, el esclarecimiento de dudas y cuestiones relacionadas al uso de drogas, y el desarrollo de estrategias de RD apropiadas a cada caso.

Trata-se de relato de experiência desenvolvida de modo interdisciplinar por estudantes e preceptor do Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde. A atividade recebeu a denominação de Grupo Informativo e foi realizada junto às pessoas encaminhadas judicialmente para cumprimento de Medida Educativa, após apreensão por consumo/porte de drogas ilícitas. O campo de prática, sediado em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial álcool e outras drogas, em Salvador-BA, Brasil, foi planejado na lógica da Redução de Danos (RD). O objetivo principal consistiu na troca de informações e experiências sobre o uso de drogas, em um espaço de escuta caracterizado pela livre circulação da palavra. Os resultados evidenciam que a atenção às diferenças e singularidades favoreceu a adesão ao grupo, o esclarecimento de dúvidas e questões relativas ao uso de drogas e o delineamento de estratégias de RD apropriadas a cada caso.

This paper presents the outcome of an interdisciplinary experiment developed by students and their counselor from the Education by Work for Health Program (PET-Health), nominated Informative Group. This program was designed for people sent by the judicial system to participate in Educational Measures after being apprehended for illicit drug consumption and/or possession. The program location, the Psychosocial Attention Center for alcohol and other drugs (Salvador-BA), was selected in accordance with the principles of harm reduction (HR). The main goal was for the participants and facilitators to share knowledge, information, and experiences related to drug use in a space where these ideas could be freely expressed. The results suggested that care tailored to the differences and unique issues of each participant improved attendance, cleared up questions related to drug use, and helped define case-appropriate HR strategies.

El artículo presenta el relato de una experiencia desarrollada de modo interdisciplinaria por estudiantes y el preceptor del Programa de Educación en el Trabajo para la Salud. El llamado Grupo Informativo se realizó en cumplimiento de Medida Judicial Educativa con personas aprehendidas por uso/posesión de drogas ilegales. El campo de práctica, con sede en un Centro de Atención Psicosocial para alcohol y otras drogas (Salvador-BA), se desarrolló basándose en los principios de la Reducción de Daños (RD). El objetivo principal consistió en el intercambio de informaciones y experiencias sobre el uso de drogas, en un espacio donde las ideas podían ser expresadas libremente. Los resultados sugieren que los cuidados enfocados en las diferencias y singularidades favorecieron la adhesión al grupo, el esclarecimiento de dudas y cuestiones relacionadas al uso de drogas, y el desarrollo de estrategias de RD apropiadas a cada caso.

Objetivou-se avaliar a parte aérea da mandioca ensilada in natura, sem e com adição de 10% de farinha de varredura, farelo de jaca ou bagaço de laranja, na alimentação de ovinos confinados. Avaliou-se o desempenho produtivo e parâmetro sanguíneo, de 28 cordeiros não castrados, mestiços da raça Santa Inês, pesando inicialmente em média 22,0kg. Foram 14 dias de adaptação dos animais às dietas e às instalações e 56 de coleta de dados. Os consumos (g/animal/dia) de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN), carboidratos não fibrosos e FDN corrigido para cinzas e proteína, não diferiram e apresentaram as seguintes médias: 1466,7; 1448,5; 253,4; 69,8; 498,7; 662,0 e 410,8 respectivamente. A concentração média (24,8mg/dL) de nitrogênio ureico plasmático, não diferiu, mas, o efeito de tempo após alimentação apresentou comportamento quadrático, com pico de concentração, aproximadamente, às 3 horas. O ganho de peso médio (207,5g/dia), a média de peso final (30,1kg PC), o ganho de peso médio total (11,6kg) e a conversão alimentar (7,3kg MS/kg peso ganho) não foram influenciados pelas dietas. Conclui-se que as silagens de parte aérea da mandioca com ou sem os aditivos alternativos podem ser utilizadas na alimentação de ovinos.

The objective was to evaluate the aerial part of cassava foliage in natura ensiled, without and with addition of 10% cassava meal, bran or jackfruit orange bagasse, in confined sheep feeding. It was evaluated the growth performance and sanguineous parameters of 28 cuts of Santa Ines lambs, non castrated, matzos Santa Inês breed, initially weighing on average 22kg. There were 14 days of adaptation the diets of the animals and installations and 56 of data collection. The intakes (g/ animal/ day) of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent insoluble fiber (NDF), non-fiber carbohydrates and NDF adjusted for ash and protein did not differ and have submitted the following averages: 1466.7, 1448.5, 253.4, 69.8, 498.7, 662.0 and 410.8, respectively. The mean concentration (24.8mg/dL) of plasma urea nitrogen did not differ, but the effect of time after feeding presented a quadratic response, with peak concentration approximately at 3 hours. The mean weight gain (207.5g/day), the average the final weight (30.1kg BW), the total mean weight gain (11.6kg) and feed conversion (7.3kg DM/kg weight gain) have not been affected by diets. It is concluded that, silages aerial part of cassava with or without alternatives additives can be used for sheep feeding.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the losses of nutrient through gases and effluents, the nutrient recovery, fermentation parameters and the chemical parameters of silages of Brachiaria decumbens with the addition of soybean hulls, testing five levels of inclusion: 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% (as is), with five replications per treatment. After the standardization cut of the forage, performed at 5 cm from the soil level, the soil was fertilized with nitrogen and potassium in the form of ammonium sulfate and potassium chloride, respectively, at 60 kg/ha. After 60 days, the grass was cut at 10 cm from the soil and ensiled. Experimental silos with capacity of 10 liters with Bunsen valve were used. Silos had 3 kg of sand conditioned at the bottom for retention of the effluents. The results show that the contents of dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent insoluble fiber and total digestible nutrients presented positive linear behavior with the inclusion of soybean hulls. In the grass silages with addition of soybean hulls, there was greater recovery of dry matter in relation to the control silage, which is a reflection of the negative linear behavior for the values of losses of gases and effluent. There was quadratic behavior in the pH values and negative linear behavior for the ammonia N values and buffering capacity with the inclusion of the additive in the grass silage. Inclusion of soybean hulls is sufficient to improve the fermentation pattern and minimize the losses through gases and effluents, contributing to the nutrient recovery, in addition to promoting overall improvement of the nutritional value of Brachiaria grass silages.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the protein and carbohydrate fractions, and to estimate the in situ rumen degradation kinetic parameters of Brachiaria decumbens grass silage with inclusion of rice bran. Five rice bran inclusion levels were tested: 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the natural matter, distributed into a completely randomized design with five replications. The brachiaria grass was obtained at 60 days of regrowth by cutting the forage at 10 cm from the soil and ensiling it in 10-L experimental silo bags, which were opened after 40 days. The degradability profiles for DM, CP, NDF and of the feeds for each animal utilized made it possible to obtain the estimates of the parameters analyzed. The contents of total carbohydrates (TCH), fibrous carbohydrates and fraction A+B1 of the TCH decreased linearly as the rice bran levels were elevated. Fraction A of the protein was increased linearly by 0.64% for every 1% of rice bran added to the silage. For nitrogenous fractions B3 and C, there was a decrease of 0.11 and 0.40% for each 1% of rice bran added to the silage, respectively. For the rumen degradability parameters of the dry matter, fractions A and I had estimated increases of 0.54 and 0.04% for every 1% inclusion of rice bran. For the degradation rate of fraction B (c), treatments had no effect. Fractions A and I of the crude protein degradability parameters increased by 0.22 and 0.72%, respectively, with inclusion of 1% rice bran. Inclusion levels of rice bran had no effect on fraction D, on the degradation rate of fraction B (c) or lag time (L) estimated for neutral detergent fiber. Inclusion of 10 and 20% rice bran in the brachiaria grass silage improves protein and carbohydrate fractions and rumen degradation kinetic parameters of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber.

Introduction: We evaluated the in vitro antimalarial activity of tigecycline as an alternative drug for the treatment of severe malaria. Methods: A chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum reference strain, a chloroquine-resistant reference strain, and three clinical isolates were tested for in vitro susceptibility to tigecycline. A histidine-rich protein in vitro assay was used to evaluate antimalarial activity. Results: The geometric-mean 50% effective concentration (EC50%) of tigecycline was 535.5 nM (confidence interval (CI): 344.3-726.8). No significant correlation was found between the EC50% of tigecycline and that of any other tested antimalarial drug. Conclusions: Tigecycline may represent an alternative drug for the treatment of patients with severe malaria.