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Abstract This study aimed to assess the influence of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on the nociceptive behavior evoked by the injection of hypertonic saline (HS) into the masseter muscle of rats. Forty male rats were equally divided into four groups: a) isotonic saline control, which received 0.9% isotonic saline (IS), (Ctrl-IS); b) hypertonic saline control, which received 5% HS (Ctrl-HS); c) STZ-induced diabetic, which received IS, (STZ-IS); d) STZ-induced diabetic, which received HS (STZ-HS). Experimental diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ at dose of 60 mg/kg dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer, and 100 μL of HS or IS were injected into the left masseter to measure the nociceptive behavior. Later on, muscle RNA was extracted to measure the relative expression of the following cytokines: cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukins (IL)-1β, -2, -6, and -10. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to the data (p < 0.050). We observed a main effect of group on the nociceptive response (ANOVA: F = 11.60, p < 0.001), where the Ctrl-HS group presented the highest response (p < 0.001). However, nociceptive response was similar among the Ctrl-IS, STZ-IS, and STZ-HS group (p > 0.050). In addition, the highest relative gene expression of TNF-α and IL-6 was found in the masseter of control rats following experimental muscle pain (p < 0.050). In conclusion, the loss of somatosensory function can be observed in deep orofacial tissues of STZ-induced diabetic rats. STZinduced (HS groups 09 0 9 0.9 , (IS) CtrlIS Ctrl (Ctrl-IS) b 5 CtrlHS (Ctrl-HS) c STZIS (STZ-IS) d STZHS. STZHS . (STZ-HS) 6 mgkg mg kg 01 1 0. buffer 10 cytokines cyclooxygenase2 cyclooxygenase 2 cyclooxygenase- COX2, COX2 COX (COX-2) TNFα, TNFα TNF α (TNF-α) IL1β, IL1β ILβ IL 1β, 1β β (IL)-1β 2, -2 6, -6 10. -10 Oneway One way ANOVA (ANOVA 0.050. 0050 0.050 050 0.050) 1160 11 11.60 0.001, 0001 0.001 001 0.001) 0.001. However CtrlIS, Ctrl-IS STZIS, STZ-IS addition IL6 IL- conclusion (IS (Ctrl-IS (Ctrl-HS (STZ-IS (STZ-HS (COX-2 (TNF-α - -1 005 0.05 05 116 11.6 000 0.00 00 (COX- 0.0 11. (COX

https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2024.vol38.0073

Retrospective analysis of 1,203 cases of referral to a quaternary vascular surgery outpatient clinic within the Unified Health System, São Paulo, Brazil 1203 1 203 1,20 System Paulo 120 20 1,2 12 2 1,
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Portela, Felipe Soares Oliveira

; Rossetti, Carlos Augusto

; Souza, Thulio Fernandes de

; Magnani, Arthur Souza

; Silva, Marcelo Fiorelli Alexandrino da

; Portugal, Maria Fernanda Cassino

; Teivelis, Marcelo Passos

; Wolosker, Nelson

; Mendes, Cynthia de Almeida

einstein (São Paulo)

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2024, Volume 22 elocation eAO0676

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Objective Consequently, in this study, we aimed to evaluate 1,203 cases of referral to a quaternary vascular surgical service, in São Paulo, Brazil, over a 6-year period, to assess the appropriate need for referral; in addition to the prevalence of surgical indications. Methods In this retrospective analysis, we reviewed the institutional records of participants referred from Basic Healthcare Units to a vascular surgical service inside the Brazilian Unified Health System, between May 2015 and December 2020. Demographic and clinical data were collected. The participants were stratified, as per the reason for referral to the vascular surgical service, previous imaging studies, and surgical treatment indications. Referral appropriateness and complementary examinations were evaluated for each disease cohort. Finally, the prevalence of cases requiring surgical treatment was defined as the outcome measure. Results Of the 1,203 referrals evaluated, venous disease was the main reason for referral (53%), followed by peripheral arterial disease (19.4%). A considerable proportion of participants had been referred without complementary imaging or after a long duration of undergoing an examination. Referrals were regarded as inappropriate in 517 (43%) cases. Of these, 32 cases (6.2%) had been referred to the vascular surgical service, as the incorrect specialty. The percentage of referred participants who ultimately underwent surgical treatment was 39.92%. Carotid (18%) and peripheral arterial diseases (18.4%) were correlated with a lower prevalence of surgical treatments. Conclusion The rate of referral appropriateness to specialized vascular care from primary care settings was low. This may represent a subutilization of quaternary surgical services, with low rates of surgical treatment. Consequently study 1203 1 203 1,20 Paulo Brazil 6year year 6 period indications analysis System 201 2020 collected stratified studies cohort Finally measure 53%, 53 53% , (53%) 19.4%. 194 19.4% . 19 4 (19.4%) examination 51 43% 43 (43% these 3 6.2% 62 2 (6.2% specialty 3992 39 92 39.92% 18% 18 (18% 18.4% 184 (18.4% treatments services 120 20 1,2 202 5 (53% 19.4 (19.4% (43 6.2 (6.2 399 9 39.92 (18 18.4 (18.4 12 1, (53 19. (19.4 (4 6. (6. 39.9 (1 18. (18. (5 (19. ( (6 39. (19

https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2024ao0676

How can we reduce maternal mortality due to preeclampsia? The 4P rule preeclampsia P
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Korkes, Henri Augusto

; Cavalli, Ricardo Carvalho

; Oliveira, Leandro Gustavo De

; Ramos, José Geraldo Lopes

; Martins Costa, Sérgio Hofmeister de Almeida

; Sousa, Francisco Lázaro Pereira de

; Vieira da Cunha Filho, Edson

; de Souza Mesquita, Maria Rita

; Dias Corrêa Júnior, Mário

; Pinheiro Fernandes Araújo, Ana Cristina

; Zaconeta, Alberto Carlos Moreno

; Freire, Carlos Henrique Esteves

; Poli de Figueiredo, Carlos Eduardo

; Rocha Filho, Edilberto Alves Pereira da

; Sass, Nelson

; Peraçoli, José Carlos

; Costa, Maria Laura

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia

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2024, Volume 46 elocation e-rbgo43

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract In low and middle-income countries such as Brazil, most maternal deaths are related to hypertensive complications. Preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. Significant proportion is associated with the following factors: lack of identification of high-risk women, lack of adequate prevention, difficulty in maintaining a high-risk prenatal follow-up, delayed diagnosis, insecurity and low use of magnesium sulphate, delayed pregnancy interruption and lack of postpartum follow-up of these high-risk cases. Four major actions are proposed to minimize this alarming clinical picture and reduce the mortality rates due to preeclampsia, called the "4 P Rule" (Adequate Prevention – Vigilant Prenatal Care – Timely Delivery (Parturition) – Safe Postpartum). From this simple "rule" we can open a range of important processes and reminders that may help in the guidance of preeclampsia management. middleincome middle income Brazil complications morbidity factors highrisk high risk women prevention followup, followup follow up, up diagnosis sulphate cases 4 " Rule Adequate Parturition (Parturition Postpartum. Postpartum . Postpartum) rule "rule management

https://doi.org/10.61622/rbgo/2024rbgo43

The SISBIOTA-Diptera Brazilian Network: A long-term survey of Diptera from unexplored Brazilian Western Arc of Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal
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Lamas, Carlos José Einicker

; Fachin, Diego Aguilar

; Falaschi, Rafaela Lopes

; Alcantara, Daniel Máximo Correa de

; Ale-Rocha, Rosaly

; Amorim, Dalton de Souza

; Araújo, Maíra Xavier

; Ascendino, Sharlene

; Baldassio, Letícia

; Bellodi, Carolina Ferraz

; Bravo, Freddy

; Calhau, Julia

; Capellari, Renato Soares

; Carmo-Neto, Antonio Marcelino do

; Cegolin, Bianca Melo

; Couri, Márcia Souto

; Carvalho, Claudio José Barros de

; Dios, Rodrigo de Vilhena Perez

; Falcon, Aida Vanessa Gomez

; Fusari, Livia Maria

; Garcia, Carolina de Almeida

; Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo Henrique

; Gomes, Marina Morim

; Graciolli, Gustavo

; Gudin, Filipe Macedo

; Henriques, Augusto Loureiro

; Krolow, Tiago Kütter

; Mendes, Luanna Layla

; Limeira-de-Oliveira, Francisco

; Maia, Valéria Cid

; Marinoni, Luciane

; Mello, Ramon Luciano

; Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes de

; Morales, Mírian Nunes

; Oliveira, Sarah Siqueira

; Patiu, Claudemir

; Proença, Barbara

; Pujol-Luz, Cristiane Vieira de Assis Pujol-Luz, José Roberto Rafael, José Albertino Riccardi, Paula Raile Rodrigues, João Paulo Vinicios Roque, Fabio de Oliveira Sallum, Maria Anice Mureb Santis, Marcelo Domingos de Santos, Charles Morphy Dias dos Santos, Josenilson Rodrigues dos Savaris, Marcoandre Shimabukuro, Paloma Helena Fernandes Silva, Vera Cristina Schelesky-Prado, Daniel de Castro Silva-Neto, Alberto Moreira da Camargo, Alexssandro Sousa, Viviane Rodrigues de Urso-Guimarães, Maria Virginia Wiedenbrug, Sofia Yamaguchi, Carolina Nihei, Silvio Shigueo

Revista Brasileira de Entomologia

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2023, Volume 67 Nº 4 elocation e20230051

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT The SISBIOTA-BRASIL was a three-year multimillion-dollar research program of the Brazilian government to document plants and animals in endangered/understudied areas and biomes in Brazil. Distributional patterns and the historical events that generated them are extensively unknown regarding Brazilian fauna and flora. This deficiency hinders the development of conservation policies and the understanding of evolutionary processes. Conservation decisions depend on precise knowledge of the taxonomy and geographic distribution of species. Given such a premise, we proposed to research the diversity of Diptera of the Brazilian western arc of Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal in the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Rondônia. Three important biomes of the South American continent characterize these Brazilian states: Amazon forest, Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah), and Pantanal. Besides their ecological relevance, these biomes historically lack intensive entomological surveys. Therefore, they are much underrepresented in the Brazilian natural history collections and in the scientific literature, which is further aggravated by the fact that these areas are being exponentially and rapidly converted to commercial lands. Our project involved over 90 collaborators from 24 different Brazilian institutions and one from Colombia among researchers, postdocs, graduate and undergraduate students, and technicians. We processed and analyzed nearly 300,000 specimens from ~60 families of Diptera collected with a large variety of methods in the sampled areas. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the genera and species diversity of 41 families treated. Our results point to a total of 2,130 species and 514 genera compiled and identified for the three states altogether, with an increase of 41% and 29% in the numbers of species and genera known for the three states combined, respectively. Overall, the 10 most species-rich families were Tachinidae, Cecidomyiidae, Tabanidae, Psychodidae, Sarcophagidae, Stratiomyidae, Bombyliidae, Syrphidae, Tephritidae, and Asilidae. The 10 most diverse in the number of genera were Tachinidae, Stratiomyidae, Asilidae, Mycetophilidae, Syrphidae, Tabanidae, Muscidae, Dolichopodidae, Sarcophagidae, and Chloropidae. So far, 111 scientific papers were published regarding taxonomic, phylogenetic, and biogeographical aspects of the studied families, with the description of 101 new species and three new genera. We expect that additional publications will result from this investigation because several specimens are now curated and being researched by specialists.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2023-0051

Expression of AIF, PARP, and miRNAs MIR-145, MIR-210, and MIR-486 Associated with Apoptosis in the Corpus Cavernosum Of Rats Subjected to Chronic Alcoholism Model
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Sarraipo, Vagner Schiavoni Lizarte Neto, Fermino Sanches Carvalho, Camila Albuquerque Mello de Silva, Jairo Pinheiro da Durand, Marina Toledo Schimming, Bruno Cezar Martinez, Marcelo Galli, Maria de Fátima Tazima Sorita Buono, Fabianna de Oliveira Tiezzi, Maria Fernanda Barbirato da Mata Novais, Paulo Cezar Gula, Isabella Stracieri Thomazini, José Antônio Fazan, Valeria Paula Sassoli Rodrigues, Andressa Romualdo Tirapelli, Daniela Pretti da Cunha Cirino, Mucio Luiz de Assis Molina, Carlos Augusto Fernandes Junior, Silvio Tucci Tirapelli, Luis Fernando

International Journal of Morphology

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Dez 2020, Volume 38 Nº 6 Páginas 1639 - 1644

Resumo: En Es | Texto: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

SUMMARY: Previous studies from our group described the consequences of using ethanol on penile erection. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms surrounding microRNAs, apoptosis process and their relationship with erectile dysfunction associated with alcohol consumption are still poorly understood. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the mechanism of apoptosis by the expression of AIF and PARP, as well as their regulatory microRNAs: miR-145, miR-210 and miR-486, in the corpus cavernosum of rats submitted to a semivoluntary alcoholism model. For this study 24 Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control (C) and treated with 20 % ethanol (A) for seven weeks. The corpus cavernosum samples were prepared for immunohistochemical analysis of AIF and PARP protein expression, and microRNAs miR-145, miR-210, miR-486 gene expression in cavernous tissue was performed by real time PCR. The immunohistochemical analysis showed little nuclear positive labeling for the protein PARP and AIF in the corpus cavernosum of control and ethanol treated animals. After analysis of miR-145, -210 and -486 microRNA expression in the 12 animals studied, no results were found with significant statistical difference between the control and alcoholized groups. The expression of AIF and PARP and their regulatory microRNAs involved in apoptotic process (miR-145, miR-210 and miR-486) were not altered in the corpus cavernosum of rats submitted to semivoluntary alcoholism.

RESUMEN: Estudios previos de nuestro grupo describieron las consecuencias del uso de etanol en la erección del pene. Sin embargo, los mecanismos moleculares que rodean a los microARN, el proceso de apoptosis y su relación con la disfunción eréctil asociada con el consumo de alcohol aún no se conocen bien. El objetivo de este análisis fue evaluar el mecanismo de apoptosis mediante la expresión de AIF y PARP, así como sus microARN reguladores: miR-145, miR-210 y miR-486, en el cuerpo cavernoso de ratas sometidas a un modelo de alcoholismo semivoluntario. Se dividieron 24 ratas Wistar en dos grupos: control (C) grupo de ratas tratadas con etanol al 20 % (A) durante siete semanas. Las muestras del cuerpo cavernoso se prepararon para el análisis inmunohistoquímico de la expresión de la proteína AIF y PARP, y la expresión del gen microRNAs miR-145, miR-210, miR-486 en tejido cavernoso se realizó por PCR en tiempo real. El análisis inmunohistoquímico mostró escaso etiquetado nuclear positivo para la proteína PARP y AIF en el cuerpo cavernoso de los animales de control y tratados con etanol. Después del análisis de la expresión de microARN miR-145, -210 y -486 no se encontraron resultados con diferencias estadísticas significativas entre los grupos control y alcoholizados. La expresión de AIF y PARP y sus microARN reguladores involucrados en el proceso apoptótico (miR-145, miR-210 y miR-486) no se alteraron en el cuerpo cavernoso de las ratas sometidas a alcoholismo semivoluntario.

Empowerment como forma de prevenção de problemas de saúde em trabalhadores de abatedouros
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Tavolaro, Paula Pereira, Isabel Maria Teixeira Bicudo Pelicioni, Maria Cecilia Focesi Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de

Revista de Saúde Pública

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Abr 2007, Volume 41 Nº 2 Páginas 307 - 312

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O objetivo do artigo foi ressaltar a necessidade de esforços educativos que visem ao empowerment de funcionários de abatedouros, baseado nos principais problemas de saúde por eles enfrentados. A rotina em abatedouros consiste em tarefas estressantes e cansativas. As conseqüências incluem problemas músculo-esqueléticos, transmissão de zoonoses, problemas de pele e acidentes com materiais pérfuro-cortantes e animais. Esses trabalhadores geralmente não são especializados, não têm controle sobre suas tarefas, e podem não estar conscientes dos determinantes que afetam sua saúde. Os veterinários são geralmente responsáveis pela rotina de trabalho nesses locais e conhecem os riscos à saúde que a execução dessas tarefas representam. Portanto, esses profissionais poderiam participar mais ativamente na educação para o empowerment dos trabalhadores e não se concentrarem apenas em questões referentes à segurança alimentar.

The objective of the review was to emphasize the need for educational efforts aiming at the empowerment of slaughterhouse workers based on their major work-related conditions. Slaughterhouse work involves stressful and tiring tasks. These workers suffer from serious occupational injuries and health problems including musculoskeletal disorders, zoonoses, skin conditions and injuries related to animals and sharp instruments. Slaughterhouse workers are generally low-skill staff, have no control over their job tasks and may not be aware of the determinants affecting their health. While working for the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, veterinarians are greatly responsible for the work routine in slaughterhouses and are aware of health risks involved in these workers' job. Besides focusing their activities on food safety, veterinarians they should take an active role in educating slaughterhouse workers for their empowerment.

Avaliação do conhecimento em práticas de higiene: uma abordagem qualitativa
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Tavolaro, Paula Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes Lefèvre, Fernando

Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação

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Jun 2006, Volume 10 Nº 19 Páginas 243 - 254

Resumo: Pt Es En | Texto: Pt Es En | PDF: Pt | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Investigou-se o conhecimento de ordenhadores de cabra sobre higiene nas operações de ordenha, antes e após uma capacitação em Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF), por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa. Para isto, foram realizadas entrevistas com ordenhadores de três propriedades rurais do Estado de São Paulo, baseadas em um formulário semi-estruturado, cujas respostas foram gravadas, transcritas e analisadas de acordo com a metodologia do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Após a entrevista inicial dos ordenhadores, em cada propriedade, realizou-se a capacitação em BPF por intermédio de aula expositiva dialogada, de uma hora de duração, sobre os temas "princípios gerais de BPF" e "cuidados higiênicos recomendados para ordenha". Após dois meses da capacitação, realizou-se nova entrevista com os ordenhadores. Não foram identificadas diferenças nos discursos obtidos antes e após a capacitação. A análise individual dos discursos mostrou que os ordenhadores apresentavam prévia experiência em ordenha de animais, gostavam do que faziam no trabalho e desejavam aprender mais sobre o ofício, mas não tinham sugestões claras em relação à melhoria do seu fluxo de trabalho.

En este trabajo se evaluó cualitativamente el conocimiento de ordeñadores de cabra acerca de higiene en las operaciones de ordeño antes y después de ser entrenados en Buenas Prácticas de Fabricación (BPF). Con este fin se realizaron entrevistas con ordeñadores de tres establecimientos rurales en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Las entrevistas se basaron en un cuestionario semiestructurado y las respuestas fueron gravadas, transcriptas y analizadas usando el método del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Después de la entrevista inicial de los ordeñadores de cada establecimiento se realizó la capacitación en BPF mediante una clase expositiva de una hora de duración sobre los temas "Principios generales de BPF" y "Cuidados higiénicos recomendados para el ordeño". Entre 1 y 2 meses después del entrenamiento los ordeñadores fueron entrevistados nuevamente. No encontramos diferencias entre los discursos obtenidos antes y después del entrenamiento, y un análisis individual de los mismos mostró que los ordeñadores tenían experiencia previa de ordeño, les gustaba su trabajo y les gustaría aprender mas sobre el oficio, pero que no tenían sugerencias claras sobre cómo mejorar su flujo de trabajo.

It was investigated the knowledge of goat milkers on milking hygiene, before and after a Good Production Practices (GPP) training course, through a qualitative approach. In order to achieve this objective, milkers from three goat dairy farms in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were interviewed, using a semi-structured questionnaire. The responses to the questions were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using the Discourse of the Collective Subject methodology. Milkers were then trained through a one-hour lecture following a content-based exposition and dialogue approach on "GPP principles" and "recommended hygienic procedures for milking". Two months after training, the milkers were interviewed again using the same questionnaire as before. No difference was found between discourses obtained before and after training. Individual analysis of the discourses showed that milkers had previous experience milking of animals, liked their jobs and were willing to learn more about it. However, they had no clear suggestions on how to improve their work routine.

Evaluation of the knowledge in hygiene practices: a qualitative approach
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Tavolaro, Paula Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes Lefèvre, Fernando Tavolaro, Paula

Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação

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2006, Volume 2 Nº se

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The knowledge of goat milkers on milking hygiene was investigated, by means of a qualitative approach, before and after a Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) training course. Milkers from three goat dairy farms in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Responses to the questions were recorded, transcribed and analyzed by means of the Discourse of the Collective Subject. Milkers were then trained in a one-hour content and dialogue-based lecture on "GPP principles" and "recommended hygienic procedures for milking". Two months after the training course, milkers were interviewed again with the same questionnaire used before the training course. No difference was found between discourses obtained before and after the training course. Individual analysis of the discourses showed that milkers had previous experience milking of animals, liked their jobs and were willing to learn more about it. However, they had no clear suggestions on how to improve their work routine.

Anatomicosurgical arterial segmentation of the cat lungs (Felis catus domesticus, L., 1758)
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OLIVEIRA, Fabrício Singaretti BORGES, Edson Moreira MACHADO, Márcia Rita Fernandes CANOLA, Júlio Carlos RIBEIRO, Antonio Augusto Coppi Maciel

Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science

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2001, Volume 38 Nº 6 Páginas 253 - 257

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O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estabelecer os segmentos anátomo-cirúrgicos arteriais, através da lobação e ramificação intralobar arterial, em pulmões de gato. Após a dissecção de vinte pulmões, notou-se que a artéria pulmonar direita geralmente emite um ramo para o lobo cranial e um ramo para o lobo médio, sendo originados juntos em um tronco. Um grande ramo irriga o lobo caudal na maioria dos casos. Dois ramos com origem comum no ramo arterial do lobo caudal irrigam o lobo acessório. A artéria pulmonar esquerda origina um tronco que, na maioria dos casos, emite um ramo para a porção cranial e um ramo para a porção caudal do lobo cranial esquerdo. Pode-se concluir que o pulmão direito é formado por quatro e o esquerdo por dois lobos, ocorrendo variações na ramificação arterial pulmonar.

The aim of this research was to establish the anatomicosurgical segments through lobation and arterial intralobar branching in cats lungs. After dissection of twenty lungs, it was noted that the right pulmonary artery, usually, emits a branch to the cranial lobe and a branch to the middle lobe, arising together from a trunk. A large branch irrigates the caudal lobe in most of the cases. Two branches arising in common origin from the caudal lobe branch irrigate the accessory lobe. The left pulmonary artery originates a trunk that, in most of the cases, emits a branch to the cranial and a branch to the caudal part of the left cranial lobe. It can be concluded that the right lung is formed by four and the left by two lobes, and variations occur in the pulmonary arterial branching.

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10.

Effect of microbiological characteristics of raw milk on the quality of whole milk powder
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Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Mestieri, Lucinéia Santos, Marcos Veiga Moreno, José Franchini Garcia Spers, Aleksandrs Germano, Pedro Manuel Leal

Brazilian Journal of Microbiology

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Jun 2000, Volume 31 Nº 2 Páginas 95 - 98

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a relação entre a qualidade do leite em pó integral e os principais parâmetros microbiológicos do leite empregado como matéria-prima, utilizando-se 16 lotes de leite padronizado quanto aos teores de gordura e sólidos não gordurosos. Os níveis médios de microrganismos mesófilos e psicrotróficos do produto em pó foram 7,8 x 10¹ e 4,0 x 10¹ UFC/g, respectivamente, sendo que estes valores estiveram correlacionados significativamente (P < 0,05) com as contagens de mesófilos e psicrotróficos do leite cru (níveis médios de 8,1 x 10(6) e 1,8 x 10(7) UFC/g, respectivamente). Observou-se, também, uma correlação significativa (P < 0,05) entre a contagem de psicrotróficos do leite cru e o teor de acidez titulável do produto em pó, cujos valores variaram de 0,15 a 0,19% (em ácido lático). As amostras de leite em pó produzido a partir de leite cru contendo níveis elevados de psicrotróficos apresentaram maiores índices de insolubilidade, porém, a correlação entre estes parâmetros não foi significativa. Discute-se a importância do controle das condições higiênicas do leite cru, como instrumento fundamental para garantir a qualidade do produto em pó oferecido ao consumo.

The relationship between microbiological characteristics of raw milk and the quality of high-heat whole powder made from it was investigated. To this end, 16 lots of milk standardized for fat and non-fat solids were used. Powder average levels of mesophiles and psychrotrophs were 7.8 x 10¹ and 4.0 x 10¹ CFU/g, respectively, and these values correlated positively (P < 0.05) with the corresponding raw milk counts (8.1 x 10(6) and 1.8 x 10(7) CFU/g, respectively). A significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) was also observed between raw milk psychrotroph counts and titratable acidity of milk powder (range: 0.15 - 0.19 as % lactic acid). Samples of powder produced from raw milk with higher psychrotroph levels were found to have higher insolubility indexes, yet this relationship was not statistically significant. The importance of milk hygienic control as a basic instrument to warrant commercial milk powder quality is discussed.

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11.

Aflatoxinas: conceitos sobre mecanismos de toxicidade e seu envolvimento na etiologia do câncer hepático celular
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Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Germano, Pedro Manuel Leal

Revista de Saúde Pública

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Ago 1997, Volume 31 Nº 4 Páginas 417 - 424

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Foram revistos os conceitos de maior relevância sobre mecanismos de toxicidade e evidências do envolvimento das aflatoxinas na etiologia do câncer hepático humano. A aflatoxina B1 (AFB1), principal metabólito produzido por fungos do gênero Aspergillus, manifesta seus efeitos tóxicos após conversão hepática em AFB1-epóxido, o qual reage com macromoléculas celulares, incluindo proteínas, RNA (ácido ribonucléico) e DNA (ácido desoxirribonucléico). A reação com o DNA ocorre através da ligação com guaninas, ao nível do códon 249, do gene supressor de tumores p53. Em seres humanos, estudos de biomonitoramento individual de derivados AFB1-N7-guanina tem demonstrado que as aflatoxinas constituem importantes fatores de risco, com uma provável interação sinergística com o vírus da hepatite B, para o desenvolvimento do carcinoma hepatocelular em populações expostas. Considerando-se a ocorrência freqüente das aflatoxinas em produtos alimentícios, no Brasil, ressalta-se a necessidade de estudos que avaliem criteriosamente o impacto dos níveis de exposição a estas toxinas sobre a saúde humana.

Current concepts derived from intensive research over the last decade, on biotransformation, mechanisms of toxicity and evidences for the involvement of aflatoxins in the etiolgy of human liver cancer are summarily presented. Aflatoxin B1(AFB1), the main metabolite produced by moulds of genus Aspergillus, exerts its effects after conversion to the reactive compound AFB1-epoxide, by the action of cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes. This epoxide can form derivatives with cellular macromolecules, including proteins, RNA and DNA. The reaction with DNA occurs with guanines in the códon 249 of tumor suppressor gene p53. Primary biotransformation of AFB1 also produces hydroxylated and less toxic derivatives, such as aflatoxins Q1 and P1. Differences intra and interspecies in the pathways of activation/detoxification are directly related to the susceptibility of animals to aflatoxin effects. In humans, studies of individual biomonitoring of AFB1 metabolites such as AFB1-N7-guanine have demonstrated that aflatoxins constitute an important risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in exposed populations. Some of these studies also show a synergistic action between aflatoxins and the hepatitis B virus in the development of human HCC. In view of these concepts, and taking into account the frequent detection of aflatoxins in Brazilian foodstuffs, the need for investigation into the level of exposure to these toxins and its impact on human health is stressed.

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12.

Aflatoxinas: conceitos sobre mecanismos de toxicidade e seu envolvimento na etiologia do câncer hepático celular
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Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Germano, Pedro Manuel Leal

Revista de Saúde Pública

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- SciELO Analytics

Ago 1997, Volume 31 Nº 4 Páginas 417 - 424

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

13.

Avaliação do desempenho do método do ensaio por enzimas imuno-adsorvidas (ELISA) em leite em pó reconstituído contaminado experimentalmente com aflatoxina M1
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Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Germano, Pedro Manuel Leal

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Dez 1996, Volume 30 Nº 6 Páginas 542 - 548

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

O desempenho do ensaio por enzimas imuno-adsorvidas (ELISA), mediante o emprego de conjuntos de reativos produzidos em escala comercial, para determinação de aflatoxina, foi avaliado em condições experimentais, através de análises repetidas, em amostras de leite em pó reconstituído contaminadas com concentrações conhecidas da fração M1 da toxina. Para os níveis de 0,10; 0,20; 0,50; e, 1,00 ng/ml, os percentuais de recuperação foram: 83,0%; 87,5%; 103,0%; e, 111,8%, respectivamente. O desvio-padrão relativo, para as referidas concentrações, foi, respectivamente, 65,5%; 31,8%; 10,9% e 13,6% (n=10, para cada nível de contaminação). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o método é apropriado para pesquisas e levantamentos sobre a ocorrência de aflatoxina M1 em leite, sobretudo nas faixas de concentração entre 0,20 - 1,00 ng/ml.

The evaluation of commercially available test systems of competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was performed in experimental conditions, through repeated analysis, in samples of milk powder contamined with known concentrations of the toxin. Recoveries of AFM1 added to milk at levels of 0.10, 0.20, 0.50 and 1.00 ng/ml were 83.0%, 87.5%, 103.0% and 111.8% respectively. Relative standard deviations for the above mentioned concentrations were 65.5%, 31.8%, 10.9% and 13.6%, respectively (n =10, per spiking level). According to these results the ELISA is appropriate for AFM1 research and/or surveying, mainly for concentrations between 0.20 - 1.00 ng/ml.

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14.

Avaliação do desempenho do método do ensaio por enzimas imuno-adsorvidas (ELISA) em leite em pó reconstituído contaminado experimentalmente com aflatoxina M1
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Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Germano, Pedro Manuel Leal

Revista de Saúde Pública

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Dez 1996, Volume 30 Nº 6 Páginas 542 - 548

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

15.

Estudo da ocorrência de enteroparasitas em hortaliças comercializadas na região metropolitana de São Paulo - SP, Brasil: II - Pesquisa de protozoários intestinais
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Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Germano, Pedro Manuel Leal

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Out 1992, Volume 26 Nº 5 Páginas 332 - 335

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Foram analisadas hortaliças "in natura", comercializadas na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, SP-Brasil, visando à pesquisa e à identificação de cistos de protozoários de interesse médico. As hortaliças, constituídas de 50 amostras de cada variedade, consistiram em: alface (Lactuca sativa), variedades lisa e crespa, escarola (Chichorium sp) e agrião (Nasturtium officinale). Os resultados evidenciaram elevados percentuais de contaminação em todas as variedades de hortaliças analisadas, porém as freqüências de protozoários foram maiores no agrião. As amostras de alfaces apresentaram os menores percentuais de contaminação, enquanto que a escarola apresentou valores geralmente situados entre o agrião e as alfaces. Observou-se uma grande variedade de protozoários, cujas freqüências de ocorrência na população residente na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo são igualmente elevadas. Os mais freqüentes foram Entamoeba sp (com 4 e 8 núcleos) e Giardia sp. Foram também isolados cistos de Iodamoeba sp, Endolimax sp e Chilomastix sp. Os elevados níveis de contaminação fecal encontrados nas amostras analisadas apontam para a importância dos alimentos na transmissão de protozoários intestinais.

Vegetables in natura , commercially traded in the metropolitan area of S.Paulo, Brazil, were analised by means of the appropriate methodology with a view to discovering and identifying protozoan cysts of medical interest. The vegetables under study consisted of 50 samples of each of the variaties listed bel ow: lettuce (Lactuca sativa) - oily leaves and crisphead varieties, endive (Chicorium sp) and water-cress (Nasturtium officinale). Results showed high rates of contamination in all the varieties of vegetable analysed. However, the water-cress was the one which presented the highest frequencies of enteroparasites. Both the oily leafes and crisphead varieties of lettuce presented the lowest rates of contamination, whereas endive presented values ranking, in general, between those of the lettuce and those of the water-cresses. A great variety of those protozoans which occur frequently in the population resident in the metropolitan area of S. Paulo were observed in the samples, the most frequent being Entamoeba sp (with 4 and 8 nuclei) and Giardia sp. Cysts of Iodamoeba sp, Endolimax sp and Chilomastix sp were also recovered from the samples, thus corroborating the occurrence of high rates of fecal contamination. The significance of these kinds of food in the transmission of protozoans is discussed in the light of the results obtained.

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