Summary: Organic fertilizers are a sustainable alternative to conventional fertilizers that cause contamination of natural resources. The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of native microorganisms (ENM) and compost on yield and profitability on the cultivation of quinoa variety INIA 415-Pasankalla in three altitudinal levels (Faical 1935 m altitude, Lagunas Amarillas 2328 m altitude and Cascapampa 2995 m altitude). Five treatments were evaluated: T0 (control), T1 (MEN 2.5%), T2 (MEN 5.0%), T3 (MEN 2.5%+0.9 kg compost m-1) and T4 (MEN 5.0%+1.8 kg compost m-1), considering: PA (plant height), RHa (yield per hectare), RPa (yield plant-1), PP (panicle weight), PMG (thousand kernel weight) and DT (stem diameter). In addition, the benefit/cost per treatment was analyzed. A principal component analysis (PCA), three-way ANOVA comparison and correlation analysis were performed. The PCA yielded two components (C1 and C2) explaining 97.20% of the variability of the study. Component 1 (78.46%) explained the greatest variability and grouped the variables: G-I (AP, DT), G-II (RHa, Rpa, PP). Treatments T4 and T3 showed the best results in relation to altitude: Lagunas Amarillas-T4 with G-I and Cascapampa-T4 with G-II showed the highest study values. However, Cascapampa-T2 was the most profitable (b/c= 5,68). The combined mixture of organic inputs made from local raw materials and applied in foliar form, and the soils present in T4, improved the yields and profitability of the quinoa crop in relation to altitude.

Resumen: Los abonos orgánicos son una alternativa sostenible con el agroecosistema frente a los fertilizantes convencionales causantes de la contaminación de los recursos naturales. El objetivo fue determinar la eficacia de los microorganismos eficientes nativos (MEN) y de compost sobre el rendimiento y rentabilidad en el cultivo de quinua variedad INIA 415-Pasankalla en tres pisos altitudinales (Faical 1935 m de altitud, Lagunas Amarillas 2328 m de altitud. y Cascapampa 2995 m de altitud). Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos: T0 (testigo), T1 (MEN 2.5%), T2 (MEN 5.0%), T3 (MEN 2.5%+0.9 kg compost m-1) y T4 (MEN 5.0%+1.8 kg compost m-1), evaluando: AP (altura de planta), RHa (rendimiento hectárea-1), RPa (rendimiento planta-1), PP (peso de panoja), PMG (peso de mil granos) y DT (diámetro de tallo). Además, se analizó el beneficio/costo por tratamiento. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales ACP, una comparación triple de ANOVA y un análisis de correlación. Con el ACP se obtuvo dos componentes (C1 y C2) explicando el 97.20% de la variabilidad del estudio. El Componente 1 (78.46%) explica la mayor variabilidad y agrupó variables: G-I (AP, DT), G-II (RHa, Rpa, PP). Los tratamientos T4 y T3 presentaron los mejores resultados en relación a la altitud: Lagunas Amarillas-T4 con G-I y Cascapampa-T4 con G-II presentaron los mayores valores del estudio. No obstante, Cascapampa-T2 fue el más rentable (b/c= 5.68). La mezcla combinada de los insumos orgánicos elaborados a partir de materias primas locales y aplicados en forma foliar y suelos presentes en T4, mejoró los rendimientos y la rentabilidad del cultivo de quinua en relación a la altitud.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue diagnosticar de forma participativa la comunidad rural de San Miguel Tlanichico, perteneciente al estado de Oaxaca, México, en 2020, para determinar la viabilidad de implementar una tecnología apropiada, como propuesta de solución al problema de saneamiento de aguas residuales (SAR). La metodología empleada se llevó a cabo en dos fases; en la primera se realizó una revisión bibliográfica del medio natural y construido de la comunidad San Miguel Tlanichico y en la segunda fase se efectuaron recorridos de campo donde se aplicó una encuesta diseñada con 27 ítems agrupados en cuatro ejes temáticos: 1). Percepción de la problemática; 2). Cultura del agua; 3). Saneamiento de las aguas residuales; y 4). Disposición a la capacitación en tecnologías para el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Este instrumento fue aplicado en un censo a 137 personas de la comunidad en sus viviendas. A partir del diagnóstico realizado se identificó que 94.89%, reconoció que existen problemas ambientales en su comunidad, 57.69% percibe la contaminación del agua como problema prioritario, 30.30% señalaron que no realizan el SAR generadas y 73.72% indicaron que si asistirían a algún curso para capacitarse en la construcción de tecnologías apropiadas de saneamiento. Los resultados anteriores reflejan que resulta fundamental conocer la problemática y la disponibilidad de las personas para poder adoptar una tecnología, para ello se requiere de realizar diagnósticos participativos y la etnografía, con la finalidad de identificar la cultura de las personas y las comunidades.

Abstract The objective of this work was to diagnose in a participatory way the rural community of San Miguel Tlanichico, belonging to the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, in 2020, to determine the feasibility of implementing an appropriate technology, as a solution proposal for the problem of wastewater sanitation (WWS). The methodology used was carried out in two phases; in the first, a bibliographic review of the natural and built environment of the San Miguel Tlanichico community was carried out and in the second phase, field tours were carried out where a survey designed with 27 items grouped into the following four thematic axes was applied: 1). Perception of the problems; 2). Water culture; 3). Wastewater sanitation; and 4). Willingness to train in technologies for wastewater treatment. This instrument was applied in a census to 137 people from the community in their homes. From the diagnosis made, it was identified that 94.89% recognized that there are environmental problems in their community, 57.69% perceive water pollution as a priority problem, 30.30% indicated that they do not perform the sanitation of WW generated and 73.72% indicated that they would attend a course to train in the building of appropriate sanitation technologies. The above results reflect that it is essential to know the problems and willingness of people to be able to adopt a technology, for this it is necessary to carry out participatory diagnoses and ethnography in order to identify the culture of people and communities.

RESUMEN Introducción: La seguridad en las prácticas médicas con radiaciones ionizantes ha constituido una preocupación a nivel internacional. Las metodologías para las evaluaciones de riesgos de dichas prácticas se encuentran dispersas, desde el punto de vista conceptual e informático. El objetivo de la investigación es desarrollar un sistema de gestión de riesgo en prácticas médicas con radiaciones ionizantes, soportado en una herramienta integral de evaluación de riesgos, destinada a la optimización de la seguridad y la calidad. Adicionalmente, se generan patrones de riesgos para un grupo de prácticas, que no habían sido abordadas con estos estudios. Métodos: Se emplean métodos prospectivos de matriz de riesgos y de análisis de modos y efectos de fallos, así como métodos reactivos de aprendizaje por incidentes. Resultados: Se diseñó un algoritmo que logra un enfoque metodológico acoplado para análisis de riesgos. Se programó el código SECURE-MR-FMEA que enlaza los métodos enunciados. Sus bases de datos incluyen más de 30 patrones prospectivos de riesgos y una base de datos reactiva, contentiva de las experiencias de bases internacionales. Discusión: Los resultados del sistema han sido comparados con éxito contra tareas similares. El sistema dispone de capacidades distintivas para aplicaciones basadas en riesgo. Conclusiones: La integración de capacidades de estudio logradas con SECURE-MR-FMEA resulta un aporte científico, al igual que algunos de los patrones de riesgo desarrollados. El sistema puede responder a requisitos regulatorios y optimizar la toma de decisiones basadas en riesgos. También logra aportes de tipo social, soportados en la prevención de accidentes para pacientes y trabajadores, así como de tipo medioambiental, al pronosticar secuencias de daño al público y al medioambiente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Safety in medical practices with ionizing radiation has been an international concern. The methodologies for these risk assessments are scattered, from the conceptual and computer point of view. The objective of the work is "to develop a risk management system in medical practices with ionizing radiation, supported by a comprehensive risk assessment tool, aimed at optimizing safety and quality." Additionally, risk patterns are generated in a group of practices, which had not been addressed with these studies. Methods: Prospective risk matrix and failure modes and effects analysis methods are used, as well as reactive incident learning methods. Results: An algorithm was designed that achieves a coupled methodological approach for risk analysis. The SECURE-MR-FMEA code was programmed that links the stated methods. Its databases include more than 30 prospective risk patterns and a reactive database, containing the experiences of international databases. Discussion: The results of the system have been successfully compared against similar tasks. The system has distinctive capabilities for risk-based applications. The code and its risk patterns have been used in various national entities, as well as in national and international training courses. Its applications have been the subject of scientific publications and participation in events. Conclusions: The integration of study capabilities achieved with SECURE-MR-FMEA is a scientific contribution, as are some of the risk patterns developed. The system has the capabilities to respond to regulatory requirements and optimize risk-based decision making. It also achieves contributions of a social nature, supported in the prevention of accidents for patients and workers, as well as of an environmental nature, by predicting sequences of damage to the public and the environment.

Resumen Antecedentes. El aumento de las tasas de supervivencia en los pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal ha impactado en los pacientes con acceso para hemodiálisis. Objetivo. Analizar las tasas de maduración y permeabilidad de las fístulas arteriovenosas en pacientes adultos mayores. Método. Estudio retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron pacientes a los que se realizó fístula arteriovenosa. Las tasas de maduración y permeabilidad se analizaron divididas en grupos según la edad (≥ 65 y < 65 años). Las tasas de permeabilidad se compararon mediante análisis de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados. Se analizaron 20 pacientes ≥ 65 años. La tasa de maduración global en este grupo fue del 75%, frente al 84.1% (p = 0.33) en el grupo más joven. La permeabilidad primaria a los 6 y 12 meses para el grupo ≥ 65 años fue del 93% y el 86%, respectivamente, en comparación con el 85% y el 81% en el grupo más joven (p = 0.77). Conclusiones. La fístula arteriovenosa autógena sigue siendo la opción preferida y duradera para los pacientes de edad avanzada. No encontramos diferencias en cuanto a las tasas de maduración y permeabilidad en comparación con los pacientes más jóvenes.

Abstract Objective. The increased survival rates of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have impacted directly in the proportion of elderly patients requiring a reliable hemodialysis (HD) access; this group clearly demands an individualized approach. We aim to analyze maturation and patency rates of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) in elderly patients. Methods. This was retrospective review of a database of patients that underwent AVF creation in our institution. The maturation and patency rates were analyzed divided in groups based on age (equal and greater of 65 years, and patients under 65 years). Patency rates were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results. Twenty patients ≥ 65 years old (mean 73, SD ± 5.4) were analyzed. The overall maturation rate in this group was 75% compared to 84.1% (p = 0.33) in the younger group (mean age 48 years, SD ± 17). The primary patency at 6 and 12 months for the ≥ 65 years group was 93% and 86%, respectively, compared with 85% and 81% for the younger group (p = 0.77). Conclusion. Autogenous AVF remains the preferred and durable option for elderly patients. We found no difference in terms of maturation and patency rates compared to younger patients. Standardized protocols are needed to optimally select vascular accesses.

Resumen La fluorosis dental puede ocasionar cambios en la superficie del esmalte, condicionando su funcionalidad y estética, la aplicación de adhesivos dentales es una opción de tratamiento, sin embargo, su uso en dientes fluoroticos puede resultar en limitaciones. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en comparar la fuerza de adhesión a la cizalladura de dos diferentes adhesivos, uno con 10-MDP y otro sin 10-MDP, en diferentes grados de fluorosis dental. Se trata de un estudio in vitro en muestras de esmalte dental, un total de 180 muestras con los criterios de inclusión fueron tratadas, aleatoriamente divididas en dos grupos de 90, de acuerdo al tipo de adhesivo dental, donde cada grupo fue dividido nuevamente en tres grupos de 30 muestras, representando diferentes grados de fluorosis dental según el índice de Thylstrup- Fejerskov (Grupo I: TF1 y TF2; Grupo II: TF3; Grupo III: TF4). Para determinar diferencias entre los grupos se utilizaron pruebas de normalidad, ANOVA de dos factores, y pruebas post-hoc, con un nivel de significancia de 95%. Como resultados, se mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el uso de adhesivo dental con 10- MDP y los tres grupos de fluorosis dental (p=0.011), además, una prueba post hoc de Tukey sobre los grupos tratados con adhesivo 10-MDP revelaron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo I frente al grupo II, y el grupo I frente al grupo III, (p=<0.05) Se concluye que el uso de sistemas adhesivos con 10-MDP presentan una mejor resistencia de adhesión al cizallamiento en esmalte con grados de fluorosis dental I y II en el índice de Thylstrup-Fejerskov

Abstract Dental fluorosis can cause changes in the enamel surface, conditioning its functionality and esthetics. The application of dental adhesives is a treatment option; however, their use on fluorotic teeth can result in limitations. The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of two different adhesives, one with 10-MDP and one without 10-MDP, in different degrees of dental fluorosis.This is an in vitro study on dental enamel samples, a total of 180 samples with the inclusion criteria were treated, randomly divided into two groups of 90, according to the type of dental adhesive, where each group was again divided into three groups of 30 samples, representing different degrees of dental fluorosis according to the Thylstrup-Fejerskov index (Group I: TF1 and TF2; Group II: TF3; Group III: TF4). Normality tests, two-factor ANOVA, and post-hoc tests were used to determine differences between the groups, with a significance level of 95%. As results, a statistically significant difference was shown between the use of dental adhesive with 10-MDP and the three groups of dental fluorosis (p=0.011), in addition, a Tukey post-hoc test on the groups treated with 10-MDP adhesive revealed a statistically significant difference between group I versus group II, and group I versus group III, (p=<0.05). It is concluded that the use of adhesive systems with 10-MDP presents a better shear bond strength on enamel with dental fluorosis grades I and II in the Thylstrup-Fejerskov index.

Abstract Venous aneurysms are rare and have a prevalence of 0.1 to 0.2% in the reported series. Typically, patients do not present any symptoms, but are prone to develop deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and the most feared complication, pulmonary embolism (PE). We present the case of a previously healthy 36-year-old man who presented at the emergency department with tachycardia, dyspnea, and pleuritic pain. A thoracic computed tomography angiography (CTA) confirmed the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. He was treated with systemic thrombolysis and anticoagulation. In the further workup of the cause of the embolism, computed tomography revealed a fusiform dilation of the left popliteal vein measuring 3 by 3 centimeters (cm) with an incomplete filling defect because of thrombus presence. The patient underwent open surgical repair. At one month follow-up, he was asymptomatic, and an ultrasound revealed complete patency of the popliteal vein without dilatation or thrombus.

Resumo Aneurismas venosos são raros, tendo uma prevalência de 0,1 a 0,2% nas séries relatadas. Os pacientes não costumam manifestar sintomas; entretanto, são propensos a desenvolver trombose venosa profunda e a complicação mais temida, embolia pulmonar. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 36 anos previamente hígido que chegou ao serviço de emergência queixando-se de taquicardia, dispneia e dor pleurítica. Uma angiotomografia computadorizada confirmou o diagnóstico de embolia pulmonar aguda. O paciente foi tratado com trombólise sistêmica e anticoagulantes. Em exames posteriores para investigar a causa da embolia, uma tomografia computadorizada revelou dilatação fusiforme da veia poplítea esquerda medindo 3x3 cm, com enchimento incompleto devido à presença de um trombo. O paciente foi submetido a reparo cirúrgico aberto. No seguimento de 1 mês, ele estava assintomático, e uma ultrassonografia revelou a patência completa da veia poplítea, sem dilatação ou trombo.

ABSTRACT Background: Tropical Dry Forests (TDFs) are repositories of biodiversity, ecosystem services and carbon that are threatened by fragmentation and climate change. Floristic and phytosociological studies are fundamental database for many studies of conservation and sustainability, but there is a knowledge gap concerning TDFs, especially in the Andes valleys. The aim of this study was to determine the phytosociological structure and composition of woody vegetation of seven TDFs in the Colombian Andes, and because the flora associated with this type of forest has a geographical distribution restricted to each locality where this biome exists, provide information on the main species, genera and families for conservation and restoration actions as well as for future meta-analyses. We sampled seven TDFs with 20 plots of 25 m × 4 m. Results: In the 1.88 hectares of samples, 8422 individuals were surveyed, distributed in 170 species, 120 genera and 50 botanical families. Of these species, 78.82% were identified at the species level, 17.05% at the genus level, and 4.11% at the family level. The most important families were Fabaceae and Myrtaceae. Nitrogen-fixing Fabaceae species were prominent amongst the important species, especially in low altitude and more stressing sites. Conclusion: The structure, composition and ecological importance of these forests must be considered for conservation and ecological restoration plans, in particular the habitat preference of species along the topographic gradient. Particularly noteworthy for conservation are the Myrtaceae species because promote connectivity and regeneration by providing resources for the fauna, a driver of dispersal, as well as nitrogen-fixing Fabaceae species, because promote the resilience and natural regeneration of TDFs in the Andes, a key feature of stability.

Abstract Northern Baja California (NBC) is characterized by two subregions: Peninsular Ranges of Baja California (PRBC) and Mexicali Valley (MV). In NBC, there are cities whose population could benefit from the operation of an Early Earthquake Warning System (EEWS). To implement an EEWS in NBC, which allows issuing notifications to warn people about the arrival of seismic waves generated by relevant earthquakes in NBC, we evaluated the capacity of response of the CICESE Seismological Network (CSN). The seismic signals from stations of this network are sent to the processing center, located at CICESE, using different transmission media. Commercial and cellular Internet modem transmissions with low latency times (< 2 s) stand out. We evaluated the performance of the CSN using the SeisComP3 acquisition and detection system in combination with the Virtual Seismologist (VS) method. This evaluation began in April 2017 and resulted in more than 5,000 earthquakes (2.0 ≤ M ≤ 5.0) recorded and processed with SeisComP3/VS. Based on the current geographical coverage of the network and the area of occurrence of a relevant earthquake, the EEWS could notify the population up to 20 seconds in advance. There is good coverage for earthquakes occurring in the VM, and notifications can be sent to cities such as Ensenada and Tijuana but not to Mexicali. For PRBC earthquakes, it is impossible to issue a prior notice to any of the towns mentioned due to insufficient station coverage. However, we consider the implementation of an EEWS for NBC feasible if the geographical coverage of the CSN stations is improved and transmission schemes with low latency times are used.

Resumen El norte de Baja California (NBC) está caracterizado por dos subregiones las Sierras Peninsulares de Baja California (SPBC) y el Valle de Mexicali (VM). En el NBC existen ciudades en las que su población pudiera beneficiarse del funcionamiento de un Sistema de Alerta Sísmica Temprana (SAST). Con el propósito de implementar un SAST, que permita emitir notificaciones previas al arribo de las ondas sísmicas generadas por la ocurrencia de algún sismo relevante en el NBC, evaluamos la capacidad de respuesta de la Red Sismológica del CICESE (RSC). Las señales sísmicas de las estaciones de esta red se envían al centro de procesamiento ubicado en el CICESE usando distintos medios de transmisión. De éstos, destacan las transmisiones por módem de Internet por módem telefónico y celular con tiempos de latencia bajos (< 2 s). La evaluación de la RSC la hicimos vía el sistema de adquisición y detección SeisComP3 y el método Virtual Seismologist (VS). Esta evaluación inició en abril de 2017 y dio como resultado un catálogo de más de 5,000 sismos (1.0 ≤ M ≤ 5.7) registrados y procesados con SeisComP3/VS. Con la cobertura geográfica actual de la red y dependiendo de la zona de ocurrencia del sismo, puede notificarse a la población con una anticipación de hasta 20 segundos (M ≈ 4). Para sismos ocurridos en el VM, existe una buena cobertura y pueden enviarse notificaciones a ciudades como Ensenada y Tijuana; no así para la ciudad de Mexicali. Para sismos de las SPBC, el envío de notificación dependerá de la ubicación del evento ya que la cobertura en las SPBC no es la requerida y además los enlaces de transmisión, presentan una alta latencia. No obstante, consideramos factible la implementación de un SAST para el NBC, si se mejora la cobertura geográfica de las estaciones de la RSC y se usan esquemas de transmisión con tiempos de latencia bajos.

ABSTRACT The use of mobile devices in modern life is essential due to the advantages they provide, offering new possibilities and implementing virtual services. The existence of greater number of mobiles phones than computers in Cuban students motivated the realization of this application. The objective of the article is to describe the application "Statistical calculations and rates in health" (Calc. Rates version 1.7) built to perform calculations in a Biostatistics course, covering a large part of the content of this subject in the undergraduate teaching of medical universities, as well as other content related with this topic. It also incorporates a database with demographic and health information on Cuba and its provinces in the period 2013-2020. As a result, technological independence was achieved by stopping using foreign programs and a greater portability, since it works on both mobile phones and computers through an Android emulator.

RESUMEN El uso de dispositivos móviles en la vida moderna es imprescindible debido a las ventajas que brindan al ofrecer nuevas posibilidades e implementar de manera virtual servicios ya establecidos. La mayor existencia de móviles que computadoras en los estudiantes de Cuba nos motivó a la realización de esta aplicación. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la aplicación nombrada “Cálculos estadísticos y tasas en salud” (Calc. Tasas versión 1.7) construida para realizar cálculos en un curso de Bioestadística, cubriendo gran parte del contenido de esta asignatura en la enseñanza de pregrado de las universidades médicas, así como otros contenidos de interés en esta materia. También incorpora una base de datos con información demográfica y sanitaria de Cuba y sus provincias en el período 2013-2020. Como resultado se logró independencia tecnológica al dejar de usar programas foráneos y se logró una mayor portabilidad pues funciona tanto en móviles como en computadoras utilizando un emulador de Android.

Abstract With the objective of determining the nutritional constituents, amino acids and the content of secondary metabolites of the foliage meal of Tithonia diversifolia. For this, plant material was collected 70 days after regrowth. The percentages of DM, CP, P, Ca, Si, CF, NDF, ADF, ADL, Cel, Hcel, CC were determined; amino acid profile (methionine, cystine, methionine + cystine, lysine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, serine, phenylalanine, arginine, histidine), and content of TT, TP, TCT, TBCT, FCT, Flv, Sap, Alk, Trit and TS. For statistical processing, descriptive techniques (mean and standard deviation) were used. The plant material of Tithonia diversifolia analyzed showed percentages of 22.23, 2.62, 0.013, 45.7, and 29.8% and 6.09 MJ/kg (CP, Ca, P, NDF, ADF and ME). For the secondary metabolites, they presented concentrations of 5.35, 12.38, 13.7, 9.58, 4.15, 24.49, 0.86, 1.36, 7.71 and 10.75 g/kg MS for total tannins, total phenols, total condensed tannins, total bound condensed tannins, free condensed tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes and total steroids). The highest concentrations of amino acids were for lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, serine and phenylalanine with values of 13-30 g/kg of protein. It is concluded that the foliage meal of Tithonia diversifolia presents an adequate relation in its quality.

Resumen El presente estudio se enfoca en determinar los constituyentes nutritivos, aminoacidico y el contenido de metabolitos secundarios de la harina de follaje de Tithonia diversifolia. Para esto se recolectó el material vegetal a los 70 días de rebrote. Se determinaron los porcentajes de MS, PB, P, Ca, Si, FB, FND, FAD, LAD, Cel, Hcel, CC; perfil de aminoácidos (metionina, cistina, metionina + cistina, lisina, treonina, ácido aspártico, ácido glutámico, prolina, glicina, alanina, valina, isoleucina, leucina, serina, fenilalanina, arginina, histidina), y contenido de TT, FT, TCT, TCLT, TCL, Flv, Sap, Alc, Trit y ET. Para el procesamiento estadísticos se utilizaron técnicas descriptivas (media y desviación estándar). El material vegetal de Tithonia diversifolia analizado mostró porcentajes de 22 .23, 2.62, 0.013, 45.7, y 29.8 % y 6.09 MJ/kg (PB, Ca, P, FND, FAD y EM). Para los metabolitos secundarios presentaron concentraciones de 5.35, 12.38, 13.7, 9.58, 4.15, 24.49, 0.86, 1.36, 7.71 y 10.75 g/kg MS para taninos totales, fenoles totales, taninos condesados totales, taninos condensados ligados totales, taninos condensados libres, flavonoides, alcaloides, saponinas, triterpenos y esteroides). Las mayores concentraciones de aminoácidos fueron para lisina, ácido aspártico, glutámico, prolina, glicina, alanina, valina, leucina, serina y fenilalanina con valores de 13-30 g/kg de proteína. Se concluye que la harina de follaje de Tithonia diversifolia presenta una adecuada relación en su calidad.

ABSTRACT The skin recovery (wound healing) properties of materials based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped with metal nanoparticles (PVA-MNPs) and their chemical and physical characterization is reported. The synthesis of copper and silver metal nanoparticles supported in PVA was performed by Solvated Metal Atom Dispersed (SMAD) method using 2-ethoxyethanol as solvent. The average size of metal nanoclusters (PVA-Cu = 77 nm, PVA-Ag = 72 nm) was determined by TEM and the distribution of the inorganic phase in the hybrid material was analyzed by SEM-EDX. TGA performed in synthetic air atmosphere shows an improvement in the thermal stability by addition of nanometals to pure polymer, with the copper composite showing a higher thermo resistive capacity than the rest. Antibacterial activity against ATCC bacterial strains of Escherichia coli (E.C.), Staphylococcus aureus (S.A.), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S.E.) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.A.) was determined. The silver compound showed antibacterial activity against all tested microorganisms, while the copper compound was active against S.E. Toxicological and wound healing tests were performed in Sprague Dawley rats with infested injuries on the back which were treated with PVA films doped with copper and silver. The recovery of injures infested with S. aureus is reported. This type of material could be used for biomedical applications, such as skin recovery processes in infected wounds or type I and II burns.

ABSTRACT Introduction: muscle strength may decrease in patients with chronic kidney failure due to various causes. Objective: to determine the anthropometric and clinical variables and muscle strength in adult patients with chronic kidney failure. Methodology: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional design was applied. Men and women, older than 17 years, with chronic kidney failure who attended the National Hospital (Itauguá) and Military Hospital (Asunción), Paraguay, between April and November 2021 were included. Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory variables were determined. Muscle strength was measured with a hand dynamometer. A group of healthy young subjects was used for the comparison of muscle strength. Descriptive statistics were applied with the statistical program Epi Info 7 ™. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Results: 119 subjects entered the study, being 62 (52%) males with a mean age 56 ± 15 years and 57 (48%) females, with a mean age 51 ± 16 years. The mean creatinine clearance was 16.4 ± 17.9 mL / min. The most common etiology was the association of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus (45%). The healthy group included 99 women with a mean age 25 ± 5 years and 51 men with a mean age 26 ± 5 years. When comparing strength between patients and healthy subjects, 66.4% decreased muscle strength was found among patients with chronic renal failure. Conclusion: muscle strength is decreased in 66.4% of chronic kidney failure patients. Early detection and early treatment of muscle strength deficit is recommended in this group of patients.

Resumen Introducción: la fuerza muscular puede disminuir en los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica por diversas causas. Objetivo: determinar las variables antropométricas, clínicas y la fuerza muscular en pacientes adultos con insuficiencia renal crónica. Metodología: se aplicó un diseño observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Se incluyeron varones y mujeres, mayores de 17 años, portadores de insuficiencia renal crónica que asistían al Hospital Nacional (Itauguá) y Hospital Militar (Asunción), Paraguay, entre abril y noviembre 2021. Se determinaron variables antropométricas, clínicas y laboratoriales. La fuerza muscular se midió con un dinamómetro de mano. Se utilizó un grupo de sujetos jóvenes sanos para la comparación de la fuerza muscular. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva con el programa estadístico Epi Info 7™. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética de la Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Resultados: ingresaron al estudio 119 sujetos, siendo 62 (52 %) del sexo masculino con edad media 56±15 años y 57 (48 %) del sexo femenino, con edad media 51±16 años. La media de la depuración de creatinina fue 16,4±17,9 mL/min. La etiología más común fue la asociación de hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus (45 %). El grupo se sujetos sanos se constituyó con 99 mujeres con edad media 25±5 años y 51 varones con edad media 26±5 años. Al comparar la fuerza entre los pacientes y los sujetos sanos se halló 66,4 % de fuerza muscular disminuida entre los portadores de insuficiencia renal crónica. Conclusión: la fuerza muscular se halla disminuida en 66,4 % de los pacientes insuficiencia renal crónica. Se recomienda la detección oportuna y el tratamiento precoz del déficit de la fuerza muscular en este grupo de pacientes.

Background: Atmospheric pollution is a problem that causes great concern and health risks for the population and the earth, as it affects developed countries and third world countries. Locally, there are no studies that prove the fulfillment level of the restriction about the usage of residential firewood, considering that since 2014 there is a procedure called “The Environmental Decontamination Plan” in Valdivia (PDAV). Aim: To determine the fulfillment level of the restriction about residential firewood and its related factors. Material and Methods: The population study were 594 homes that were assigned randomly and proportionally according to 2 territorial areas (A and B) established in the PDAV. The sample's characteristics were described, comparison techniques were applied by subgroups (sociodemographic, home's structures and humidity's perception and percentage of the firewood) to identify factors related mainly with the fulfillment of measurements about firewood usage. Results: 52% of households do not comply with the residential firewood use restriction measure, having sociodemographic factors related with this failure, such as schooling, health insurance and home structure. Besides, it is noted that the knowledge level of PDAV is associated with the accomplish level of restriction measures. When people know more about PDAV, there is a higher proportion of accomplishment. Conclusion: In more than half of the households, the restriction on the use of woodstove is not complied. The lack of knowledge of the population about the PDAV directly influences its compliance, which requires strategies to promote adherence to this program.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The supply of nutrients is a decisive component of agroecosystems, but in Cuba only 25 % of cultivated areas are fertilized, negatively influencing their productivity. Based on the benefits of mycorrhizal inoculants and green manures, their integration was evaluated with the objectives of establishing more efficient nutrient supply schemes, which guarantee high yields with lower amounts of fertilizers and a way for the effective mycorrhization of crops. Methods: The response of Canavalia to the inoculation of three AMF strains in eight edaphic conditions was evaluated, as well as eleven integration experiments of the green manures inoculated as precedents and or intercropped in the nutrient supply schemes of cassava, banana, tobacco, corn, tomato, coffee and king-grass. Furthermore, AMF and rhizobia co-inoculation was studied. Results: The Canavalia responded positively to mycorrhizal inoculation, with average increases in biomass, NPK contents and mycorrhizal propagules between 50 % and 300 %. The effectiveness of the strains depended on the pH of the soil. The Canavalia inoculated and used as a precedent or intercropped was successfully integrated into the fertilization schemes of the crops, guaranteeing high yields, effective mycorrhizal functioning and reducing fertilizer requirements between 25 and 75 %. Co-inoculation increased the potentiality of the Canavalia. Conclusions. The inoculated Canavalia was a satisfactory way for the effective management of the mycorrhizal symbiosis, forming more efficient agricultural production technologies and with lower amounts of inputs.

RESUMEN Introducción: El suministro de nutrientes es un componente decisivo de los agroecosistemas, pero, en Cuba solo el 25 % de las áreas cultivadas son fertilizadas, influyendo negativamente en su productividad. A partir de los beneficios de los inoculantes micorrízicos y los abonos verdes se evaluó su integración con los objetivos de establecer esquemas de suministro de nutrientes más eficientes, que garanticen rendimientos altos con menores cantidades de fertilizantes y ser una vía para la micorrización efectiva de los cultivos. Métodos: Se evaluó la respuesta de canavalia a la inoculación de 3 cepas de HMA en 8 condiciones edáficas, así como se ejecutaron 11 experimentos de integración de los abonos verdes inoculados como precedentes o intercalados en los esquemas de suministro de nutrientes de yuca, banano, tabaco, maíz, tomate, cafeto y king-grass. Además, se estudió la coinoculación HMA y rizobios. Resultados: La canavalia respondió positivamente a la inoculación micorrízica, con incrementos promedios en biomasa, contenidos de NPK y propágulos micorrízicos entre 50 % y 300 %. La efectividad de las cepas dependió del pH del suelo. La canavalia inoculada y utilizada como precedente o intercalada se integró exitosamente en los esquemas de suministro de nutrientes de los cultivos, garantizando rendimientos altos, funcionamiento micorrízico efectivo y disminuyendo entre 25 % y 75 % los requerimientos de fertilizantes. La coinoculación incrementó la potencialidad de la canavalia. Llegamos a la consclusión de que la canavalia inoculada resultó una vía satisfactoria para el manejo efectivo de la simbiosis micorrízica, permitiendo tecnologías de producción agropecuaria más eficientes y con menores cantidades de insumos.