ABSTRACT Purpose: To conduct a systematic literature review with meta-analysis to identify whether antibiotic prophylaxis after removal of the indwelling urinary catheter reduces posterior infections. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in the databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, using the keywords “antibiotics” AND “prostatectomy” AND “urinary catheter.” Results: Three articles were identified having the scope of our review, with 1,040 patients, which were subjected to our meta-analysis revealing a marginally significant decrease in the risk of urinary infection after indwelling urinary catheter removal (odds ratio–OR = 0.51; 95% confidence interval–95%CI 0.27–0.98; p = 0.04; I2 = 0%). No difference was found regarding the presence of bacteriuria (OR = 0.39; 95%CI 0.12–1.24; p = 0.11; I2 = 73%). Conclusions: In our meta-analysis, there was a significant decrease in urinary tract infection with antibiotic prophylaxis after indwelling urinary catheter removal following radical prostatectomy. Purpose metaanalysis meta analysis infections Methods PubMed Embase Cochrane Scholar Literature antibiotics “antibiotics prostatectomy “prostatectomy catheter. Results 1040 1 040 1,04 patients odds ratioOR ratio OR 0.51 051 0 51 95 interval95CI intervalCI interval CI 0.27–0.98 027098 27 98 0.04 004 04 I 0%. 0% . 0%) 0.39 039 39 95CI 0.12–1.24 012124 12 24 0.11 011 11 73%. 73 73% 73%) Conclusions metaanalysis, analysis, 104 1,0 0.5 05 5 9 0.27–0.9 02709 2 0.0 00 0.3 03 3 0.12–1.2 01212 0.1 01 7 10 1, 0. 0.27–0. 0270 0.12–1. 0121 0.27–0 027 0.12–1 012 0.27– 02 0.12– 0.27 0.12 0.2

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess whether the Dunning-Kruger effect occurs in surgical residents when performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a porcine model. Methods: Prospective blinded study, which counted with forty PGY-1 general surgery residents who agreed to participate in the study were blindly recruited to perform a laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a porcine model. At the end of the procedure, the participants assigned a score of 0-10 for their own performance and the video of the operation was independently assessed by 2 experienced laparoscopic surgeons using a validated tool. Results: Participants were divided into groups of 10 individuals according to objective performance and compared. The group with the worst objective result was inferior to the group with the best objective result (3.77 ± 0.44 vs. 8.1 ± 0.44, p < 0.001), but they were similar in self-perception of performance (5.11 ± 1.69 vs. 6.1 ± 1.79, p = 0.999). Conclusions: In the studied sample, it was possible to demonstrate the presence of the Dunning-Kruger effect. Purpose DunningKruger Dunning Kruger model Methods PGY1 PGY 1 PGY- procedure 010 0 0-1 tool Results compared 3.77 377 3 77 (3.7 044 44 0.4 vs 81 8 8. 0.001, 0001 0.001 , 001 0.001) selfperception self perception 5.11 511 5 11 (5.1 169 69 1.6 61 6 6. 179 79 1.79 0.999. 0999 0.999 . 999 0.999) Conclusions sample 01 0- 3.7 37 7 (3. 04 4 0. 000 0.00 00 5.1 51 (5. 16 1. 17 1.7 099 0.99 99 3. (3 0.0 5. (5 09 0.9 9 (

ABSTRACT Purpose: Medical expulsive therapy (MET) is recommended for distal ureteral stones from 5 to 10 mm. The best drug for MET is still uncertain. In this review, we aim to compare the effectiveness of tadalafil and tamsulosin for distal ureteral stones from 5 to 10 mm in terms of stone expulsion rate (SER), stone expulsion time (SET) and the side effect profile. Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus and Web of Science, from inception until April 2023. Only randomized controlled trials were included in the analysis. Results: Eleven publications with 1,330 patients were included. We observed that tadalafil has a higher SER (OR 0.55, CI 95% 0.38;0.80, p=0.02, I2=52%) and the same efficacy in SET (MD 1.07, CI 95% -0.25; 2.39, p=0.11, I2=84%). No differences were found when comparing side effects as headache, backache, dizziness, and orthostatic hypotension. Conclusion: Tadalafil has a higher stone expulsion rate than tamsulosin as a medical expulsive therapy for patients with distal stones from 5 to 10 mm without differences in side effects. Purpose (MET 1 uncertain review SER, , (SER) (SET profile methods MEDLINE EMBASE Trials Science 2023 analysis Results 1330 330 1,33 OR 055 0 55 0.55 95 0.380.80, 038080 0.38 0.80, 38 80 0.38;0.80 p002 p 02 p=0.02 I2=52% I252 I I2 52 MD 107 07 1.07 0.25 025 25 -0.25 239 2 39 2.39 p011 11 p=0.11 I2=84%. I284 I2=84% . 84 I2=84%) headache backache dizziness hypotension Conclusion (SER 202 133 33 1,3 05 0.5 9 380 0.380.80 03808 038 0.3 080 0.80 3 8 0.38;0.8 p00 p=0.0 I2=52 I25 1.0 0.2 -0.2 23 2.3 p01 p=0.1 I28 I2=84 20 13 1, 0. 0.380.8 0380 03 08 0.8 0.38;0. p0 p=0. I2=5 1. -0. 2. I2=8 0.380. 0.38;0 p=0 I2= -0 0.380 0.38; p= -

ABSTRACT Introduction: Inguinal hernia and varicocele are common conditions in male population. Laparoscopy brings the opportunity to treat them simultaneously, through the same incision. However, there are different opinions about the risks for testicular perfusion of multiple procedures in the inguinal region. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of simultaneous laparoscopic procedures by studying clinical and surgical outcomes of patients undergoing bilateral inguinal hernioplasty using the transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) technique with and without concomitant bilateral laparoscopic varicocelectomy (VLB). Methods: a sample of 20 patients from the University Hospital of USP-SP with indirect inguinal hernia and varicocele with indication for surgical correction was selected. Patients were randomized into two groups, 10 undergoing TAPP (Group I) and 10 undergoing simultaneous TAPP and VLB (Group II). Data regarding total operative time, complications and postoperative pain was gathered and analyzed. Results: there was no statistical difference between groups regarding total operative time and postoperative pain. Only one complication (spermatic cord hematoma) was observed in Group I and no complications were observed in Group II. Conclusions: simultaneous TAPP and VLB in was shown to be effective and safe, which provides a basis for conducting studies on larger scales. Introduction population simultaneously incision However region study (TAPP VLB. . (VLB) Methods 2 USPSP USP SP selected 1 II II) analyzed Results spermatic hematoma Conclusions safe scales (VLB

RESUMO Introdução: hérnia inguinal e varicocele são doenças comuns na população masculina. O advento da laparoscopia traz a oportunidade de tratá-las simultaneamente, pelo mesmo acesso. Entretanto, existem divergências sobre os riscos para a perfusão testicular de múltiplos procedimentos na região inguinal. Neste estudo, avaliamos a viabilidade de procedimentos laparoscópicos simultâneos estudando resultados clínicos e cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos à hernioplastia inguinal bilateral pela técnica transabdominal préperitoneal (TAPP) com e sem varicocelectomia laparoscópica bilateral (VLB) concomitante. Métodos: uma amostra de 20 pacientes do Hospital Universitário da USP-SP com hérnia inguinal indireta e varicocele com indicação de correção cirúrgica foi selecionada. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos, sendo 10 submetidos à TAPP (Grupo I) e 10 submetidos à TAPP e VLB simultâneas (Grupo II). O tempo operatório total, complicações e dor pós-operatória foram coletados e analisados. Resultados: não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos com relação ao tempo operatório total e à dor pós-operatória. Apenas uma complicação (hematoma do cordão espermático) foi observada no Grupo I e não foram observadas complicações no Grupo II. Conclusões: no mesmo procedimento, submeter pacientes à TAPP e à VLB no mesmo procedimento se mostrou eficaz e seguro, o que fornece embasamento para a realização de estudos em maiores escalas. Introdução masculina tratálas tratá las simultaneamente acesso Entretanto estudo (TAPP (VLB concomitante Métodos 2 USPSP USP SP selecionada 1 II . II) pósoperatória pós operatória analisados Resultados pósoperatória. operatória. hematoma espermático Conclusões seguro escalas

ABSTRACT Varicocele occurs in 15% of general male population and in 35% of infertile men. Since 1992, surgical correction with laparoscopic varicocelectomy is the gold standard for treatment of symptomatic patients or patients with abnormal seminal analysis. The learning curve for this frequently performed procedure has not yet been described. In the present study, we investigated the learning curve of a single urologist in training performing his first 21 laparoscopic varicocelectomies using qualitative and quantitative tools to evaluate his performance during the process. Our results show that 14 bilateral laparoscopic varicocelectomies are enough to achieve the plateau of the learning curve. 15 35 men 1992 analysis described study 2 process 1 3 199 19

RESUMO Varicocele ocorre em 15% dos homens e em 35% dos homens inférteis. Desde 1992, a correção cirúrgica com varicocelectomia laparoscópica é o padrão ouro para o tratamento de pacientes sintomáticos ou com análise seminal anormal. A curva de aprendizado para esse procedimento frequentemente realizado ainda não foi descrita. No presente estudo, investigamos a curva de aprendizado de um único urologista em treinamento realizando suas primeiras 21 varicocelectomias laparoscópicas usando ferramentas qualitativas e quantitativas para avaliar seu desempenho durante o processo. Nossos resultados mostram que 14 varicocelectomias laparoscópicas bilaterais são suficientes para atingir o platô da curva de aprendizado. 15 35 inférteis 1992 anormal descrita estudo 2 processo 1 3 199 19

ABSTRACT Introduction: flexible ureteroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique used for the treatment of renal lithiasis. Postoperative urosepsis is a rare but potentially fatal complication. Traditional models used to predict the risk of this condition have limited accuracy, while models based on artificial intelligence are more promising. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review regarding the use of artificial intelligence to detect the risk of sepsis in patients with renal lithiasis undergoing flexible ureteroscopy. Methods: the literature review is in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The keyword search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus and resulted in a total of 2,496 articles, of which 2 met the inclusion criteria. Results: both studies used artificial intelligence models to predict the risk of sepsis after flexible uteroscopy. The first had a sample of 114 patients and was based on clinical and laboratory parameters. The second had an initial sample of 132 patients and was based on preoperative computed tomography images. Both obtained good measurements of Area Under the Curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity, demonstrating good performance. Conclusion: artificial intelligence provides multiple effective strategies for sepsis risk stratification in patients undergoing urological procedures for renal lithiasis, although further studies are needed. Introduction complication accuracy promising Methods MetaAnalysis Meta Analysis PRISMA. PRISMA . (PRISMA) MEDLINE Embase 2496 496 2,49 articles criteria Results uteroscopy 11 parameters 13 images AUC, AUC , (AUC) specificity performance Conclusion needed (PRISMA 249 49 2,4 1 (AUC 24 4 2,

RESUMO Introdução: a ureteroscopia flexível é uma técnica cirúrgica minimamente invasiva utilizada para o tratamento de litíase renal. A urosepse pós-operatória é uma complicação rara, mas potencialmente fatal. Os modelos tradicionais utilizados para prever o risco dessa condição apresentam precisão limitada, enquanto modelos baseados em inteligência artificial são mais promissores. O objetivo desse estudo é realizar uma revisão sistemática a respeito do uso de inteligência artificial para detecção do risco de sepse em pacientes com litíase renal submetidos à ureteroscopia flexível. Métodos: a revisão de literatura está de acordo com o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). A busca com palavras-chave foi realizada no MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science e Scopus e resultou no total de 2.496 artigos, dos quais 2 se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão. Resultados: os dois estudos utilizaram modelos de inteligência artificial para predizer o risco de sepse após utereroscopia flexível. O primeiro teve uma amostra de 114 pacientes e foi baseado em parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais. O segundo teve uma amostra inicial de 132 pacientes e foi baseado em imagens de tomografia computadorizada no pré-operatório. Ambos obtiveram boas medidas de Area Under the Curve (AUC), sensibilidade e especificidade, demonstrando boa performance. Conclusão: a inteligência artificial fornece múltiplas estratégias eficazes para estratificação do risco de sepse em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos urológicos para litíase renal, ainda que mais estudos sejam necessários. Introdução pósoperatória pós operatória rara fatal limitada promissores Métodos MetaAnalysis Meta Analysis PRISMA. PRISMA . (PRISMA) palavraschave palavras chave MEDLINE Embase 2496 496 2.49 artigos inclusão Resultados 11 laboratoriais 13 préoperatório. préoperatório pré operatório. operatório pré-operatório AUC, AUC , (AUC) especificidade performance Conclusão necessários (PRISMA 249 49 2.4 1 (AUC 24 4 2.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Ureteral access sheaths (UAS) are widely used in ureteroscopy. UAS are believed to pose a significant risk for ureteral stenosis due to ureteral mucosal compression, but little evidence supports this claim. Our systematic review aimed to investigate the relationship between different UAS diameters and stenosis risk. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane, from its inception to May 2023. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Cochrane guidelines were followed. χ2 test was performed to compare the prevalence within the groups. Results: Six nonrandomized trials and one randomized, with a total of 962 patients, were included. The overall incidence of ureteral stenosis of 0.9%. UAS sizes were: 9.5/11.5Fr, 10/12Fr, 11/13Fr, 12/14Fr, and 14/16Fr. Within each subgroup, the incidence of ureteral stenosis was: 0.4, 8, 0, 1, and 1% (p = 0.099). No trend for stenosis was observed among larger UAS. Conclusions: In this systematic review, no relationship between UAS diameter and incidence of ureteral stenosis was observed. Nonetheless, additional randomized controlled trials are required to support this finding. Purpose (UAS ureteroscopy compression claim Methods PubMed Embase Science Scopus 2023 MetaAnalyses Meta Analyses PRISMA (PRISMA followed χ groups Results 96 patients included 09 0 9 0.9% 95115Fr Fr 5 11 5Fr 9.5/11.5Fr 1012Fr 10 12Fr 10/12Fr 1113Fr 13Fr 11/13Fr 1214Fr 12 14Fr 12/14Fr 1416Fr 14 16Fr 14/16Fr subgroup 04 4 0.4 8 1 p 0.099. 0099 0.099 . 099 0.099) Conclusions Nonetheless finding 202 0.9 0. 009 0.09 20 00 0.0 2

ABSTRACT Purpose: In Brazil, healthcare services traditionally follow a fee-for-service (FFS) payment system, in which each medical procedure incurs a separate charge. An alternative reimbursement with the aim of reducing costs is diagnosis related group (DRG) remuneration, in which all patient care is covered by a fixed amount. This work aimed to perform a systematic review followed by meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of the Budled Payment for Care Improvement (BPCI) versus FFS. Methods: Our work was performed following the items of the PRISMA report. We included only observational trials, and the primary outcome assessed was the effectiveness of FFS and DRG in appendectomy considering complications. We also assessed the costs and length of hospital stay. Meta-analysis was performed with Rev Man version 5.4. Results: Out of 735 initially identified articles, six met the eligibility criteria. We demonstrated a shorter hospital stay associated with the DRG model (mean difference = 0.39; 95% confidence interval – 95%CI – 0.38–0.40; p < 0.00001; I2 = 0%), however the hospital readmission rate was higher in this model (odds ratio = 1.57; 95%CI 1.02–2.44, p = 0.04; I2 = 90%). Conclusions: This study reveals a potential decrease in the length of stay for appendectomy patients using the DRG approach. However, no significant differences were observed in other outcomes analysis between the two approaches. Purpose Brazil feeforservice fee service (FFS system charge (DRG remuneration amount metaanalysis meta BPCI (BPCI Methods report trials complications Metaanalysis Meta 54 5 4 5.4 Results 73 articles criteria mean 0.39 039 0 39 95 95CI CI 0.38–0.40 038040 38 40 0.00001 000001 00001 I 0%, 0% , 0%) odds 1.57 157 1 57 102244 02 2 44 1.02–2.44 0.04 004 04 90%. 90 90% . 90%) Conclusions approach However approaches 5. 7 0.3 03 3 9 0.38–0.4 03804 0.0000 00000 0000 1.5 15 10224 1.02–2.4 0.0 00 0. 0.38–0. 0380 0.000 000 1. 1022 1.02–2. 0.38–0 038 0.00 102 1.02–2 0.38– 10 1.02– 0.38 1.02 1.0

ABSTRACT Purpose: Kidney stones are one of the most common urological diseases worldwide. The size and location of the stone are the most important factors in determining the most suitable treatment options. The aim of this review was to evaluate the displacement of lower pole stones. Methods: Three studies assessing the efficacy of translocating kidney stones from the lower pole of the kidney to other locations during retrograde intrarenal surgery published in the last 20 years were included. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and Web of Science databases using the following search terms: “Lower pole,” “Lithotripsy.” Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.4. Results: Stone-free rates were improved through displacement (odds ratio – OR = -0.15; 95% confidence interval–95%CI -0.24–-0.05; p = 0.002; I2 = 21%), but at the cost of increased surgical duration (mean difference = -12.50; 95%CI -24.06–-0.95; p = 0.03; I2 = 94%). Although this represents a potentially negative outcome, the improvement in clearance rates justifies the additional investment of time and effort. Conclusions: Displacement of lower pole kidney stones for subsequent lithotripsy brings significant benefits in terms of stone-free rate, with no difference in laser energy usage. However, it results in increased surgical time. Despite these factors, the benefits to patients undergoing the procedure are substantial. Purpose worldwide options Methods 2 included PubMed Embase LILACS, LILACS , (LILACS) Lower pole, Lithotripsy. Lithotripsy “Lithotripsy. Metaanalysis Meta analysis 54 5 4 5.4 Results Stonefree Stone free odds 0.15 015 0 15 -0.15 95 interval95CI intervalCI interval CI 0.24–0.05 024005 0.24– 0.05 24 05 -0.24–-0.05 0.002 0002 002 I 21%, 21 21% 21%) mean 12.50 1250 12 50 -12.50 95CI 24.06–0.95 2406095 24.06– 0.95 06 -24.06–-0.95 0.03 003 03 94%. 94 94% . 94%) outcome effort Conclusions stonefree rate usage However substantial (LILACS “Lithotripsy 5. 0.1 01 1 -0.1 9 0.24–0.0 02400 024 0.24 005 0.0 -0.24–-0.0 0.00 000 00 12.5 125 -12.5 24.06–0.9 240609 2406 24.06 095 0.9 -24.06–-0.9 0. -0. 0.24–0. 0240 02 0.2 -0.24–-0. 12. -12. 24.06–0. 24060 240 24.0 09 -24.06–-0. -0 0.24–0 -0.24–-0 -12 24.06–0 24. -24.06–-0 - -0.24–- -1 -24.06–- -0.24– -24.06– -0.24 -24.06 -0.2 -24.0 -24. -24 -2

RESUMO Introdução: a cirurgia retrógrada intrarrenal (CRIR) é ferramenta em evolução. Sua curva de aprendizado não está bem estabelecida, apesar do uso comum dos ureteroscópios flexíveis atualmente. O objetivo é estimar o número de procedimentos necessários para se realizar CRIR consistentemente. Material e Métodos: Um residente de urologia teve suas primeiras 80 CRIR para tratamento de nefrolitíase analisadas quantitativa e qualitativamente. Os procedimentos foram divididos em 4 grupos contendo 20 cirurgias cada (I a IV), de acordo com sua ordem, para comparação. Resultados: Não houve diferença nos tamanhos dos cálculos entre grupos. Todas as variáveis qualitativas apresentaram variação significativa entre os grupos (p<0,001), exceto entre III e IV. Na análise quantitativa houve diferença entre os grupos I e IV no tempo de colocação do cateter duplo J (p=0,012). Houve uma diferença crescente no tempo de colocação da bainha (p<0,001) e no tempo operatório total (p=0,004). O tempo para o tratamento do cálculo (p=0,011) foi significativo apenas entre os grupos I, II e III. Houve diferença no tempo total de bainha apenas entre os grupos I e III (p=0,023). Taxa livre de cálculos não se alterou entre os grupos. Discussão: as diferenças observadas entres as variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas evidenciam a relação entre o número de cirurgias realizadas e a proficiência no procedimento. As comparações intergrupo mostram otimização sequencial dos parâmetros. Conclusões: estima-se que 60 é um número razoável de cirurgias para que se atinja o platô da curva de aprendizado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: retrograde intrarenal surgery (CRIR) is an evolving tool. Its learning curve is not well established, despite the common use of flexible ureteroscopes today. Our aim is to estimate the number of procedures needed for one to perform RIRS consistently. Material and Methods: a urology resident had his first 80 RIRS for nephrolithiasis analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The procedures were divided into 4 groups containing 20 surgeries each (I to IV), according to their order, for comparison. Results: there was no difference in stone sizes between groups. All qualitative variables varied significantly between groups (p<0.001), except between III and IV. In the quantitative analysis, there was a difference between groups I and IV in time for double-J catheter placement (p=0.012). There was an increasing difference in sheath placement time (p<0.001) and in total operative time (p=0.004). The time fot stone treatment (p=0.011) was significant only between groups I, II and III. There was difference in total sheath time only between groups I and III (p=0.023). Stone free status did not change between groups. Discussion: the differences between the qualitative and quantitative variables show the relation between number of surgeries performed and proficiency in the procedure. Intergroup comparisons show sequential optimization of parameters. Conclusions: we found that 60 is a reasonable number of surgeries to be performed in order to reach the plateau of RIRSs learning curve.

RESUMO Introdução: ureteroscopia semi-rígida é o procedimento de escolha para o tratamento da ureterolitíase, mas necessita de uma curva de aprendizado para ser executada com segurança. Objetivo: descrever uma estimativa da curva de aprendizado para realização da ureterorrenolitotripsia semi-rígida em pacientes com ureterolitíase de pequena dimensão e estimar o número mínimo de procedimentos necessários para realizar o procedimento cirúrgico com segurança. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo prospectivo avaliando a curva de aprendizado de um residente de urologia nas primeiras 60 ureteroscopias semi-rígidas em pacientes com ureterolitíase até 1cm. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos: Grupo I uma a vinte cirurgias, Grupo II vinte e uma a quarenta cirurgias e Grupo III quarenta e uma a sessenta cirurgias. As cirurgias foram gravadas e analisadas por dois urologistas experientes em endourologia. Foi feita uma análise qualitativa baseada em uma ferramenta previamente validada e uma análise quantitativa. Resultados: todas as variáveis qualitativas tiveram variação significativa entre os Grupos I e II (p<0.001), e entre os Grupos I e III (p<0.001). Houve diferença no tempo para acesso ao ureter, passagem de cateter duplo J e tempo operatório total entre os Grupos I e II (p<0.001) e nos Grupos I e III (p<0.001). Conclusão: após 40 casos parece haver pouco incremento tanto na avaliação quantitativa bem como na avaliação qualitativa em performance cirúrgica para a realização de ureterolitotripsia semi-rígida com segurança em cálculos de até 1cm.

ABSTRACT Introduction: semi-rigid ureteroscopy is the procedure of choice for the treatment of ureterolithiasis, but it requires a learning curve to be performed safely. Objective: To describe an estimate of the learning curve for performing semi-rigid ureterorenolithotripsy in patients with small-sized ureterolithiasis and to estimate the minimum number of procedures necessary to safely perform the surgical procedure. Methods: this is a prospective study evaluating the learning curve of a resident of urology in the first 60 semirigid ureteroscopies in patients with ureterolithiasis up to 1cm. The patients were divided into three groups: Group I one to twenty surgeries, Group II twenty one to forty surgeries and Group III forty one to sixty surgeries. The surgeries were recorded and analyzed by two urologists experienced in endourology. A qualitative analysis was performed based on a previously validated tool and a quantitative analysis. Results: all qualitative variables had significant variation between Groups I and II (p<0.001), and between Groups I and III (p<0.001). There was a difference in time to access the ureter, passage of a double J catheter and total operative time between Groups I and II (p<0.001) and Groups I and III (p<0.001). Conclusion: after 40 cases there seems to be little increase in both quantitative as well as qualitative evaluation in surgical performance for performing semi-rigid ureterolithotripsy safely in calculations up to 1cm.

BACKGROUND: Even students with previous academic success may face challenges that affect their academic performance. Many medical schools offer programs to students at the risk of academic failure, to ensure that they succeed in the course. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: In this report we describe a pioneering academic tutoring program developed at a Brazilian medical school and discuss the initial results of the program based on the feedback from tutors and data regarding the progression of students in the medical course. RESULTS: In 2018, 33 students enrolled into the program. Students' performance difficulties were mainly associated with mental health problems and socioeconomic vulnerability. Of the 33 students, 27 (81.8%) were assisted by the Mental Health Support Service and 16 (48.5%) were assisted by the Social Assistance Service. In addition to the planning academic activity class load, tutors were able to assist students in solving socioeconomic issues, carrying out personal support interventions with the promotion of self-esteem, and presenting suggestions for behavioral changes in their routine. For most students (72%), the action plan proposed by the tutors was successful. Eight of the 14 (57%) students in the fourth year progressed to the final two years of in-hospital practical training (internship). CONCLUSIONS: The Academic Tutoring Program showed positive results for most of the students. Close monitoring and tutor intervention allowed students with poor academic performance to overcome the low performance cycle. These important tasks demand time and energy from tutors, and institutional recognition of these professionals is essential for the successful maintenance of the program.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Em videolaparoscopias, a associação de pneumoperitônio e obesidade pode contribuir para complicações pulmonares, mas não está bem definida em grupos específicos de obesos. Avaliamos os efeitos do pneumoperitônio na mecânica respiratória dos obesos Grau I em comparação aos não obesos. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo envolvendo 20 pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica, com espirometria normal, separados em não-obesos (IMC ≤ 25 kg.m-2) e obesos (IMC > 30 kg.mg-2), excluídos obesos Grau II e III. Mensuramos dados da mecânica ventilatória pulmonar antes do pneumoperitônio basal, após cinco, quinze e trinta minutos da insuflação peritoneal e quinze minutos após a desinsuflação final. Resultados: O IMC médio dos não obesos foi de 22,72 ± 1,43 kg.m-2 e dos obesos 31,78 ± 1,09 kg.m-2, p < 0,01. A duração da anestesia e da insuflação peritoneal foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A complacência pulmonar (Crs) basal dos obesos (38,3 ± 8,3 mL.cm H2O-1) foi inferior aos não obesos (47,4 ± 5,7 mL.cm H2O-1), p = 0,01. Após a insuflação, a Crs diminuiu nos dois grupos e permaneceu ainda mais baixa nos obesos em todos os momentos avaliados (GLM p < 0,01). A pressão de pico e a pressão de platô do sistema respiratório foram mais elevadas nos obesos, mas apresentaram semelhantes variações nos momentos analisados (GLM p > 0,05). O mesmo ocorreu com a pressão elástica, mais elevada nos obesos em todos tempos (GLM p = 0,04), e a pressão resistiva apresentou diferenças nas variações entre os grupos durante o pneumoperitônio (GLM p = 0,05). Conclusão: Obesos Grau I apresentam maiores alterações na mecânica pulmonar que os não obesos em videolaparoscopias e este fato recomenda cuidados relacionados a ventilação mecânica.

Abstract Introduction and objectives: The association pneumoperitoneum and obesity in video laparoscopy can contribute to pulmonary complications, but has not been well defined in specific groups of obese individuals. We assessed the effects of pneumoperitoneum in respiratory mechanics in Grade I obese compared to non-obese. Methods: Prospective study including 20 patients submitted to video laparoscopic cholecystectomy, normal spirometry, divided into non-obese (BMI ≤ 25 kg.m-2) and obese (BMI > 30 kg.mg-2), excluding Grade II and III obese. We measured pulmonary ventilation mechanics data before pneumoperitoneum (baseline), and five, fifteen and thirty minutes after peritoneal insufflation, and fifteen minutes after disinflation (final). Results: Mean BMI of non-obese was 22.72 ± 1.43 kg.m-2 and of the obese 31.78 ± 1.09 kg.m-2, p < 0.01. Duration of anesthesia and of peritoneal insufflation was similar between groups. Baseline pulmonary compliance (Crs) of the obese (38.3 ± 8.3 mL.cm H2O-1) was lower than of the non-obese (47.4 ± 5.7 mL.cm H2O-1), p = 0.01. After insufflation, Crs decreased in both groups and remained even lower in the obese at all moments assessed (GLM p < 0.01). Respiratory system peak pressure and plateau pressure were higher in the obese, albeit variations were similar at moments analyzed (GLM p > 0.05). The same occurred with elastic pressure, higher in the obese at all times (GLM p = 0.04), and resistive pressure showed differences in variations between groups during pneumoperitoneum (GLM p = 0,05). Conclusions: Grade I obese presented more changes in pulmonary mechanics than the non-obese during video laparoscopies and the fact requires mechanical ventilation-related care.

Abstract Purpose To present new endoscopic robotic devices in the context of minimally invasive procedures with high precision and automation. Methods Review of the literature by December 2018 on robotic endoscopy. Results We present the studies and investments for robotic implementation and flexible endoscopy evolution. We divided them into forceps manipulation platforms, active endoscopy and endoscopic capsule. They try to improve forceps handling and stability and to promote active movement. Conclusion The implementation and propagation of robotic models depend on doing what the endoscopist is unable to. The new devices are moving forward in this direction.

RESUMO Racional: A propofolemia está diretamente relacionada com os efeitos clínicos desse anestésico e é foco de diversos estudos comparando os usos clínicos do propofol e os diferentes métodos de administração, como realizado amplamente nos centros de endoscopia. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de três diferentes regimes de infusão de propofol intravenoso em colonoscopias. Métodos: Ao todo 50 pacientes que foram submetidos à colonoscopia foram consecutivamente divididos em três grupos: 1) infusão em bolus intermitente; 2) perfusão contínua controlada manualmente; 3) infusão automática contínua. Os pacientes foram monitorados com Bispectral IndexTM (BIS) e os níveis séricos de propofol foram coletados em três momentos diferentes. Foi necessário a preparação de uma diluição específica de propofol e o desenvolvimento de um cateter de capnografia original manufaturado para a realização do estudo. Resultados: Em relação aos desfechos clínicos, houve diferença estatística na agitação (maior no grupo 1, p=0,001) e pressão arterial inicial (p=0,008). Com relação aos níveis séricos de propofol, os resultados foram semelhantes no consumo por minuto (p=0,748) e ao longo do tempo (p=0,830). Em termos de análise de custo, no grupo 1 o custo foi de R$ 7,00 (aproximadamente US$ 2,25); grupo 2, R$ 17,50 (aproximadamente US$ 5,64); e grupo 3, R$ 112,70 (cerca de US$ 36,35, p<0,001). A capnografia foi capaz de diagnosticar 100% das dessaturações de oxigênio (abaixo de 90%). Conclusão: O uso de propofol em bolus para colonoscopias, por meio de infusão contínua controlada manualmente ou infusão automática são semelhantes quanto à propofolemia e os resultados clínicos avaliados. Além disso, o uso de um cateter de capnografia inovador é solução de baixo custo para a detecção precoce da obstrução da via aérea.

ABSTRACT Background: The propofolemia becomes directly linked to the clinical effects of this anesthetic and is the focus for studies comparing propofol clinical use, in different administration methods routinely used in endoscopy units where sedation is widely administered to patients. Aim: To evaluate the effects of three different regimens of intravenous propofol infusion in colonoscopies. Methods: A total of 50 patients that underwent colonoscopies were consecutively assigned to three groups: 1) intermittent bolus infusion; 2) continuous manually controlled infusion; 3) continuous automatic infusion. Patients were monitored with Bispectral IndexTM (BIS) and propofol serum levels were collected at three different timepoints. The development of an original dilution of propofol and an inventive capnography catheter were necessary. Results: Regarding clinical outcomes, statistical differences in agitation (higher in group 1, p=0.001) and initial blood pressure (p=0.008) were found. As for propofol serum levels, findings were similar in consumption per minute (p=0.748) and over time (p=0.830). In terms of cost analysis, group 1 cost was R$7.00 (approximately US$2,25); group2, R$17.50 (approximately US$5,64); and group 3, R$112.70 (approximately US$36,35, p<0.001). Capnography was able to predict 100% of the oxygen saturation drop (below 90%). Conclusion: The use of propofol bolus administration for colonoscopies, through continuous manually controlled infusion or automatic infusion are similar regarding propofolemia and the clinical outcomes evaluated. The use of an innovative capnography catheter is liable and low-cost solution for the early detection of airway obstruction.