RESUMO Várias espécies lenhosas tropicais são altamente responsivas a fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e dependem da simbiose para nutrição e sucesso no estabelecimento em campo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta de Schinus terebinthifolius, uma espécie nativa da Mata Atlântica e Caatinga, à inoculação com três espécies de FMA (Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita e Rhizophagus clarus), individualmente ou misturadas, em diferentes níveis de adubação fosfatada (0, 71, 213 e 650 mg kg−1 de P). O experimento foi conduzido em vasos de 1 kg, seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições por tratamento, para avaliar as características morfológicas e nutricionais, após 116 dias, incluindo diâmetro do colo, altura, biomassa e teor de P na parte aérea da planta. Nossos resultados evidenciaram que S. terebinthifolius foi altamente dependente de micorrizas e apresentou respostas diferentes dependendo da espécie de FMA. O maior acúmulo de biomassa total ocorreu quando foi utilizada uma mistura das três espécies de FMA, o que indicou sinergismo entre os fungos. De uma forma geral, a maior resposta positiva à inoculação foi observada em nível intermediário de P (213 mg kg−1), e embora a biomassa da parte aérea tenha sido reduzida nas doses intermediárias de P, foi observada uma compensação com um aumento na biomassa radicular. Esses resultados indicam complementaridade em oposição à redundância funcional das espécies de FMA e destacam a importância do uso de inóculo misto na produção de mudas de S. terebinthifolius para programas de revegetação.

ABSTRACT Several tropical woody species are highly responsive to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and depend on their symbiosis for nutrition and successful establishment in the field. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of Schinus terebinthifolius, a native species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Caatinga, to inoculation with three AMF species (Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita, and Rhizophagus clarus), either individually or mixed, at different levels of phosphorus fertilization (0, 71, 213, and 650 mg kg−1 of P). We conducted the experiment in 1 kg pots, following a completely randomized design with six replicates per treatment, to evaluate morphological and nutritional traits after 116 days, including stem diameter, plant height, plant biomass, and shoot P content. Our results showed that S. terebinthifolius was highly dependent on mycorrhizae and presented different responses depending on the AMF species. The greatest total biomass accumulation occurred when a mixture of the three AMF species was used, which indicated synergism between the fungi. The highest overall positive response to inoculation were observed at an intermediate P level (213 mg kg−1), and although shoot biomass was reduced at the intermediate P doses, an increase in root biomass compensated for this. These results indicate complementarity as opposed to functional redundancy of the AMF species and highlight the importance of using a mixed inoculum in seedling production of S. terebinthifolius for revegetation programs.

Abstract The family Leguminosae comprises approximately 20,000 species that mostly form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB). This study is aimed at investigating and confirming the dependence on nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation in the specie Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) Macbr., which belongs to the Piptadenia group. Two consecutive experiments were performed in a greenhouse. The experiments were fully randomized with six replicates and a factorial scheme. For the treatments, the two AMF species and three NFB strains were combined to nodulate P. gonoacantha in addition to the control treatments. The results indicate this species’ capacity for nodulation without the AMF; however, the AMF + NFB combinations yielded a considerable gain in P. gonoacantha shoot weight compared with the treatments that only included inoculating with bacteria or AMF. The results also confirm that the treatment effects among the AMF + NFB combinations produced different shoot dry weight/root dry weight ratios. We conclude that AMF is not necessary for nodulation and that this dependence improves species development because plant growth increases upon co-inoculation.

ABSTRACT Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a strategy to improve the efficiency of forest plantations, reducing costs and increasing the survival of plant species. The objective of this study was to assess the response and mycorrhizal dependency of seedlings of the forest species Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F. Macbr to inoculation with AMF. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design using a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement with six replications. The treatments consisted of combinations of five P rates (0, 24, 71, 213, and 650 mg kg-1) with five types of inoculations with AMF (inoculation with the fungi Rhizophagus clarus, Gigaspora margarita, Dentiscutata heterogama, inoculation with an AMF mix of these three species, and a treatment without inoculation). The A. leiocarpa showed the highest biomass accumulations in inoculation with D. hetorogama combined with the P rates of 213 and 650 mg kg-1, and in the AMF mix combined with the P rates of 71, 213, and 650 kg-1. Biomass accumulation showed a linear, positive response to inoculation with D. heterogama combined with the different P rates, and a positive square root fit to inoculation with the AMF mix. The plants inoculated with G. margarita had no significant biomass accumulation. The plant species had a positive response to inoculation with R. clarus combined with the lowest P rates; however, it had a negative response to combination with the highest P rate (650 mg kg-1). The relative benefit of inoculation with these fungi was more than 100 % in most treatments, showing the high mycorrhizal dependency of A. leiocarpa and the nutritional benefit of AMF inoculation for this species. However, this response is dependent on the fungus species that colonize the plant roots. The best combination between fungus and P rate was inoculation with the AMF mix combined with the P rate of 71 mg kg-1.

ABSTRACT Liana Abrus precatorius L. (Fabaceae) seeds were submitted to the following different treatments in order to break the tegument dormancy: T1) control; T2) mechanical scarification; T3) immersion in water at 80 oC for 5 minutes; T4) immersion in sulfuric acid for 15 minutes and T5) immersion in sulfuric acid for 30 minutes. The mechanical scarification treatment and the immersion in sulfuric acid for 30 minutes were the most efficient treatments to break the dormancy of Abrus precatorius seeds. L Fabaceae (Fabaceae T1 T control T2 T3 8 T4 1 T5 3

RESUMO As sementes da liana Abrus precatorius L. (Fabaceae) foram submetidas a diferentes tratamentos para a superação da dormência tegumentar: T1) controle; T2) escarificação mecânica; T3) imersão em água a 80 ºC por 5 minutos; T4) imersão em ácido sulfúrico por 15 minutos; e T5) imersão em ácido sulfúrico por 30 minutos. A escarificação mecânica e imersão em ácido sulfúrico por 30 minutos foram os tratamentos mais eficientes na superação de dormência das sementes de Abrus precatorius. L Fabaceae (Fabaceae tegumentar T1 T controle T2 T3 8 T4 1 T5 3