Abstract Symbiotic fermented kinds of milk are products with probiotic microorganisms and a simultaneous prebiotic effect. The presence of fibers or oligosaccharides causes it. This work aimed to evaluate and model fermented milk beverage production with probiotic microorganisms and in situ Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) synthesis. GOS enzymatic production was maximized through the mathematical model, and finally, the mathematical prediction was experimentally validated. For this purpose, the enzymatic kinetics of GOS production from Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase enzyme was experimentally evaluated for different initial lactose concentrations (30%, 35%, and 40% w/v) and enzyme/lactose ratio (R: 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%). In addition, the fermentative kinetics of lactic acid and biomass production were evaluated using the probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus. The parameters correlation for both models was then performed. A unified model determined the process conditions that maximize GOS concentration in the fermented milk beverage. According to the model, the operating values that maximized the GOS production were 40% of initial lactose, R: 0.15%, 20 min of enzymatic reaction, and 17 h of fermentative reaction. The final fermented milk drink showed a GOS content of 2.9 g/portion of 200 g, guaranteeing the recommended daily values of the prebiotic with the consumption of two servings. effect it (GOS synthesis finally validated purpose βgalactosidase β galactosidase 30%, 30 (30% 35 35% 40 w/v wv w v enzymelactose R (R 02 0 2 0.2% 04 4 0.4% 0.6%. 06 0.6% . 6 0.6%) addition acidophilus performed 015 15 0.15% reaction 1 29 9 2. gportion g portion servings 30% 3 (30 0.2 0.4 0.6 01 0.15 (3 0. 0.1 (

Resumo A bioeletrorremediação (BER) usa corrente elétrica para estimular o catabolismo de poluentes ambientais, como derramamentos de petróleo. No entanto, a aplicação de corrente ao solo pode ter efeitos adversos sobre os microrganismos envolvidos na degradação do petróleo. Identificamos e avaliamos as capacidades de BER de uma cepa de Aspergillus niger obtida de solo contaminado com petróleo. Os esporos desta cepa foram imobilizados em esferas de alginato (2 g) foram misturados com 100 g de solo franco-arenoso contaminado com hexadecano e expostos a 5, 10 ou 15 mA de corrente contínua em uma célula de 200 cm3 com eletrodos de cobre. A concentração de hexadecano no solo foi medida por cromatografia gasosa. Mais de 94% do hexadecano foi removido do solo em 12 dias para as correntes testadas, e o A. niger cresceu para 6 x 106 UFC g-1 em 15 dias na corrente de 10 mA. A degradação máxima do hexadecano foi alcançada usando uma corrente de 10 mA por 20 dias, mas mais de 99% do hexadecano foi removido no quinto dia. Esses resultados sugerem que o uso de grânulos de alginato contendo esporos promove o crescimento e a biodegradação do petróleo de A. niger exposto a correntes elétricas.

Abstract Bioelectroremediation (BER) uses electrical current to stimulate catabolism of environmental pollutants, such as petroleum spills. However, applying current to soil may have adverse effects on the microorganisms involved in petroleum degradation. We identify and evaluate the BER capabilities of a strain of Aspergillus niger obtained from petroleum-contaminated soil. Spores of this strain immobilized in alginate spheres (2 g) were mixed with 100 g of hexadecane-contaminated sandy loam soil and exposed to 5, 10, or 15 mA direct current in a 200 cm3 cell with copper electrodes. Soil hexadecane concentration was measured by gas chromatography. More than 94% of hexadecane was removed from the soil within 12 days for the currents tested, and the A. niger grew to 6 x106 CFU g-1 in 15 days at 10 mA current. The maximum hexadecane degradation was achieved using a 10-mA current for 20 days, but more than 99% of the hexadecane was removed by the fifth day. These results suggest that the use of spore-containing alginate beads promotes growth and petroleum biodegradation of A. niger exposed to electrical currents.

Resumen Esta investigación analiza si la sismicidad registrada en los alrededores de cinco embalses en Colombia, está relacionada con la sobrecarga y descarga ejercida por sus ciclos de llenado y vaciado, respectivamente. Las represas seleccionadas cuentan con diferentes rangos de volumen de almacenamiento de agua, por ser uno de los parámetros que más suelen influir en la sismicidad detonada por embalses. El período de estudio se delimitó entre los años 2000 y 2017, empleando como información de referencia los siguientes insumos: eventos sísmicos registrados por la Red Sismológica Nacional de Colombia, reportes diarios sobre el volumen de almacenamiento de los embalses, así como información geológico-estructural de las áreas de estudio a nivel regional generada por el Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Los análisis realizados para los embalses de Betania, Calima, Urrá y Salvajina, no permiten establecer de forma contundente una relación directa entre los sismos registrados y los cambios de volumen de estos embalses; sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos para la represa de Topocoro estiman posible que la construcción de esta estructura pueda estar incidiendo en la ocurrencia de una mayor cantidad de eventos sísmicos en sus alrededores.

Abstract This research analyzes if the seismicity registered in the surroundings of five reservoirs in Colombia, is related to the overload and discharge exerted by its filling and emptying cycles, respectively. The selected dams have different water storage volume ranges, as they are one of the parameters that most often influence the seismicity detonated by reservoirs. The study period was delimited between 2000 and 2017, using the following inputs as reference information: seismic events registered by the National Seismological Network of Colombia, daily reports on the storage volume of the reservoirs, as well as geological-structural information of the study areas at the regional level generated by the Colombian Geological Service. The analyses carried out for the Betania, Calima, Urrá and Salvajina reservoirs do not allow to stablish a conclusive direct relationship between the recorded earthquakes and the volume changes of these reservoirs; however, the results obtained for the Topocoro dam estimate that the construction of this structure may be producing a greater number of seismic events in its surroundings.

Abstract The mango white scale (EBM), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is a pest that damages foliage and decreases the commercial value of mango fruits. Phytosanitary pruning is a cultural practice that can help reduce EBM populations in mango orchards. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of phytosanitary prunings in EBM populations and their natural enemies in a mango orchard Ataulfo, in Chiapas, Mexico. The phytosanitary pruning was done after the mango harvest (month of May) and its impact on EBM between December 2013 and May 2014 was evaluated, a period considered to be the one with the highest abundance of EBM populations in Chiapas. It was found that the abundance of colonies and total of scales (females + colonies) was lower in trees with phytosanitary prunings compared to mango trees without pruning. The natural enemies that were observed in trees with pruning and without pruning were identified as Ceraeochrysa sp., Azya sp. and Pentilia sp. No significant differences were detected in the abundance of natural enemies between mango trees with and without phytosanitary pruning.

Resumen La escama blanca del mango (EBM), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), es una plaga que daña el follaje y disminuye el valor comercial de los frutos de mango. Las podas fitosanitarias son una práctica cultural que pueden ayudar a reducir las poblaciones de la EBM en huertos de mango. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el impacto de las podas fitosanitarias en las poblaciones de EBM y de sus enemigos naturales en una huerta de mango Ataulfo, en Chiapas, México. Las podas fitosanitarias se hicieron después de la cosecha de mango (mes de mayo) y se evaluó su impacto sobre EBM entre diciembre de 2013 y mayo de 2014, periodo considerado como el de mayor abundancia de poblaciones de EBM en Chiapas. Se encontró que la abundancia de colonias y total de escamas (hembras + colonias) fue menor en arboles con podas fitosanitarias en comparación de los árboles de mango sin podas. Los enemigos naturales que se observaron en los árboles con podas y sin podas se identificaron como Ceraeochrysa sp., Azya sp. y Pentilia sp. No se detectaron diferencias significativas en la abundancia de enemigos naturales entre los árboles de mango con y sin podas fitosanitarias.

Abstract The mango is the most important socio-economic fruit tree in the state of Guerrero. The mango white scale (EBM), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, is an emerging pest of economic importance in Mexico, because it damages the foliage and branches of mango trees, as well as the appearance of fruits destined for export and the national market. The objective of the study was to know the distribution and intensity of infestation of the pest in the different mango cultivars of the producing regions of the state of Guerrero, which is important to implement control measures. During the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 sampling cycles, significant differences were found in the abundance of A. tubercularis populations among the different mango producing areas. The EBM was found in the Costa Grande, Acapulco and Costa Chica regions, which make up the largest production area in the state. In the regions of Tierra Caliente and Norte there were no indications of the presence of the pest. The municipalities with the highest incidence were San Jeronimo with 2.91 total EBM/sheet, followed by Juchitan, Marquelia and Tecpan de Galeana, with an average of 1.25, 1.23 and 1.23 individuals/sheet respectively. The cultivar that registered the highest presence of white scale was Manila, followed by Ataulfo, Tommy Atkings and Haden, and in lesser quantity Kent and the so-called Creole.

Resumen El mango es el frutal de mayor importancia socioeconómica del estado de Guerrero. La escama blanca del mango (EBM), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, es una plaga emergente de importancia económica en México, debido a que daña el follaje y ramas de árboles de mango, así como la apariencia de frutos destinados a exportación y mercado nacional. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer la distribución e intensidad de infestación de la plaga en los diferentes cultivares de mango de las regiones productoras del estado de Guerrero, lo cual es importante para implementar medidas de control. Durante los ciclos 2012-2013 y 2013-2014 de muestreo se encontraron diferencias significativas en la abundancia de las poblaciones de A. tubercularis entre las distintas áreas productoras de mango. La EBM se encontró en las regiones de la Costa Grande, Acapulco y la Costa Chica, las cuales conforman el área de mayor producción del estado. En las regiones de Tierra Caliente y Norte no se encontraron indicios de la presencia de la plaga. Los municipios con mayor incidencia fueron San Jerónimo con 2.91 total EBM/hoja, seguido por Juchitán, Marquelia y Tecpan de Galeana, con un promedio de 1.25, 1.23 y 1.23 individuos/hoja respectivamente. El cultivar que registró mayor presencia de escama blanca fueron Manila, seguido por Ataulfo, Tommy Atkings y Haden, y en menor cantidad Kent y el denominado criollo.

Abstract The white mango scale (EBM), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera:Diaspididae), is an emerging pest that affects the foliage and commercial value of mango fruits. The geographic distribution and estimation of damages of exotic pests are components that serve in the decision making for the application of control methods. The objective of this work was to determine the geographic distribution and estimate of damages of the EBM in different localities and mango producing municipalities of the state of Chiapas. Samples were taken during two years (2013-2014) in mango orchards of different localities and municipalities to estimate the EBM populations in foliage and fruits. During the two years, EBM populations were detected in almost all localities. In the first year of sampling (2013), the locations with the greatest abundance of EMB in foliage were Orchard Colombia, The Norteña, Ranch Cinco Hermanos, Ranch The Carmen and others, while in the samplings in fruits it was linked to Puerto Madero. In the second year of sampling (2014), the orchard with the highest abundance of EBM in foliage was The Guamuchal and in fruits it was the area between Puerto Arista and Paredon. The municipalities with more EBM in foliage during the two years of sampling were Mapastepec, Escuintla, Tuzantán, Mazatán, Acapetahua and Huehuetán, while in fruits were Mazatan, Tuxtla Chico and Tuzantán. Finally, during the two years of sampling, the mango cultivar with the highest abundance of EBM in foliage was Manililla, and in fruits were Oro and Creole.

Resumen La escama blanca del mango (EBM), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera:Diaspididae), es una plaga emergente que afecta el follaje y valor comercial de frutos de mango. La distribución geográfica y estimación de daños de plagas exóticas, son componentes que sirven en la toma de decisiones para la aplicación de métodos de control. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la distribución geográfica y estimación de daños de la EBM en distintas localidades y municipios productores de mango del estado de Chiapas. Se hicieron muestreos durante dos años (2013-2014) en huertos de mango de distintas localidades y municipios para estimar las poblaciones de EBM en follaje y frutos. Durante los dos años, se detectaron poblaciones de EBM en casi todas las localidades. En el primer año de muestreos (2013), las localidades con mayor abundancia de EMB en follaje fueron Finca Colombia, La Norteña, Rancho Cinco Hermanos, Rancho El Carmen y otras, mientras que en los muestreos en frutos fue entronque a Puerto Madero. En el segundo año de muestreos (2014), el huerto con mayor abundancia de EBM en follaje fue El Guamuchal y en frutos fue el área entre entronque Puerto Arista a Paredón. Los municipios con más abundancia de EBM en follaje durante los dos años de muestreos fueron Mapastepec, Escuintla, Tuzantán, Mazatán, Acapetahua y Huehuetán, mientras que en frutos fueron Mazatán, Tuxtla Chico y Tuzantán. Finalmente, durante los dos años de muestreos, el cultivar de mango con mayor abundancia de EBM en follaje fue Manililla, y en frutos fueron Oro y Criollo.