RESUMO: O presente estudo visou avaliar a influência da cultura antecessora (crotalária ou milho) sob o feno de aveia preta (Avena strigosa) cultivar EMBRAPA 139, nos aspectos bromatológicos, de digestibilidade e microbiológicos. O delineamento experimental foi realizado em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo alocados na parcela principal a cultura antecessora (crotalária ou milho), e nas sub parcelas, o período de armazenamento do feno (enfardamento, 30, 60 e 90 dias de armazenamento), com cinco repetições. A presença da crotalária como cultivo antecessor proporcionou ao feno de aveia preta menores teores de proteína indigestível e maiores teores de fibra, ambas em detergente ácido, bem como pH mais elevado. O feno de aveia preta com o milho como cultivo antecessor proporcionou melhores resultados de digestibilidade na forma de feno, pois menores teores de proteína indigestível em detergente neutro e maior digestibilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro. Já para o período de desidratação da forragem e população de microrganismos, o cultivo antecessor não interferiu significativamente. RESUMO Avena strigosa 139 bromatológicos microbiológicos casualizados tempo milho, , enfardamento, enfardamento (enfardamento 30 6 9 armazenamento, armazenamento) repetições ácido elevado microrganismos significativamente 13 3 1

ABSTRACT: The present study assessed the influence of the preceding crop (crotalaria or corn) on the bromatological, digestibility and microbiological aspects of the EMBRAPA 139 black oat hay (Avena strigosa) cultivar. A randomized block design was used, with subplots divided according to time, whereby the preceding crop (crotalaria or corn) was allocated to the main plot and hay storage times (baling, 30, 60 and 90 days of storage) to the subplots, with five repetitions. Crotalaria as predecessor resulted in lower indigestible fiber and higher protein contents in black oat hay, both in acid detergent, as well as higher pH. Corn as the preceding crop provided better hay digestibility due to lower neutral detergent insoluble protein content and higher in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility. The preceding crop did not significantly affect the drying time of forage and the microorganism population. ABSTRACT crotalaria corn bromatological 13 Avena strigosa cultivar used baling, baling (baling 30 6 9 repetitions pH population 1 3

Resumo O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de lecitina integral de soja na digestibilidade aparente da dieta, comportamento ingestivo, desempenho produtivo, e nas características de carcaça de bovinos de corte terminados em confinamento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, constituído de três tratamentos, sendo: Ração controle; Ração com lecitina integral de soja (10 g animal dia-1); e Ração com lecitina integral de soja (20 g animal dia-1), com cinco repetições. As rações, em base na matéria seca, foram formuladas e constituídas por 33% de silagem milho e 67% de concentrado. Foram utilizados 30 novilhos não castrados, ½ sangue Angus Nelore, com idade média de 14 meses e peso vivo médio inicial de 432,3 kg. A digesibilidade do extrato etéreo e da fibra em detergente neutro foi melhorada com a inclusão de lecitina integral de soja, já o comportamento ingestivo não foi alterado. A suplementação com 10 g animal dia-1 de lecitina integral de soja proporcionou maior média para ganho de peso (1,707 kg dia-1) seguido dos animais não suplementados (1,645 kg dia-1) e suplementados com lecitina integral de soja na dose de 20 g animal dia-1 (1,587 kg dia-1). Em relção ao acabamento das carcaças, este não foi alterado com a suplementação de lecitina integral de soja. O uso de lecitina integral de soja melhorou o aproveitamento da fração etérea e fibrosa da ração, e garantiu a maior média para ganho de peso, sendo a dose de 10 g animal dia-1 com melhores respostas. dieta produtivo confinamento casualizado tratamentos controle (1 dia1 dia 1 (2 dia1, , repetições rações seca 33 67 concentrado 3 castrados Nelore 4323 432 432, dia- 1,707 1707 707 (1,70 1,645 1645 645 (1,64 2 1,587 1587 587 (1,58 dia1. . carcaças ração respostas ( 6 43 1,70 170 70 (1,7 1,64 164 64 (1,6 1,58 158 58 (1,5 4 1,7 17 7 (1, 1,6 16 1,5 15 5 1,

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of whole soy lecithin on the apparent digestibility of the diet, ingestive behavior, productive performance, and carcass characteristics of feedlot-finished beef cattle. This was a completely randomized experimental design involving three treatments: Control diet; Diet with whole soy lecithin (10 g animal-1 day-1); and Diet with whole soy lecithin (20 g animal-1 day-1), with five replications. The diets were formulated and constituted of 33% corn silage and 67% concentrate, on a dry matter basis. Thirty non-castrated ½ Angus × ½ Nellore steers, with an average age of 14 months and average initial body weight of 432 kg, were used in the experiment. The dietary inclusion of whole soy lecithin improved the digestibility of ether extract and neutral detergent fiber but did not influence ingestive behavior. Supplementation with 10 g animal-1 day-1 of whole soy lecithin resulted in higher average weight gain (1.707 kg day-1) followed by non-supplemented animals (1.645 kg day-1) and those supplemented with whole soy lecithin at 20 g animal-1 day-1 (1.587 kg day-1). Carcass fatness was not altered with the supplementation of whole soy lecithin. The supply of whole soy lecithin improved the use of the ether extract and fiber fraction of the diet and resulted in the highest average weight gain. The level of 10 g animal-1 day-1 provided the best responses. behavior performance feedlotfinished feedlot finished cattle treatments (1 animal1 animal 1 animal- day1 day (2 day1, , replications 33 67 concentrate basis noncastrated non castrated steers 43 experiment day- 1.707 1707 707 (1.70 nonsupplemented 1.645 1645 645 (1.64 2 1.587 1587 587 (1.58 day1. . responses ( 3 6 4 1.70 170 70 (1.7 1.64 164 64 (1.6 1.58 158 58 (1.5 1.7 17 7 (1. 1.6 16 1.5 15 5 1.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de combinação de progênies S3 de milho (Zea mays) forrageiro em relação a características relacionadas com o rendimento e a qualidade bromatológica da forragem, com e sem a espiga, bem como avaliar a capacidade de testadores para a discriminação das progênies para estas características. Os ensaios foram realizados nas safras de 2017/2018 e 2018/2019, no município de Guarapuava, no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Foram avaliados os híbridos topcross obtidos dos cruzamentos de 28 progênies de milho S3 com três testadores. As seguintes características qualitativas da forragem da planta inteira e da planta sem a espiga foram avaliadas: fibras em detergente neutro e ácido, lignina e digestibilidade in situ da massa seca, além do rendimento da massa seca digerível de toda a planta. As progênies que se destacaram quanto às características qualitativas da forragem foram 85.1 e 42.1 para a planta inteira e para a planta sem a espiga, respectivamente. Para as características qualitativas e produtivas da forragem da planta inteira, as progênies 91.1, 106.2, 126.2, 138.1, 152.1, 235.1 e 251.1 são promissoras para continuar no programa de melhoramento com vistas à geração de híbridos com altos rendimento e qualidade de fibra. Os testadores LEM3 e AG8025 são eficientes na discriminação de progênies para as características produtivas e bromatológicas das forragens. S Zea mays 20172018 2017 2018 2017/201 20182019 2019 2018/2019 Guarapuava Paraná Brasil 2 avaliadas ácido 851 85 1 85. 421 42 42. respectivamente 911 91 91.1 1062 106 106.2 1262 126 126.2 1381 138 138.1 1521 152 152.1 2351 235 235. 2511 251 251. fibra LEM AG AG802 forragens 2017201 201 2017/20 2018201 2018/201 8 4 9 91. 10 106. 12 126. 13 138. 15 152. 23 25 AG80 201720 20 2017/2 201820 2018/20 AG8 20172 2017/ 20182 2018/2 2018/

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the combining ability of S3 forage maize (Zea mays) progenies for traits related to forage yield and bromatological quality, with and without the ear, as well as to evaluate the ability of testers to discriminate progenies for these traits. The trials were carried out in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 crop seasons, in the municipality of Guarapuava, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Topcross hybrids obtained from the crosses of 28 S3 maize progenies with three testers were evaluated. The following forage qualitative traits of the whole plant and of the plant without the ear were evaluated: neutral and acid detergent fibers, lignin, and in situ dry mass digestibility, as well as digestible dry mass yield of the whole plant. The progenies that stood out for forage qualitative traits were 85.1 and 42.1 for the whole plant and for the plant without the ear, respectively. For the qualitative and productive traits of whole-plant forage, progenies 91.1, 106.2, 126.2, 138.1, 152.1, 235.1, and 251.1 are promising to continue in the breeding program aiming to generate hybrids with a high yield and fiber quality. Testers LEM3 and AG8025 are efficient in discriminating progenies for forage yield and bromatological traits. S Zea mays quality 20172018 2017 2018 2017/201 20182019 2019 2018/201 seasons Guarapuava Paraná Brazil 2 evaluated fibers lignin digestibility 851 85 1 85. 421 42 42. respectively wholeplant 911 91 91.1 1062 106 106.2 1262 126 126.2 1381 138 138.1 1521 152 152.1 2351 235 235.1 2511 251 251. LEM AG AG802 2017201 201 2017/20 2018201 2018/20 8 4 9 91. 10 106. 12 126. 13 138. 15 152. 23 235. 25 AG80 201720 20 2017/2 201820 2018/2 AG8 20172 2017/ 20182 2018/

ABSTRACT. The objective was to evaluate the ruminal disappearance rate of dry matter and NDF of black oat haylage subjected to mechanical and chemical dehydration and six wilting periods in the field, as follows: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days. Forage haylages were ensiled and stored in PVC mini-silos for 60 days until opening for in situ evaluations. The pre-set ruminal incubation times were: 0, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours. Regardless of the dehydration time, forage subjected to mechanical dehydration showed ruminal disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF, thus DISDM-48h and DISNDF-48h were superior for this method compared to the chemical method. There was a reduction in DISDM-48h and DISNDF-48h with advancing time of wilting in the field for haylage dehydrated by the chemical method. In general, the chemical dehydration method seems to be more related to better haylage making practices than nutritional factors, where the haylage obtained by mechanical dehydration is superior. ABSTRACT follows 0 3 6 9 1 minisilos mini silos evaluations preset pre set 24 4 hours DISDM48h DISDMh DISDM 48h h DISNDF48h DISNDFh DISNDF general factors 2

RESUMO: Embora a suplementação com leveduras tenha demonstrado efeito imunoestimulante em bovinos, permanece-se a dúvida se ela influencia na ocorrência do complexo doença respiratória bovina (CDRB) em bovinos confinados. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar se a suplementação dietética com levedura autolisada influencia a eficiência de fagócitos sanguíneos, reduzindo inflamações e a ocorrência de CDRB em bovinos confinados. Realizou-se um ensaio experimental randomizado com 36 novilhos inteiros 1/2 sangue Angus por 106 dias: controle (n=10): dieta sem levedura; Y4 (n=12): dieta com levedura (4g por animal por dia); e Y7 (n=7): dieta com levedura (7g por animal por dia). Nos dias 0, 14, 42, 70 e 105, hemograma, metabolismo oxidativo de leucócitos, haptoglobina sérica, frequência de secreção nasal e temperatura orbital foram avaliados. No dia do abate, foi realizada avaliação pulmonar. Nos dias 42, e 70 de terminação em confinamento, os animais tratados apresentaram aumento do metabolismo oxidativo dos leucócitos (D42 P=0,04; D70 P=0,02) em relação ao grupo controle. Esses animais apresentaram menor frequência de secreção nasal mucopurulenta, menor temperatura orbital, menor ocorrência de pneumonias (P=0,05) com menor gravidade das lesões pulmonares (P=0,01), permitindo inferir que a levedura autolisada na dieta melhorou a eficiência dos fagócitos sanguíneos, reduzindo inflamações e a ocorrência de CDRB, especialmente na dosagem de 4g. RESUMO permanecese permanece (CDRB confinados Portanto objetivouse objetivou sanguíneos Realizouse Realizou 3 12 1 2 1/ 10 n=10 n10 n (n=10) Y n=12 n12 (n=12) 4g g dia) n=7 n7 7 (n=7) 7g dia. . 0 14 42 105 hemograma sérica avaliados abate pulmonar confinamento D42 D (D4 P=0,04 P004 P 04 D7 P=0,02 P002 02 mucopurulenta P=0,05 P005 05 (P=0,05 P=0,01, P001 P=0,01 , 01 (P=0,01) n=1 n1 (n=10 (n=12 n= (n=7 4 D4 (D P=0,0 P00 (P=0,0 (P=0,01 (n=1 (n= P=0, P0 (P=0, (n P=0 (P=0 P= (P= (P

ABSTRACT: Although yeast supplementation has shown an immunostimulant effect in feedlot cattle, the question remains whether it influences the occurrence of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) in feedlot cattle. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate whether dietary supplementation with autolyzed yeast affects the efficiency of blood phagocytes, reducing inflammation and the occurrence of BRD in feedlot cattle. A randomized experimental trial was conducted with whole steers with half Angus blood for 106 days: control (n=10): diet without yeast; Y4 (n=12): yeast diet (4g per animal per day); and Y7 (n=7): yeast diet (7g per animal per day). On Days 0, 14, 42, 70, and 105, blood count, leukocyte oxidative metabolism, serum haptoglobin, frequency of nasal secretion and orbital temperature were evaluated. On slaughter day, a lung evaluation was performed. On Days 42 and 70 of feedlot finishing, the treated animals showed increased leukocyte oxidative metabolism (D42 P=0.04; D70 P=0.02) compared to the control group. These animals had a lower frequency of mucopurulent nasal secretion, lower orbital temperature and reduced pneumonia occurrence than the treated groups (P=0.05) with less lung lesion severity (P=0.01), allowing us to infer that the autolyzed yeast improves blood phagocytic function and decreases the inflammation and BRD of feedlot steers, especially at a dose of 4g. ABSTRACT cattle (BRD Therefore phagocytes 10 days n=10 n10 n (n=10) Y n=12 n12 12 (n=12) 4g g day day) n=7 n7 7 (n=7) 7g day. . 0 14 105 count haptoglobin evaluated performed 4 finishing D42 D (D4 P=0.04 P004 P 04 D7 P=0.02 P002 02 group P=0.05 P005 05 (P=0.05 P=0.01, P001 P=0.01 , 01 (P=0.01) 1 n=1 n1 (n=10 (n=12 n= (n=7 D4 (D P=0.0 P00 (P=0.0 (P=0.01 (n=1 (n= P=0. P0 (P=0. (n P=0 (P=0 P= (P= (P

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo, o comportamento ingestivo, a digestibilidade aparente da dieta e as características de carcaça de novilhos de corte terminados em confinamento sob efeito do dipropionato de amônio na dieta, e do fracionamento ou não no fornecimento da dieta. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2, totalizando quatro tratamentos, sendo: Dieta sem dipropionato de amônio fornecida duas vezes ao dia; Dieta sem dipropionato de amônio fornecida uma vez ao dia; Dieta com dipropionato de amônio fornecida duas vezes ao dia; Dieta com dipropionato de amônio fornecida uma vez ao dia. Utilizou-se 32 novilhos ½ sangue Angus ½ sangue Nelore, com idade média de 11 meses. O uso do dipropionato de amônio na média geral aumentou o ganho médio diário, a ingestão de matéria seca, e o ganho de carcaça. A dieta fornecida duas vezes ao dia proporcionou na média geral, maior ganho de peso, maior ganho de carcaça e melhor conversão alimentar. Ao avaliar a associação entre os tratamentos, o uso de dipropionato mais a dieta fornecida duas vezes ao dia mostrou maior ganho de carcaça diário, durante o período experimental e maior peso de carcaça quente (1,251 kg, 111,4 kg e 308,6 kg respectivamente), assim como garantiu melhor digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (74,57%). Com os dados obtidos no presente estudo é possível afirmar que é recomendável utilizar o dipropionato de amônio mantendo o fracionamento da dieta para novilhos de corte em fase de terminação. produtivo ingestivo casualizado tratamentos sendo Utilizouse Utilizou se 3 Nelore 1 meses diário alimentar 1,251 1251 251 (1,25 1114 111 4 111, 3086 308 6 308, respectivamente, respectivamente , respectivamente) 74,57%. 7457 74,57% . 74 57 (74,57%) terminação 1,25 125 25 (1,2 30 745 74,57 7 5 (74,57% 1,2 12 (1, 74,5 (74,57 1, (1 74, (74,5 ( (74, (74 (7

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the productive performance, the ingestive behavior, the apparent digestibility of the diet, and the carcass characteristics of beef steers finished in confinement under the effect of ammonium dipropionate in the diet, and the fractionation or not in the supply of the diet. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, totaling four treatments, as follows: Diet without ammonium dipropionate provided twice a day; Diet without ammonium dipropionate given once daily; Diet with ammonium dipropionate provided twice daily; Ammonium dipropionate diet provided once daily. Thirty-two ½ Angus ½ Nellore bulls were used, with an average age of 11 months. The use of ammonium dipropionate in the overall average increased average daily gain, dry matter intake, and carcass gain. The diet provided twice a day provided, on average, greater weight gain, greater carcass gain, and better feed conversion. When evaluating the association between treatments, the use of dipropionate plus the diet supplied twice a day showed greater daily carcass gain during the experimental period and higher hot carcass weight (1.251 kg, 111.4 kg, and 308.6 kg respectively), as well as ensuring better apparent digestibility of dry matter (74.57%). With the data obtained in the present study, it is possible to state that it is advisable to use ammonium dipropionate while maintaining the fractionation of the diet for beef steers in the finishing phase. performance behavior randomized scheme treatments follows Thirtytwo Thirty two used 1 months intake conversion 1.251 1251 251 (1.25 1114 111 4 111. 3086 308 6 308. respectively, respectively , respectively) 74.57%. 7457 74.57% . 74 57 (74.57%) phase 1.25 125 25 (1.2 30 745 74.57 7 5 (74.57% 1.2 12 (1. 3 74.5 (74.57 1. (1 74. (74.5 ( (74. (74 (7

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo, digestibilidade aparente da dieta e comportamento ingestivo de bovinos de corte terminados em confinamento sob efeito da inclusão de cultura de leveduras ou de complexo enzimático. Os tratamentos foram assim constituídos: dieta sem aditivos (controle); dieta com complexo enzimático (7 g animal dia-1); dieta com cultura de levedura (7g animal dia-1) e dieta com a associação de complexo enzimático (7 g animal dia-1) e cultura de levedura (7g animal dia-1). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Utilizou-se 40 novilhos inteiros, ½ sangue Angus ½ sangue Nelore, com peso vivo médio inicial de 362 kg ± 6kg. Independente do período de avaliação, a não suplementação fez com que os animais ganhassem menos peso (0 a 21 dias: 1,267 kg dia-1; 0 a 42 dias: 1,377 kg dia-1; 0 a 63 dias: 1,368 kg dia-1) em relação aos animais suplementados, a conversão alimentar para os animais não suplementados também foi pior. A digestibilidade aparente do amido apresentou maiores médias quando os novilhos foram suplementados com cultura de levedura isolada e com cultura de levedura associada com complexo enzimático (97,30% e 97,07% respectivamente). A suplementação na forma de associação da cultura de leveduras ao complexo enzimático não apresentou efeitos adicionais sobre o ganho de peso, mas possui as menores médias para conversão alimentar. Objetivouse Objetivou se produtivo constituídos controle (controle) 7 ( dia1 dia 1 7g dia-1 dia1. . casualizado repetições Utilizouse Utilizou 4 inteiros Nelore 36 6kg avaliação 2 dias 1267 267 1,26 1377 377 1,37 6 1368 368 1,36 pior 97,30% 9730 97 30 (97,30 9707 07 97,07 respectivamente. respectivamente respectivamente) (controle dia- 3 126 26 1,2 137 37 1,3 136 97,30 973 9 (97,3 970 97,0 12 1, 13 97,3 (97, 97, (97 (9

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the productive performance, apparent digestibility of the diet and ingestive behavior of beef cattle finished in feedlot under the effect of the inclusion of yeast culture or enzyme complex. The treatments were: diet without additives (control); diet with enzyme complex (7 g animal day-1); diet with yeast culture (7g animal day-1) and diet with the association of enzymatic complex (7 g animal day-1) and yeast culture (7g animal day-1). The experimental design was completely randomized, with five replications. Forty ½ Angus ½ Nellore steers, with an average initial body weight of 362 kg ± 6 kg, were used. Regardless of the evaluation period, non-supplementation caused the animals to gain less weight (0 to 21 days: 1.267 kg day-1; 0 to 42 days: 1.377 kg day-1; 0 to 63 days: 1.368 kg day-1) compared to supplemented animals, feed conversion for non-supplemented animals was also worse. Starch apparent digestibility showed higher averages when steers were supplemented with yeast culture alone and yeast culture combined with enzyme complex (97.30% and 97.07%, respectively). Supplementation using a combination of yeast culture with enzyme complex did not cause additional effects on weight gain, but resulted in the lowest averages for feed conversion. performance control (control) 7 ( day1 day 1 7g day-1 day1. . randomized replications 36 used period nonsupplementation non supplementation 2 days 1267 267 1.26 4 1377 377 1.37 1368 368 1.36 nonsupplemented worse 97.30% 9730 97 30 (97.30 9707 07 97.07% respectively. respectively respectively) (control day- 3 126 26 1.2 137 37 1.3 136 97.30 973 9 (97.3 970 97.07 12 1. 13 97.3 (97. 97.0 97. (97 (9

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of harvesting corn at different maturity stages for silage production combined with four storage periods, considering nutrient loss and the chemical composition of silage of the whole plant and also of grainless plants. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of six maturity stages of corn [reproductive (R); R1 to R6] and four periods of silage storage (30, 60, 90, and 120 days). At stages R1 and R2, losses by effluents occurred more intensely when compared with the more advanced stages, whereas losses by gases showed the opposite behavior, with stage R6 responsible for the greatest losses. Stage R4 showed a stable dry matter (DM) content during the storage period, 42.08%, and had the lowest levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) for the whole plant silage. The ADL in the silage of grainless plant of stage R4 was not the lowest, but it was close to the first reproductive stages, being an important point, since the first reproductive stages can present a vegetative fraction of better quality. The highest DM volumes produced by area occurred in the most advanced stages; however, R5 obtained a greater reduction in volume over the days of storage (20.66 kg day −1 ). The production cost was lower at the advanced stages (R4, R5, and R6) when compared with the first reproductive stages (R1, R2, and R3), and in general, during the storage period the costs did not have great variations. Based on the chemical composition of the silages, DM losses during the storage period, the stability in the costs of DM ton over the days of storage, the R4 stage was the most suitable for silage production.

ABSTRACT We investigated the effects of corn grain, finely or coarsely ground, rehydrated and ensiled to 35% moisture in substitution of dry corn grain on performance of beef cattle in the feedlot. Forty non-castrated young Angus crossbred bulls with average age of 13±1.4 months and average initial body weight (BW) of 374±14 kg. The experiment was conducted in blocks by weight, and bulls were randomly assigned into four groups of five animals each in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme. The factors evaluated were particle size (finely and coarsely ground) and two grain sources (dry ground corn and rehydrated corn grain silage). The treatments were diets containing dry corn grain, finely ground (DCF; 1.86 mm); dry corn grain, coarsely ground (DCC; 3.53 mm); rehydrated and ensiled corn grain, finely ground (RCF; 1.86 mm); and rehydrated and ensiled corn grain, coarsely ground (RCC; 3.53 mm). Initial BW, final BW, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency, and intake of dry matter (DMI), acid detergent fiber, and metabolizable energy were not affected by treatment. Ensiling corn grain decreased DMI by 10.3% (11.6 vs. 10.4 kg/d for dry and ensiled, respectively) and increased feed efficiency by 13.3% (0.13 vs. 0.15 kg/d for dry and ensiled, respectively), but there was no effect of particle size, grain source, and their interaction on ADG. Effects of particle size and grain source were observed for fecal starch and total tract starch digestion, with evidence that treatments containing rehydrated corn diets showed greater efficiency in the utilization of dietary starch. Animals fed RCF diets showed lower fecal starch losses of 37, 55, and 75% when compared with treatments RCC, DCF, and DCC, respectively. Our results suggested that ensiled rehydrated corn grain improves feed efficiency in substitution of dry corn grain. The finely and coarsely ground of rehydrated and ensiled corn grain increases the digestibility of starch for finishing cattle in feedlot.

Resumo A flavomicina é um aditivo que pertence à classe dos não ionóforos, contudo, com poucos estudos realizados com bovinos confinados em fase de terminação. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da flavomicina sobre o desempenho produtivo, comportamento ingestivo, características de carcaça e os parâmetros bioquímicos de novilhos terminados em confinamento. Foram avaliados 32 novilhos inteiros, ½ sangue Angus ½ sangue Nelore, provenientes do mesmo rebanho, com idade média de 11 meses ± 1,5 meses e peso corporal inicial de 337 kg ± 6 kg. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, composto por dois tratamentos e oito repetições, sendo: Dieta sem flavomicina (controle) e Dieta com flavomicina (0,5 g animal dia-1 do produto FLAVIMPEX®80). Não ocorrendo diferença entre os tratamentos, o consumo de matéria seca médio dos animais foi de 10,03 kg dia-1, eficiência alimentar de 0,158 kg, ganho médio diário de 1,593 kg dia-1, digestibilidade aparente da dieta de 61,69%. O uso da flavomicina não foi eficaz no desempenho animal, assim como não trouxe alterações no comportamento ingestivo e melhorias nas características de carcaça dos animais. A Proteína Plasmática Total, Aspartato amino-transferase e creatinina foram inferiores para os animais suplementados com flavomicina em relação ao grupo controle. Em relação ao período experimental houve redução nos índices de Proteína Plasmática Total, aumento na albumina, Gama-Glutamil Transferase e ureia dos bovinos, mas todos se mantiveram dentro dos valores de referência para a espécie.

Abstract Flavomycin is a non-ionophore additive little studied in finishing confined cattle. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of flavomycin on productive performance, ingestive behavior, carcass traits and biochemical parameters of steers finished in confinement. 32 whole steers, ½ Angus e ½ Nellore blood, from the same herd, with a mean age of 11 ± 1.5 months and initial body weight of 337 ± 6 kg were evaluated. The experiment was a randomized block design, consisting of two treatments and eight replications, as follows: Diet without flavomycin (control) and Diet with flavomycin (0.5 g FLAVIMPEX®80 animal day-1). There was no difference between treatments, the average dry matter intake of the animals was 10.03 kg day-1, feed efficiency was 0.158 kg, average daily gain was 1.593 kg day-1, apparent diet digestibility was 61.69%. The use of flavomycin was not effective in animal performance, and caused no changes in ingestive behavior and carcass traits of the animals. Total Plasma Protein, Aspartate amino-transferase and creatinine were lower for animals supplemented with flavomycin compared to the control group. In relation to the experimental period, there was a reduction in the levels of Total Plasma Protein, an increase in albumin, Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase and urea in cattle, but all remained within the reference range for the species.

Resumen Este estudio investigó la inclusión del ensilado de orujo de uva (EOU; 0, 10, 20 y 30 %), se evaluó en dietas de corderos, en la ingesta y digestibilidad de nutrientes, balance de nitrógeno y comportamiento ingestivo. Cuatro corderos de la raza Santa Inés con un peso de 21.93 ± 87 kg y aproximadamente siete meses de edad fueron alojados en jaulas metabólicas y distribuidos en un diseño cuadrado latino de 4x4. Los tratamientos consistieron en cuatro dietas con la inclusión de 0, 10, 20 y 30 % de EOU en las dietas. La ingesta de nutrientes se observó con un comportamiento lineal creciente para la ingesta de extracto etéreo (EE) (P<0.05) de acuerdo con el aumento de EE en las dietas, causado por el contenido de EE de las semillas en el EOU. Las dietas no difirieron en los coeficientes de digestibilidad de nutrientes y balance de nitrógeno (P>0.05), con una digestibilidad de materia seca (DMS) media de 678.6 ± 0.62 g kg-1 de MS y retención media de N de 239.78 g kg-1 de N ingerido. El comportamiento ingestivo de las dietas solo influyó (P<0.05) en el tiempo que los animales permanecieron inactivos de pie. Este parámetro mostró un comportamiento cuadrático con un punto máximo estimado en 17.73 % de EOU (P=0.041). En conclusión, se puede hacer uso de EOU hasta un nivel de inclusión del 30 % sin afectar negativamente a los parámetros evaluados.

Abstract This study investigated the inclusion of grape pomace silage (GPS; 0, 10, 20 and 30%) were evaluated in diets of lambs on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance and ingestive behavior. Four lambs of the Santa Inês breed with weight of 21.93 ± 0.87 kg and approximately seven months old, were housed in metabolic cages and distributed in a 4x4 latin square design. The treatments consisted of four diets with the inclusion of 0, 10, 20 and 30% GPS in diets. The nutrient intake was observed an increasing linear behavior for ether extract (EE) intake (P<0.05) according to the increase of EE in the diets, caused by content of EE of seeds in GPS. The diets did not differ in the digestibility coefficients of nutrients and nitrogen balance (P>0.05), with average digestibility of dry matter digestibility (DDM) of 678.6 ± 0.62 g kg-1 DM and average retention of 239.78 g kg-1 N ingested of N. The ingestive behavior the diets were influenced (P<0.05) by only the length of time that the animals remained idle in standing. This parameter showed a quadratic behavior with a maximum point estimated at 17.73 % of GPS (P=0.041). In conclusion, the use of GPS can be used until inclusion level of 30 % without negatively affecting the parameters evaluated.

Abstract Triticale high moisture grain triticale silage is an excellent option for ruminant diets, but loss control during its fermentation process should be further investigated. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chemical and biological additives on high moisture triticale silages under chemical-bromatological composition, aerobic stability, and in vivo digestibility and ingestive behavior in sheep. The treatments were: high moisture triticale silage without additive (HMTC); high moisture triticale silage with enzyme-bacterial inoculant (HMTEB); high moisture triticale silage with 0.5 % urea in natural matter (HMTU); and high moisture triticale silage with 1.5 % sodium benzoate in natural matter (HMTSB). Four sheep were housed in appropriate metabolic cages according to the ethical principles of animal experimentation. The addition of urea as additive to high moisture triticale silage provided an increase in crude protein and ammoniacal silage (189.7 and 106.2 g kg MS-1, respectively) but did not affect digestibility (699.6 g kg MS-1 for HMTU, with a general average of treatments of 687.5 g kg MS-1) and ingestive behavior of sheep. Fiber consumption by sheep increased with the addition of the enzyme-bacterial additive in the silage (431.87 versus 388.06 g d-1 of FDN for HMTEB and HMTC, respectively). All additives helped to preserve crude protein contents after silo opening, but none interfered in aerobic stability time of silage.

Resumen El ensilaje de triticale de grano con alto contenido de humedad es una excelente opción para las dietas de rumiantes. Sin embargo, falta información sobre el control de pérdidas durante el proceso de fermentación. Se hizo una evaluación sobre los efectos de los aditivos químicos y biológicos a ensilajes de triticale de alta humedad en la composición química-bromatológica, la estabilidad aeróbica, la digestibilidad in vivo y el comportamiento de ingesta en ovinos. Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: ensilaje de triticale sin aditivo (control); ensilaje con un inoculante enzimático-bacteriano; ensilaje con 0.5% de urea en materia natural; y ensilaje con benzoato de sodio al 1.5% en materia natural. El comportamiento de ingesta se evaluó con cuatro ovejas macho en jaulas metabólicas. La adición de urea como aditivo proporcionó un aumento en el contenido de la proteína cruda (189.7 g kg MS-1) y el nitrógeno amoniacal (106.2 g kg MS-1), pero no afectó la digestibilidad (699.6 g kg MS-1 en tratamiento con urea, promedio = 687.5 g kg MS-1) ni el comportamiento de ingesta. El consumo de fibra aumentó con la adición del aditivo enzimático-bacteriano (431.87 vs 388.06 g d-1 fibra detergente neutra en el control). Todos los aditivos ayudaron a preservar el contenido de proteína cruda después de la apertura del silo, pero ninguno interfirió en el tiempo de estabilidad aeróbica del ensilado.

ABSTRACT. Maize forage is commonly used as silage in milk and beef cattle livestock production systems. Despite the wide variety of maize hybrids with high potential for grain production, few available hybrids have been developed exclusively for forage aptitude. The present study aimed to select S3 maize progenies derived from the single hybrid AS1572 based on the combining ability of forage traits in topcrosses with testers AG8025, 70.H26.1, and MLP102. The 135 resulting topcross hybrids were assessed in partial diallel in Guarapuava and Rio Bonito do Iguaçu, Paraná State, Brazil. Were evaluated the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF, %DM) and acid detergent fiber (ADF, %DM), forage dry matter yield (DMY, t ha-1), and in situ digestibility of forage dry matter (DIG, %DM). For all evaluated traits, the variability allowed us to select superior progenies. Progenies 3.1, 22.1, and 39.1stood out in terms of NDF, ADF, and DIG, whereas progenies 47.1, 73.1, 79.1, and 90.2 were efficient in increasing the forage dry matter yield. The testers AG8025 and 70.H26.1, of narrow genetic base, are the best to explore genetic variability among progenies.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade químico-fermentativa da silagem de dois híbridos de sorgo nos diferentes estratos da face do silo e a interferência do tempo de exposição aeróbia da face do silo estruturada e/ou desestruturada (após desensilagem). A silagem do híbrido AG-2005E apresentou maior teor de proteína bruta e pH mais elevado em comparação à do híbrido AG-60298 (6,33% e 4,0 contra 6,06% e 3,8, respectivamente). As silagens do estrato de 0 a 20 cm tinham o menor teor de matéria seca e o maior teor de proteína bruta (38% e 6,35%, respectivamente). O pH não diferiu entre os estratos e o teor de NH3 foi maior no estrato de 60 a 80 cm (4,5%). Com o avanço das 72 horas de exposição aeróbia, a silagem desestruturada apresentou maior incremento de temperatura em relação à silagem da face estruturada, mas esse tempo não foi suficiente para mostrar diferenças entre os teores de matéria seca, matéria mineral, NH3 e pH. O híbrido de sorgo e o estrato do silo interferem diretamente na qualidade químico-fermentativa da silagem. Após a exposição aeróbia, a silagem do painel do silo estruturado parece sofrer menor interferência em relação à silagem após ser desensilada.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and fermentation quality of silage from two sorghum hybrids in different layers of the silo feed-out face, as well as the interference of the aerobic exposure time of structured and/or unstructured silo face (after feed-out). The AG-2005E hybrid silage presented higher crude protein content and higher pH compared to hybrid AG-60298 (6.33% and 4.0 versus 6.06% and 3.8, respectively). Silages from stratum 0 to 20cm had the lowest dry matter content and the highest crude protein content (38% and 6.35%, respectively). The pH did not differ between layers, and the NH3 content was higher in the stratum 60 to 80cm (4.5%). During 72 hours of aerobic exposure, the unstructured silage presented a higher increase in temperature than the silage from the structured face, but this period was not enough to result in differences in dry matter, mineral matter, NH3, and pH. The chemical and fermentation quality of the silage was directly influenced by hybrid and silo stratum. After aerobic exposure, silage from the structured face seems to suffer less interference compared to the silo feed-out face.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes filmes plásticos dupla face sobre as características quimiofermentativas, digestibilidade da matéria seca, estabilidade aeróbica, perdas físicas e de matéria seca de silagens de milho armazenadas em silos trincheira. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, compostos por três tratamentos: DF110µm - polietileno dupla face com espessura de 110 µm; DF200µm - polietileno dupla face com espessura de 200 µm; e DFBO - película impermeável ao oxigênio composta de polietileno dupla face com espessura de 80 µm sobreposta a uma película de poliamida translúcida a vácuo com espessura de 20 µm. O uso do filme DF200µm aumentou em 4,58% a digestibilidade ruminal da matéria seca e reduziu em 3,1 °C a temperatura da silagem, assim como as perdas físicas da silagem de milho foram reduzidas em 118,9 g kg-1 da MS pela utilização do DFBO e 95 g kg-1 da MS com o DF200µm, o DFBO apresentou a maior estabilidade aeróbica (127 horas) da silagem de milho. O uso de filme DF200µm e DFBO é recomendado para conservação de silagem de milho em silos do tipo trincheira.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different double-sided plastic films on chemical and fermentation characteristics, dry matter digestibility, aerobic stability, physical and dry matter losses in corn silages stored in bunker silos. This was a completely randomized experimental design consisting of three treatments: DF110µm - double-sided polyethylene with 110 µm thickness; DF200µm - double-sided polyethylene with 200 µm thickness; and DFBO - oxygen-impermeable film consisted of double-sided polyethylene with 80 µm thickness overlaid with a translucent vacuum polyamide film with 20 µm thickness. The use of DF200µm film increased the ruminal dry matter digestibility by 4.58% and reduced the silage temperature by 3.1 °C, as well as the physical losses of the corn silage were reduced by 118.9 g kg-1 DM using DFBO and 95 g kg-1 DM with DF200µm; DFBO resulted in the highest aerobic stability (127 hours) of corn silage. The use of DF200µm and DFBO is recommended for preserving corn silage in bunker silos.