ABSTRACT Objective: To define a reference chart comparing pressure drop vs. flow generated by a set of arterial cannulae currently utilized in cardiopulmonary bypass conditions in pediatric surgery. Methods: Cannulae from two manufacturers were selected considering their design and outer and inner diameters. Cannula performance was evaluated in terms of pressure drop vs. flow during simulated cardiopulmonary bypass conditions. The experimental circuits consisted of a Jostra HL-20 roller pump, a Quadrox-i pediatric oxygenator (Maquet Cardiopulmonary AG, Rastatt, Germany), and a custom pediatric tubing set. The circuit was primed with lactated Ringer’s solution only (first condition) and with human packed red blood cells added (second condition) to achieve a hematocrit of 30%. Cannula sizes 8 to 16 Fr were inserted into the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit with a “Y” connector. The flow was adjusted in 100 ml/min increments within typical flow ranges for each cannula. Pre-cannula and post-cannula pressures were measured to calculate the pressure drop. Results: Utilizing a pressure drop limit of 100 mmHg, our results suggest a recommended flow limit of 500, 900, 1400, 2600, and 3100 mL/min for Braile arterial cannulae sizes 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 Fr, respectively. For Medtronic DLP arterial cannulae sizes 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 Fr, the recommended flow limit is 600, 1100, 1700, 2700, and 3300 mL/min, respectively. Conclusion: This study reinforces discrepancies in pressure drop between cannulae of the same diameter supplied by different manufacturers and the importance of independent translational research to evaluate components’ performance.

Resumo Croton argyrophylloides Muell. Arg., pertencente à família Euphorbiaceae, conhecida popularmente como marmeleiro prateado e sacatinga, é um vegetal do bioma caatinga comumente encontrado no Nordeste do Brasil. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antioxidante da espécie. O estudo fitoquímico foi realizado por meio de análise qualitativa dos constituintes químicos e determinação quantitativa do teor de fenóis totais pelo teste de Folin-Ciocalteu. Os testes antioxidantes qualitativos e quantitativos foram realizados pelo método do DPPH (2,2 difenil-1- picril-hidrazila) e redução do ferro (FRAP). A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada por microdiluição em placas de 96 poços. O extrato etanólico das folhas de C. argyrophylloides apresentou ação antioxidante no teste DPPH quantitativo com uma significativa bioatividade de 84.70 AAO% em 500 µg/mL, apresentando um CE50 de 236.79. O teor de compostos fenólicos totais, foi de 946,06 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico/g de amostra, e de flavonoides totais de 58,11 mg equivalentes de quercetina/g da amostra, o valor encontrado para FRAP foi de 15294,44 µM Trolox/g da amostra e de ABTS foi 718 μM Trolox da amostra. A prospecção dos constituintes químicos das folhas de C. argyrophylloides revelou a presença dos principais compostos que caracterizam a atividade antioxidante e foi possível comprovar pelo método de DPPH que há atividade antioxidante na amostra analisada, além de demonstrar um resultado significativo de teor de compostos fenólicos e teor de flavonoides totais na espécie e o que corrobora com a atividade antioxidante da amostra vegetal. Os extratos das folhas apresentaram halos de inibição de crescimento de 10 e 12mm frente a Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.

Abstract Croton argyrophylloides Muell. Arg., from the Euphorbiaceae family, popularly known as marmeleiro prateado or sacatinga, is a plant from the Caatinga biome commonly found in Brazil’s northeastern region. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the species. The phytochemical study was performed through qualitative analysis of chemical constituents and quantitative determination of the total phenol content through the Folin-Ciocalteu test. The qualitative and quantitative antioxidant tests were performed using the DPPH method (2.2 diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazil) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution in 96-well plates. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. argyrophylloides manifested antioxidant action in the quantitative DPPH test with a significant bioactivity of 84.70 AAO% in 500 µg/mL, with an EC50 of 236.79. The content of total phenolic compounds was 946.06 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of sample, and total flavonoids was 58.11 mg of quercetin equivalents/g of sample, the result obtained for FRAP was 15294.44 µM Trolox/g of sample and ABTS was 718 μM Trolox of sample. The prospecting of the chemical constituents of the leaves of C. argyrophylloides revealed the presence of the main compounds that manifests the antioxidant activity and it was proven by the DPPH method that there is antioxidant activity in the analyzed sample, in addition to demonstrating a significant content of phenolic compounds and total flavonoid content in the species, which corroborates the antioxidant activity of the plant sample. The leaf extracts presented growth inhibition halos of 10 and 12 mm upon Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.

Abstract: Caustic ingestion represents a serious social-medical problem due to the devastating and irreversible consequences it can produce in the upper digestive tract. In Ibero-America, there are no published reliable data on the incidence or prevalence of caustic-induced injuries, and most of the available information on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is based on retrospective clinical series and, indeed, its clinical management is often based primarily on expert opinion. Re cently as an initiative of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) and with the cooperation of the Spanish Society for Pediatric Gastroente rology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SEGHNP), we have designed a Clinical Practice Guideline that include a series of statements and recommendations aimed at optimizing patient medical care which is based on the systematic review of evidence. Two (2) separate papers focused on the evaluation of physiopathological and clinical-endoscopic diagnostic features of caustic esophagitis in children (1st. Paper) and, on the other hand, the most relevant therapeutic considerations (2nd. Paper). We expect this guideline to become a useful tool for the physician in the difficult decision-making process when assessing patients after caustic ingestion.

Resumen: La ingestión de cáusticos representa un grave problema médico-social por las consecuencias devastadoras e irreversibles que puede producir en el tracto digestivo superior. En Iberoamérica no se han publicado datos fidedignos sobre la incidencia o la prevalencia de lesiones inducidas por cáusticos. La información disponible sobre la presentación clínica, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico se basa en series retrospectivas de casos y, de hecho, su manejo clínico se sustenta en muchos casos fundamentalmente en la opinión de expertos. Recientemente como una iniciativa de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SLAGHNP) y con la co laboración de colegas de la Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediá trica (SEGHNP), hemos diseñado una Guía de Práctica Clínica (GPC) la cual incluye una serie de enunciados y recomendaciones dirigidos a optimizar la atención a los pacientes y que se basan en la revisión sistemática de la evidencia. En dos (2) manuscritos sucesivos nos hemos enfocado primero, en los aspectos fisiopatológicos y de diagnóstico clínico-endoscópico de la esofagitis cáustica en niños (1a. Parte) y en segundo lugar, en los aspectos más relevantes del tratamiento (2a. Parte). Esperamos esta guía se convierta en una herramienta útil para el clínico en el difícil proceso de toma de decisio nes a la hora de evaluar un paciente posterior a la ingesta de una sustancia cáustica.

Summary Genetic diversity is important in seed orchards to produce plants with high capability of adaptation to environmental changes; thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and structure of two asexual seed orchards of Pinus patula and to determine the degree of differentiation of each orchard. The first orchard is located at common land La Selva, municipality of Huayacocotla, Veracruz, Mexico and the second one at common land Villa Cuauhtémoc, municipality of Chignahuapan, Puebla. Mexico. Each orchard was established with phenotypically superior cloned trees selected in their own area. Foliage samples were collected from one ramet from each clone in both orchards. Microsatellite molecular markers NZPR114, NZPR5, PtTX2123, PtTX2146, PtTX3107 and PtTX3127 were used to perform the genetic diversity analysis. The average number of alleles per locus was 9.9 for both seed orchards. The observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.602 and 0.693, respectively. The fixation index was 0.125. A deficit of heterozygotes was found when both seed orchards were analyzed jointly (FIT = 0.125) and within each of the orchards (FIS = 0.105). The differentiation index was low (FST = 0.023). Most of the genetic diversity was found within the orchards with only 4.5 % between them. The genetic diversity was high in the asexual orchards of P. patula with moderate deficiency of heterozygotes and low level of differentiation between both seed orchards.

Resumen La diversidad genética es importante en los huertos semilleros para producir plantas con alta capacidad de adaptación a cambios ambientales; por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la diversidad y estructura genética de dos huertos semilleros asexuales de Pinus patula y determinar el grado de diferenciación de cada huerto. El primer huerto se localiza en el ejido La Selva, municipio de Huayacocotla, Veracruz, México y el segundo en el ejido Villa Cuauhtémoc, municipio de Chignahuapan, Puebla, México. Cada huerto se estableció con árboles clonados fenotípicamente superiores seleccionados en su propia área. Muestras de follaje se recolectaron de un rameto de cada clon en ambos huertos semilleros. Los marcadores moleculares de microsatélite NZPR1078, NZPR114, NZPR5, PtTX2123, PtTX2146, PtTX3107 y PtTX3127 se usaron para realizar el análisis de diversidad genética. El número promedio de alelos por locus fue 9.9 para ambos huertos semilleros. La heterocigosidad observada y la esperada fueron 0.602 y 0.693, respectivamente. El índice de fijación fue 0.125. Un déficit de heterocigotos se encontró cuando los dos huertos semilleros se analizaron en conjunto (FIT = 0.125) y dentro de cada uno de estos (FIS = 0.105). El índice de diferenciación fue bajo (FST = 0.023). La mayor parte de la diversidad genética se encontró dentro de los huertos con sólo 4.5 % entre éstos. La diversidad genética fue alta en los huertos asexuales de P. patula con deficiencias moderadas de heterocigotos y un nivel bajo de diferenciación entre ambos huertos semilleros.

Abstract: Caustic ingestion represents a serious social-medical problem due to the devastating and irreversible consequences it can produce in the upper digestive tract. In Ibero-America, there are no published reliable data on the incidence or prevalence of caustic-induced injuries, and most of the available information on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is based on retrospective clinical series and, indeed, its clinical management is often based primarily on expert opinion. Re cently as an initiative of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) and with the cooperation of the Spanish Society for Pediatric Gastroente rology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SEGHNP), we have designed a Clinical Practice Guideline that include a series of statements and recommendations aimed at optimizing patient medical care which is based on the systematic review of evidence. Two (2) successive papers focused on the evaluation of physiopathological and clinical-endoscopic diagnostic features of caustic esophagitis in children (1st. Paper) and, on the other hand, the most relevant therapeutic considerations (2nd. Paper). We expect this guideline to become a useful tool for the physician in the difficult decision-making process when assessing patients after caustic ingestion.

Resumen: La ingestión de cáusticos representa un grave problema médico-social por las consecuencias devastadoras e irreversibles que puede producir en el tracto digestivo superior. En Iberoamérica no se han publicado datos fidedignos sobre la incidencia o la prevalencia de lesiones inducidas por cáusticos. La información disponible sobre la presentación clínica, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico se basa en series retrospectivas de casos y, de hecho, su manejo clínico se sustenta en muchos casos fundamentalmente en la opinión de expertos. Recientemente como una iniciativa de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SLAGHNP) y con la co laboración de colegas de la Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediá trica (SEGHNP), hemos diseñado una Guía de Práctica Clínica (GPC) la cual incluye una serie de enunciados y recomendaciones dirigidos a optimizar la atención a los pacientes y que se basan en la revisión sistemática de la evidencia. En dos (2) manuscritos sucesivos nos hemos enfocado primero, en los aspectos fisiopatológicos y de diagnóstico clínico-endoscópico de la esofagitis cáustica en niños (1a. Parte) y en segundo lugar, en los aspectos más relevantes del tratamiento (2a. Parte). Esperamos esta guía se convierta en una herramienta útil para el clínico en el difícil proceso de toma de decisio nes a la hora de evaluar un paciente posterior a la ingesta de una sustancia cáustica.

Using data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) we show that the mid infrared (MIR) colors of low-luminosity AGNs (LLAGNs) are significantly different from those of post-asymptotic giant branch stars (PAGBs). This is due to a difference in the spectral energy distribution (SEDs), the LLAGNs showing a flat component due to an AGN. Consistent with this interpretation we show that in a MIR color-color diagram the LINERs and the Seyfert 2s follow a power law with specific colors that allow to distinguish them from each other, and from star forming galaxies, according to their present level of star formation. Based on this result we present a new diagnostic diagram in the MIR that confirms the classification obtained in the optical using standard diagnostic diagrams, clearly identifying LINERs and LLAGNs as genuine AGNs.

Utilizando datos en el infrarrojo medio (MIR) del Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), mostramos que las galaxias AGNs de baja luminosidad (LLAGNs) presentan colores en el infrarrojo medio (MIR) significamente diferentes de los de las estrellas post-rama asintótica gigante (PAGBs). Esto se debe a una diferencia en la distribución de energía espectral (SED), pues los LLAGNs muestran una componente plana debida a un AGN. Congruentemente con esta interpretación, mostramos que en un diagrama color-color los LINERs y las Seyfert 2s siguen una ley de potencia con colores específicos que permiten distinguir unas de las otras, y de las galaxias con formación estelar, en base a sus diferentes niveles de formación reciente de estrellas. Basado en estos resultados, presentamos un nuevo diagrama de diagnóstico en el MIR que confirma la clasificación obtenida en el óptico a partir de diagramas de diagnóstico estándar, e identifican claramente los LINERs y LLAGNs como verdaderos AGNs.

A sample of 229618 narrow emission-line galaxies is used to establish two new unambiguous types of evidence for supermassive black holes at the center of their nuclei: (1) the Seyfert 2 galaxies and LINERs follow the same characteristic power law relating the luminosity of the ionized flux with that of the continuum; (2) both show the highest concentration of mass at their center, independent of the morphology of the galaxy, consistent with higher binding energies. The full width at half maximum is shown to be related with the mass concentration, suggesting that the kinetic energy of the gas in AGNs has a gravitational origin. Within the standard accretion model, transition-type objects, Seyfert 2 galaxies and LINERs represent AGNs forming supermassive black holes on different mass-scales, or they could be related through an evolutionary process, the LINERs representing the end product of this evolution.

Utilizamos una muestra de 229618 galaxias con líneas angostas de emisión para establecer dos nuevos tipos de evidencias inambigüas de agujeros negros supermasivos en el centro de sus núcleos: (1) las galaxias Seyfert 2 y los LINERs siguen la misma ley de potencia característica relacionando la luminosidad del flujo ionizante con la del continuo; (2) ambas muestran la más alta concentración de masa en sus centros, independientemente de la morfología de la galaxia, consistente con altas energías de ligación. El ancho a potencia media está relacionado con la concentración de masa, y sugiere que la energía cinetica del gas en los AGNs tiene un origen gravitacional. Dentro del modelo estándar de acreción, los objetos de transicón, las galaxias Seyfert 2 y los LINERs representan AGNs formando agujeros negros supermasivos a diferentes escalas en masa, o podrían estar relacionados por un proceso de evolución, en el cual los LINERs serían el producto final.

We discuss the nature and origin of the nuclear activity observed in a sample of 292 SDSS narrow-emission-line galaxies, considered to have formed and evolved in isolation. The fraction of Narrow Line AGNs (NLAGNs) and Transition type Objects (TOs; a NLAGN with circumnuclear star formation) amounts to 64% of the galaxies. We verify that the probability for a galaxy to show an AGN characteristic increases with the bulge mass of the galaxy (Torres-Papaqui et al. 2011), and find evidence that this trend is really a by-product of the morphology, suggesting that the AGN phenomenon is intimately connected with the formation process of the galaxies. The NLAGNs in our sample are consistent with a scaled-down or powered-down versions of quasars and Broad Line AGNs.

Discutimos la naturaleza y origen de la actividad nuclear observada en una muestra de 292 galaxias con líneas de emisión angostas del SDSS, cuya formación y evolución se considera que ha ocurrido en aislamiento. La fracción de galaxias con un núcleo activo (AGNs) o de objetos de transición (TOs; un AGN con formación estelar circunnuclear) alcanza 64% de la muestra. Verificamos que la probabilidad de que una galaxia muestre un nuócleo activo aumenta con la masa de su bulbo (Torres-Papaqui et al. 2011). También encontramos evidencia de que dicha tendencia es realmente un subproducto de la morfología, y sugiere que el fenómeno AGN está íntimamente ligado al proceso de formación de galaxias. Los AGNs con líneas de emisión angostas en nuestra muestra son consistentes con una versión a menor escala o menor energía de cuásares y AGNs con líneas de emisión anchas.

A terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) está baseada na administração e no acúmulo de fotossensibilizador, por exemplo, de tipo porfirina ou clorina, em tecidos doentes. As clorinas apresentam propriedades fotofísicas semelhantes àquelas das porfirinas, mas com intensificação e deslocamento das bandas Q, o que faz com que sejam bons candidatos para TFD. Neste trabalho relata-se a síntese da 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorofenil)-20-(4-piridil)porfirina, (2), e das clorinas isômeras 4, (5,10,20-tris(pentafluorofenil)-15-(4-piridil)-tetra-hidro-1H- N-metil-pirrolo[3,4-b]porfirina e 5, (5,10,15-tris(pentafluorofenil)-20-(4-piridil)-tetra-hidro-1H- N-metil-pirrolo[3,4-b]porfirina, obtidas a partir de 2, por reação de cicloadição 1,3-dipolar com um ileto azometínico, e respectivas caracterizações estruturais por UV-Vis, RMN e EM-FAB. Foram avaliadas as propriedades fotofísicas, fotoquímicas e fotodegradativas para a nova clorina 4, obtida com melhor rendimento que o seu isômero 5. O rendimento quântico de fotodegradação (fiFd, mol Einstein-1) foi de 0,047±0,014. Foram ainda realizados testes com ácido úrico para demonstrar a capacidade do fotossensibilizador na produção de ¹O2. Os resultados mostraram que a nova clorina 4 pode ser considerada como um bom fotossensibilizador para TFD.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the accumulation of a photosensitizer, such as a porphyrin or a chlorin, in a malignant tissue after its administration. Chlorins exhibit photophysical properties similar to those of the porphyrin macrocycles, but with intensified and red-shifted Q bands, making chlorin-containing systems even better candidates for PDT. In this contribution, we report the synthesis of 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)-20-(4-pyridyl)porphyrin, (2) and its transformation to the novel chlorin derivatives 4, (5,10,20-tris(pentafluorophenyl)-15-(4-pyridyl)-tetrahydro-1H- N-methyl-pyrrolo [3,4-b]porphyrin and 5, (5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)-20-(4-pyridyl)-tetrahydro-1H- N-methyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]porphyrin) by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with an azomethine ylide. The new products have been characterized by UV-Vis, ¹H NMR and FAB-MS. The photophysics, photochemical and photobleaching properties of chlorin 4 have been evaluated. Its quantum yield of photobleaching (phiPb, mol Einstein-1) was 0.047±0.014. In order to demonstrate the production of ¹O2 when 4 is used as a photosensitizer, uric acid tests have been carried out. The results indicate that chlorin 4 can be considered a promising photosensitizer in PDT.

A study was made of the chemical composition of samples of the ribbons taken from the rami stalks at successive stages of growth with the object of determining the percentage oí lignin, cellulose, pectin, pentosans and of some substances not belonging to the cell wall. After an initial decrease, the percentage of ash increased as the plant grew and matured. The maximum (17,5%) was reached when the plant was 105 days old. The percentage of cellulose increased regularly and reached a maximum (38,2%) when the plant was 75 days old. Subsequently there was a decrease as the plant grew older. After an initial increase, the percentage of lignin decreased somewhat and again increased as the plant matured. The maximum (14,5%), however, was observed when the plant was 45 days old. The percentage of pectin (galacturonic acid) was maximum (22,9%) in the first stage, afterwards showed a nearly regular decrease as the plant developed, but in the last two stages (105 and 120 days) there was a small increase. The percentage of pentosans (calculated of the furfurol phloroglucide yielded by pentosans only, with the Tollens'Tables), as well as the percentage of reducing sugars increased regulaily as the plant grew older. The maximum was 5,2 and 3,8 percent respectively. The percentage of hot-water extractive after a decrease in the earlier stages of the plant growth increased and reached a maximum (24,2%) in the penultimate stage of its development. The percentage of ethanol-benzene extractive from a maximum (8,3%) decreased regularly as the plant developed, but in the last stages of its development it increased somewhat. The percentage of crude protein (N x 6,25) irom a maximum (15,2%) in the first stage showed a regular decrease, but in the last two stages of the plant development there was an increase.