Abstract Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) is an arboreal and allogamous fruit tree native from southern Mexico to southeastern Brazil, with great potential for economic exploitation. This study aimed to evaluate the structure and genomic diversity of yellow mombin accessions collected in nine locations in Brazil using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) markers. Significant genetic structure was observed in the discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and dendrogram construction, in accordance with our hypotheses. The Mantel test identified a highly positive and significant correlation between geographic and genetic distances. The locations from the Amazon biome presented higher genetic diversity values when compared to those from the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, which is expected considering the higher vulnerability of these biomes. However, although presenting greater genetic diversity, the Amazon biome showed positive inbreeding coefficients (F IS ) in three of the four locations, ranging from 0.0855 to 0.2421, indicating a potential risk of genetic erosion, possibly related to the increased degradation of this biome in recent decades. The results obtained contribute to the understanding of the distribution of genetic variation and conservation status of yellow mombin in Brazil. They could also be used as a subsidy for developing conservation strategies and the genetic improvement of this species. L Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae exploitation SNP (SNP markers DAPC (DAPC construction hypotheses distances Cerrado biomes However F 00855 0 0855 0.085 02421 2421 0.2421 erosion decades species 0085 085 0.08 0242 242 0.242 008 08 0.0 024 24 0.24 00 0. 02 2 0.2

Abstract The expansion of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) crop has created new demands for its breeding programs. Knowledge of its genetic base is fundamental for choosing progenitors when conducting crosses. This study aimed to estimate the genetic base of Brazilian cowpea cultivars released between 1960 and 2022, in addition to identifying the origin of their cytoplasmic genes. Seventy-three cultivars were released in this period; however, only 41 had information about their original crosses. The ancestors CNC0434, Pitiúba and Seridó were used more frequently in crosses. They have also contributed with the highest frequency to the cultivars’ cytoplasmic genes. Therefore, although we found that between 2005 and 2022 there was a 30.95% increase in the contribution of different genotypes, we conclude that the genetic base of cowpea is narrow, and it is necessary to avoid crosses involving CNC0434, Pitiúba and Seridó in future breeding programs of this legume in Brazil. Vigna L. L (L. Walp. Walp 196 genes Seventythree Seventy three period however 4 CNC0434 CNC Therefore 200 202 3095 30 95 30.95 genotypes narrow Brazil (L 19 CNC043 20 309 3 9 30.9 1 CNC04 2 30. CNC0

Resumo O Brasil é um país reconhecido por sua rica biodiversidade, mas também pela rápida perda de parte significativa de seus recursos genéticos in situ. Entre centenas de espécies nativas que apresentam grande potencial de exploração econômica, muitas ainda não são reconhecidas ou ainda não foram descritas. A mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) é uma árvore frutífera que se encontra no início do processo de domestificação e possui enorme potencial econômico. No entanto, está sendo afetada pela erosão genética. Neste trabalho, são descritas cinco populações de mangabeira localizadas em distintas unidades de conservação, nas regiões Centro-Oeste e Nordeste do Brasil, onde ocorrem as variedades pubescens (típica) e speciosa. Mostramos que, mesmo em áreas protegidas, plantas de mangabeira não estão nas melhores condições de conservação. Como as áreas estão localizadas em biomas e em condições ambientais diversas, essas populações oferecem oportunidade para aprimorar o conhecimento sobre a espécie e para mapear suas áreas de ocorrência. Destacamos a relevância de manter as populações de mangabeira como reservatórios de recursos genéticos, o que potencializa a utilização da variabilidade genética desta espécie. Essas descrições destacam a importância significativa da manutenção de áreas protegidas como uma estratégia adequada para a conservação in situ.

Abstract Brazil, a recognized country for its rich biodiversity, is also known for the rapid loss of a significant part of its in situ genetic resources. Among hundreds of native species that have great potential for economic exploitation, many are not yet acknowledged or are yet to be described. The mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a fruit tree at the begging of the domestication process and has enormous economic potential. However, it is being affected by genetic erosion. In this communication, we describe five populations of mangabeira located in distinct protected areas in the Midwest and Northeast regions of Brazil, where the varieties speciosa and pubescens occur. We show that even in protected areas, mangabeira plants are not in the best situation for conservation. The areas are located in diverse biomes and environmental conditions; therefore, such populations provide an opportunity to improve the knowledge about the species and map its areas of occurrence. We highlight the relevance of maintaining mangabeira populations as reservoirs of genetic resources, which leverage the utilization of the genetic variability of this species. These descriptions highlight the significant importance of maintaining protected areas as a suitable strategy for in situ conservation.

Abstract The banana is one of the most consumed fruits in the world, but it has little shelf life due to its high water activity. Drying is able to increase shelf life and pre-treatments can optimize the process. The objective was to study the solar drying kinetics and evaluate the effect of pre-treatments on the drying kinetics and physico-chemical quality of 'Prata' bananas. The drying was carried out in a solar dryer and the pre-treatments consisted of immersing the samples in solutions of water, citric acid (1%) and lemon juice (10%). Water loss, drying kinetics, mathematical models and physical-chemical and colorimetric characteristics of fresh and dried bananas were evaluated. The drying rate was higher at the beginning and stabilized after 20 hours. The mathematical model of Midilli and Kucuk was the one that best fit the experimental data. The water content, ascorbic acid and the parameters L *, b *, C * and h ° reduced after drying. Reducing sugars and a * coordinate increased and the acidity was not changed with drying. The solar drying of 'Prata' bananas is a sustainable and economical way to make a product available with a longer shelf life.

Abstract Hancornia speciosaGomes, a native fruit tree, plays an important socio-economic role in Brazil's traditional communities. The objective was to estimate the genetic structure of 176 individuals from eight locations in the Cerrado, Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes, based on six microsatellite markers. The analyzes revealed the formation of five population groups: A- Pernambuco, Paraíba and Sergipe (Atlantic Forest), B- Maranhão (Cerrado); both, var. speciosa, C- Bahia (Caatinga / Cerrado transition zone) and Ceará (Caatinga), D- Goiás (Cerrado) and E- Minas Gerais (Cerrado,) being groups C, D and E possibly var. pubescens. Most of the genetic variation is within the groups (65.61%, Fst = 0.34, p <0.001). Although group A had the highest Ho (0.66), it had a negative fixation index (f = -0.02), while the other had positive values. Our results revealed high levels of genetic diversity and provide support the development of more efficient conservation strategies for H. speciosa.

RESUMO: O urucum (Bixa orellana L.) é uma espécie arbórea domesticada na Amazônia a partir de seu ancestral selvagem (B. orellana var. urucurana). Das suas sementes ortodoxas, é extraído a bixina, corante bastante utilizado na alimentação. Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar métodos de superação da dormência e determinar o potencial de germinação de sementes, comparando populações domesticadas e selvagens. Sementes de duas populações domesticadas e duas famílias de uma população selvagem, armazenadas por dois anos após a coleta, foram submetidas a cinco tratamentos de superação da dormência: T1 - controle; T2 - escarificação mecânica (com lixa); T3 - escarificação mecânica (com lixa) + imersão em água a 36 ºC durante a noite (12 horas); T4 - imersão em água à temperatura ambiente (23 ºC, em média) por 24 h; T5 - imersão em ácido sulfúrico concentrado (95 - 98%) por 15 min + água corrente por 3 min. Foram observadas diferenças altamente significativas (P < 0,001) no potencial de germinação de sementes entre domesticadas e selvagens, e entre os tratamentos testados. As populações domesticadas apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação (10 - 58%) em comparação com a de urucum selvagem (0 - 44%). Os melhores tratamentos foram os realizados com escarificação mecânica. Considerando sua simplicidade, concluímos que a escarificação mecânica com lixa representa boa alternativa para superar a dormência do urucum.

ABSTRACT: Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is an arboreal species domesticated in Amazonia from its wild ancestor (B. orellana var. urucurana). Bixin extracted from its orthodox seeds is a natural dye widely used in the food industry. This study evaluated methods to overcome seed dormancy and determine the germination potential, comparing domesticated and wild annatto populations. Seeds from two domesticated-type populations and two families of a wild-type population, stored for two years after field collection, were submitted to five treatments to overcome dormancy: T1 - control; T2 - mechanical scarification (with sandpaper); T3 - mechanical scarification (with sandpaper) + immersion in water at 36 ºC overnight (12 hours); T4 - immersion in water at room temperature (23 ºC, on average) for 24 h; T5 - immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid (95 - 98%) for 15 min + running water for 3 min. Highly significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed in the germination percentage of annatto seeds between wild and domesticated types, and among the treatments tested. Domesticated types showed higher germination percentage (10 - 58%) over all treatments when compared to the wild type (0 - 44%). The best treatments were those performed with mechanical scarification. Given the simplicity, we concluded that mechanical scarification with sandpaper is a good alternative to overcome dormancy of annatto seeds.

Resumo Os hábitos alimentares e medicinais dos povos da região Amazônica são ricos em frutos considerados exóticos ou subutilizados comercialmente, alguns dos quais geram considerável quantidade de resíduos. As cascas do fruto de Hymenaea courbaril L. (jatobá) foram submetidas a um processo de extração simultânea de compostos fenólicos, otimizado pela metodologia de superfície de resposta. Experimentos preliminares, investigando relação amostra-solvente (g/mL), tempo (minutos) e temperatura (°C) de extração, indicaram os limites para o delineamento da região experimental, a qual foi monitorada por um planejamento composto central rotacional com 19 ensaios. Os resultados experimentais ajustaram-se ao modelo polinomial de segunda ordem, o qual foi capaz de descrever de forma significativa a variabilidade observada para as variáveis de resposta. As condições otimizadas foram 60,6% de etanol, 64,18 °C e tempo de extração de 71,93 min, e o modelo apresentou como valores preditos 35,265 ± 2,22 mg equivalentes ao ácido gálico/g de matéria seca e 1,210 ± 0,16 mg equivalentes a rutina/g de matéria seca, para compostos fenólicos totais e flavonoides totais, respectivamente. Os valores observados experimentalmente, 33,234 ± 1,66 mg equivalentes ao ácido gálico/g de matéria seca e 1,216 ± 0,008 mg equivalentes a rutina/g matéria seca, para compostos fenólicos totais e flavonoides totais, respectivamente, não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação aos valores preditos pelo modelo, dentro de um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Estes resultados ratificaram a capacidade preditiva e a adequação da metodologia de superfície de resposta na otimização da extração simultânea para compostos fenólicos totais e flavonoides totais da casca dos frutos de jatobá.

Abstract The food and medicinal habits of Amazon people are rich in fruits considered as exotic or commercially underutilized, some of which generate a considerable amount of residue. The Hymenaea courbaril L. (Jatobá) fruit shell was submitted to a simultaneous extraction of total phenolic compounds, optimized by response surface methodology. Preliminary experiments, investigating sample-solvent ratio (g/mL), time (minutes) and extraction temperature (ºC), indicate the limits for experimental region design, which was monitored by rotational central composite design consisting of 19 runs. The experimental results fitted well to the second order polynomial model generated, which was able to significantly describe the observed variability for response variables. The optimized conditions were 60.6% ethanol, 64.18 ° C, 71.93 minutes and the model presented predicted values of 35.265 ± 2.22 mg gallic acid equivalent / g dry matter and 1.210 ± 0.16 mg rutin equivalent / g dry matter, for total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids, respectively. The experimental observed values, 33.234 ± 1.66 mg gallic acid equivalent / g dry mater and 1.216 ± 0.008 mg rutin equivalent / g dry matter, for total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids respectively, agreed with those predicted within a 95% confidence interval. These results confirm the predictive capacity and the adequacy of response surface methodology in optimizing simultaneous extraction of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids from shell of jatobá fruits.

ABSTRACT The influence of climate on agriculture has been constantly discussed in the academic setting. In this context, the results presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) show that the sector most affected is agriculture. Brazil has an important role in this context, as a major world agricultural producer. The objective of this article is to verify the effects, without taking into account the production of the grains of each crop, but the minimum temperature on corn and soybean crops in the municipalities of Campo Grande, Chapadão do Sul, Dourados, Maracaju and São Gabriel do West in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul from 2008 to 2014, where the most recurrent probability of temperature is 5ºC to 14ºC. It was observed that there is great variability of temperature in Campo Grande of 14.70% for three frosts. Chapadão do Sul, the predominance is 17.25% of four frosts occur. In Dourados it can be verified that the predominance of two frosts is 27.07%. Maracaju can occur to the existence of eight frosts is 13.93%. And in São Gabriel do Oeste, it was found that there is a 13.81% probability of occurring up to eight frosts. The minimum air temperature is recorded under weather conditions while the minimum grass temperature is recorded near the surface of the ground. The Poisson distribution was used to measure if adverse temperature changes occurred between October and March, between 2008 and 2014, posing a risk to these crops.

RESUMO A influência do clima sobre a agricultura tem sido constantemente discutida no cenário acadêmico. Neste âmbito, os resultados apresentados pelo relatório do Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) demonstram que o setor mais afetado é a agricultura. O Brasil tem um papel importante neste contexto, enquanto grande produtor agrícola mundial. Este artigo tem como objetivo verificar os efeitos, sem levar em consideração a produção dos grãos de cada cultura e sim a temperatura mínima sobre as culturas de milho e soja, nos municípios de Campo Grande, Chapadão do Sul, Dourados, Maracaju e São Gabriel do Oeste no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul no período de 2008 a 2014, onde a probabilidade mais recorrente de temperatura são de 5ºC a 14ºC. Observou-se que existe grande variabilidade de temperatura em Campo Grande de 14,70% para três geadas. Chapadão do Sul, a predominância é de 17,25% de ocorrer quatro geadas. Em Dourados pode-se verificar que existe a predominância de duas geadas é 27,07%. Maracaju podem ocorrer à existência de oito geadas é de 13,93%. E em São Gabriel do Oeste, verificou-se que existe uma probabilidade de 13,81% de ocorrer até oito geadas. A temperatura mínima do ar é registrada em abrigo meteorológico, enquanto a temperatura mínima de relva é registrada próximo à superfície do solo. Foi utilizado a Distribuição de Poisson para mensurar se ocorreram mudanças de temperaturas adversas nos períodos de outubro a março, entre 2008 a 2014 impondo risco a estas culturas.

Summary This work evaluates the physical-chemical properties of the essential oil of the dry floral buds of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) that are found in the Municipality of Saint Louis, Maranhão. The essential oil was quantitatively extracted by hydrodistil lation. The physicochemical properties of the essential oil (density, refractive index, solubility, color and appearance) and cytotoxic activity against larvae of Artemia salina were determined. The oil was analytically characterized by gas chromatog raphy coupled to mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results show that the best time and yield of the oil were correspondingly 4 hours and 4.33% mass per volume. From this, it was possible to identify five components, being the major presence of eugenol that soon was confirmed by the spectroscopic techniques. In the identification of the major component and the other components, as well as their quantifications, the techniques were precise and the methods efficient, providing a good analytical performance in the determinations.

RESUMO Este trabalho avalia as propriedades-físico químicas do óleo essencial dos botões florais seco do cravo-da-índia (Syzygium aromaticum) que são encontradas no Municipio de São Luís, Maranhão. Extraiu-se quantitativamente o óleo essencial por hidrodestilação. Determinaram-se as propriedades físico-químicas do óleo essencial (densidade, índice de refração, solubilidade, cor e aparência) e atividade citotóxica frente às larvas da Artemia salina. Caracterizou-se analiticamente o óleo por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrómetro de massas (CG-EM). Os resul tados mostram que o melhor tempo e o rendimento do óleo foram correspondente mente 4 horas e 4,33 % de massa por volume. A partir disso foi possível identificar 5 componentes, sendo a presença majoritária do eugenol que logo foi confirmada pelas técnicas espectroscópica. Na identificação do componente majoritário e dos demais componentes, bem como suas quantificações, as técnicas foram precisas e os métodos eficientes, proporcionando um bom desempenho analítico nas determinações.

Introdução A osteoartrite (OA) de joelhos é uma doença degenerativa complexa com alterações intra-articulares que comprometem a amplitude do ângulo do quadríceps (Q). Para mensuração dessa variável, é necessária a utilização de protocolos que apresentem confiabilidade, visando reprodutibilidade metodológica. Objetivo Avaliar a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores das medidas clínicas e radiográficas do ângulo Q e verificar se existe relação entre o grau de OA e a magnitude deste ângulo em idosas. Materiais e métodos 23 voluntárias, tiveram o ângulo Q mensurado por 2 avaliadores, com intervalo de 48 horas. As medidas clínicas foram coletadas por meio do goniômetro universal na mesma posição adotada no exame radiográfico. Resultados A confiabilidade intraexaminador foi boa (0,722–0,763) nas medidas radiográficas e baixa (0,518–0,574) nas medidas clínicas, enquanto a confiabilidade interexaminadores foi moderada (0,634) nas medidas radiográficas e baixa (0,499) nas clínicas. A análise da correlação entre os valores radiográficos com a classificação da OA não demonstrou correlação entre os mesmos (p = 0,824 e r = -0,024). Conclusão Clinicamente, sugere-se que o exame radiográfico seja preferível para avaliação do ângulo Q de idosas com OA de joelhos. Além disto, a magnitude deste ângulo não se relacionou com o grau de acometimento da OA nesta população.

Introduction Knees osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex degenerative disease with intra-articular changes affecting the amplitude of the quadriceps angle (Q). To measure this variable, it is necessary to use reliable protocols aiming at methodological reproducibility. The objective was to evaluate the intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability of clinical and radiographic measures of the Q angle and to investigate the relationship between the degree of OA and the magnitude of this angle in the elderly. Materials and methods 23 volunteers had the Q angle measured by two evaluators at 48-h interval. Clinical measurements were collected by using the universal goniometer in the same position adopted in the radiographic examination. Results The intra-examiner reliability was good (0.722 to 0.763) for radiographic measurements and low (0.518 to 0.574) for clinical assessment, while inter-examiner reliability was moderate (0.634) for radiographic measurements and low (0.499) to the clinics. The correlation analysis between the radiographic values with the OA classification showed no correlation between them (p = 0.824 and r = -0.024). Conclusion Clinically, it is suggested that the radiographic examination is preferable to evaluate the Q angle of elderly women with knee osteoarthritis. Moreover, the magnitude of this angle did not correlate with the degree of impairment of OA in this population.

The agro-morphological characterization is fundamental in order to provide information for plant breeding programs. The aim of the present study was to characterize 146 accessions of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.), based on qualitative and quantitative agro-morphological descriptors. The experiment was conducted in Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, using a randomized block design with three replicates. Polymorphism was observed among 12 of 14 qualitative characters evaluated, whereas significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed for 11 of the 14 analysed quantitative traits. Genetic variance was higher than environmental variance and the average inheritability coefficients were above 80 % for all characters, which ensures the predominance of the genetic components in the differences observed among accessions. On the cluster analysis for qualitative traits the accessions were classified in two groups with a total of 18 duplicates, whereas for the quantitative traits three groups were obtained with few subgroups. The principal component analysis for quantitative traits showed great dispersion of the accessions. The most divergent group of accessions included the genotypes Mitsukasane, Mie, Tomoe mochi, Ooba kirishima and Nourin mochi 6, which showed a higher number of spicklets per plant. There is high variability among the rice accessions from the germplasm collection studied, which presents great importance for breeding programs or for genetic studies on this species.

A evolução das plantas cultivadas, que teve início há cerca de 13.000 anos, está sujeita aos mesmos processos evolutivos naturais, aliada à ação do homem de forma consciente ou inconsciente, levando à domesticação. Nesta revisão, são apresentados os principais fatores evolutivos, tais como mutação, hibridação, migração, seleção e deriva genética, que, de alguma maneira, estão envolvidos com a origem, evolução e domesticação de plantas cultivadas. São apresentados também exemplos de como esses processos influenciaram na diversidade intra e interespecífica de plantas cultivadas, com o aparecimento de novas variedades ou mesmo de novas espécies. De modo geral, tais processos atuaram na ampliação, na manutenção, bem como na redução da variabilidade genética das plantas cultivadas.

The evolution of crop plants, which began at about 13,000 years ago, is subject to the same natural evolutionary processes, coupled with the action of man, consciously or unconsciously, leading to domestication. This review presents the main evolutionary factors such as mutation, hybridization, migration, selection and genetic drift, which somehow are involved in the origin, evolution and domestication of crop plants. Examples of how these processes influenced in the intra and interespecific diversity of crop plants, with the uprise of new varieties or even of new species, are also presented. In general, these processes have worked well in the increase, maintenance, as well as in the reduction of genetic diversity of crop plants.