ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The preoperative nutritional state has prognostic postoperative value. Tomographic density and area of psoas muscle are validated tools for assessing nutritional status. There are few reports assessing the utility of staging tomography in gastric cancer patients in this field. AIMS: This study aimed to determine the influence of sarcopenia, measured by a preoperative staging computed tomography scan, on postoperative morbimortality and long-term survival in patients operated on for gastric cancer with curative intent. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted from 2007 to 2013. The definition of radiological sarcopenia was by measurement of cross-sectional area and density of psoas muscle at the L3 (third lumbar vertebra) level in an axial cut of an abdominopelvic computed tomography scan (in the selection without intravascular contrast media). The software used was OsirixX version 10.0.2, with the tool “propagate segmentation”, and all muscle seen in the image was manually adjusted. RESULTS: We included 70 patients, 77% men, with a mean cross-sectional in L3 of 16.6 cm2 (standard deviation+6.1) and mean density of psoas muscle in L3 of 36.1 mean muscle density (standard deviation+7.1). Advanced cancers were 86, 28.6% had signet-ring cells, 78.6% required a total gastrectomy, postoperative surgical morbidity and mortality were 22.8 and 2.8%, respectively, and overall 5-year long-term survival was 57.1%. In the multivariate analysis, cross-sectional area failed to predict surgical morbidity (p=0.4) and 5-year long-term survival (p=0.34), while density of psoas muscle was able to predict anastomotic fistulas (p=0.009; OR 0.86; 95%CI 0.76–0.96) and 5-year long-term survival (p=0.04; OR 2.9; 95%CI 1.04–8.15). CONCLUSIONS: Tomographic diagnosis of sarcopenia from density of psoas muscle can predict anastomotic fistulas and long-term survival in gastric cancer patients treated with curative intent. BACKGROUND value status field AIMS longterm long term intent METHODS 200 2013 crosssectional cross sectional L third vertebra media. media . media) 1002 10 0 2 10.0.2 propagate segmentation, segmentation , segmentation” adjusted RESULTS 7 77 men 166 16 6 16. cm standard deviation+6.1 deviation61 deviation 1 361 36 36. deviation+7.1. deviation71 deviation+7.1 deviation+7.1) 86 286 28 28.6 signetring signet ring cells 786 78 78.6 gastrectomy 228 22 8 22. 2.8% respectively 5year year 5 571 57 57.1% analysis p=0.4 p04 p 4 (p=0.4 p=0.34, p034 p=0.34 34 (p=0.34) p=0.009 p0009 009 (p=0.009 0.86 086 95CI CI 95 0.76–0.96 076096 76 96 p=0.04 p004 04 (p=0.04 2.9 29 9 1.04–8.15. 104815 1.04–8.15 15 1.04–8.15) CONCLUSIONS 20 201 100 10.0. deviation+6. deviation6 3 deviation7 deviation+7. 28. 78. 2.8 57.1 p=0. p0 (p=0. p03 p=0.3 (p=0.34 p=0.00 p000 00 (p=0.00 0.8 08 0.76–0.9 07609 p=0.0 p00 (p=0.0 2. 10481 1.04–8.1 10.0 deviation+6 deviation+7 57. p=0 (p=0 (p=0.3 0. 0.76–0. 0760 1048 1.04–8. 10. deviation+ p= (p= 0.76–0 076 104 1.04–8 (p 0.76– 07 1.04– 0.76 1.04 0.7 1.0 1.

RESUMO RACIONAL: O estado nutricional pré-operatório tem valor prognóstico pós-operatório. A densidade tomográfica e a área do músculo psoas é uma ferramenta validada para o estado nutricional. Existem poucos estudos avaliando a utilidade da tomografia de estadiamento em pacientes com câncer gástrico neste campo. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a influência da sarcopenia, medida por tomografia computadorizada de estadiamento pré-operatório, na morbimortalidade pós-operatória e sobrevida em longo prazo em pacientes operados de câncer gástrico com intenção curativa. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 2007 a 2013. A definição de sarcopenia radiológica foi pela medida da área (PA) e densidade do músculo psoas (PD) a nível de L3 (Terceira vertebra lombar), em um corte axial de tomografia computadorizada abdominopélvica (na seleção sem meio de contraste intravascular). O Software utilizado foi o OsirixX v 10.0.2, com a ferramenta “propagar segmentação”, ajustando manualmente todos os músculos vistos na imagem. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 70 pacientes, 77% homens, PA média em L3: 16,6 cm2 (desvio padrão+6,1), PD média em L3: 36,1 mean muscle density (desvio padrão+7,1). Os cânceres avançados foram de 86, 28,6% tinham células em anel de sinete, 78,6% necessitaram de gastrectomia total, a morbidade e mortalidade cirúrgica pós-operatória foi de 22,8 e 2,8%, respectivamente, a sobrevida global de 5 anos a longo prazo (SV5) foi de 57,1%. Na análise multivariada, PA falhou em prever morbidade cirúrgica (p=0,4) e sobrevida global de 5 anos (p=0,34), enquanto PD foi capaz de prever fístulas anastomóticas (p=0,009; OR 0,86; IC95% 0,76–0,96) e SV5 (p=0,04; OR 2,9; IC95% 1,04–8,15). CONCLUSÕES: O diagnóstico tomográfico de sarcopenia por desvio padrão é capaz de predizer fístulas anastomóticas e sobrevida a longo prazo em pacientes com câncer gástrico tratados com intenção curativa. RACIONAL préoperatório pré operatório pósoperatório. pósoperatório pós operatório. pós-operatório campo OBJETIVOS préoperatório, operatório, pósoperatória operatória curativa MÉTODOS 200 2013 (PA (PD L Terceira lombar, lombar , lombar) intravascular. intravascular . intravascular) 1002 10 0 2 10.0.2 propagar segmentação, segmentação segmentação” imagem RESULTADOS 7 77 homens 166 16 6 16, cm padrão+6,1, padrão61 padrão+6,1 1 padrão+6,1) 361 36 36, padrão+7,1. padrão71 padrão+7,1 padrão+7,1) 86 286 28 28,6 sinete 786 78 78,6 total 228 22 8 22, 2,8% respectivamente SV (SV5 571 57 57,1% multivariada p=0,4 p04 p 4 (p=0,4 p=0,34, p034 p=0,34 34 (p=0,34) p=0,009 p0009 009 (p=0,009 0,86 086 IC95 IC 0,76–0,96 076096 76 96 p=0,04 p004 04 (p=0,04 2,9 29 9 1,04–8,15. 104815 1,04–8,15 15 1,04–8,15) CONCLUSÕES 20 201 100 10.0. padrão6 padrão+6, 3 padrão7 padrão+7, 28, 78, 2,8 (SV 57,1 p=0, p0 (p=0, p03 p=0,3 (p=0,34 p=0,00 p000 00 (p=0,00 0,8 08 IC9 0,76–0,9 07609 p=0,0 p00 (p=0,0 2, 10481 1,04–8,1 10.0 padrão+6 padrão+7 57, p=0 (p=0 (p=0,3 0, 0,76–0, 0760 1048 1,04–8, 10. padrão+ p= (p= 0,76–0 076 104 1,04–8 (p 0,76– 07 1,04– 0,76 1,04 0,7 1,0 1,

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The addition of endoscopic ablative therapy plus proton pump inhibitors or fundoplication is postulated for the treatment of patients with long-segment Barrett´s esophagus (LSBE); however, it does not avoid acid and bile reflux in these patients. Fundoplication with distal gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy is proposed as an acid suppression-duodenal diversion procedure demonstrating excellent results at long-term follow-up. There are no reports on therapeutic strategy with this combination. AIMS: To determine the early and long-term results observed in LSBE patients with or without low-grade dysplasia who underwent the acid suppression-duodenal diversion procedure combined with endoscopic therapy. METHODS: Prospective study including patients with endoscopic LSBE using the Prague classification for circumferential and maximal lengths and confirmed by histological study. Patients were submitted to argon plasma coagulation (21) or radiofrequency ablation (31). After receiving treatment, they were monitored at early and late follow-up (5–12 years) with endoscopic and histologic evaluation. RESULTS: Few complications (ulcers or strictures) were observed after the procedure. Re-treatment was required in both groups of patients. The reduction in length of metaplastic epithelium was significantly better after radiofrequency ablation compared to argon plasma coagulation (10.95 vs 21.15 mms for circumferential length; and 30.96 vs 44.41 mms for maximal length). Intestinal metaplasia disappeared in a high percentage of patients, and histological long-term results were quite similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic procedures combined with fundoplication plus acid suppression with duodenal diversion technique to eliminate metaplastic epithelium of distal esophagus could be considered a good alternative option for LSBE treatment. BACKGROUND longsegment long segment Barretts Barrett s (LSBE) however RouxenY Roux en Y suppressionduodenal longterm term followup. followup follow up. up combination AIMS lowgrade low grade METHODS 21 (21 31. 31 . (31) 5–12 512 5 12 (5–1 years evaluation RESULTS ulcers strictures Retreatment Re 10.95 1095 10 95 (10.9 2115 15 21.1 3096 30 96 30.9 4441 44 41 44.4 length. length) CONCLUSIONS (LSBE 2 (2 3 (31 5–1 51 1 (5– 10.9 109 9 (10. 211 21. 309 30. 444 4 44. ( (3 5– (5 10. (10 (1

RESUMO RACIONAL: A adição de terapia ablativa endoscópica associado a inibidores da bomba de prótons ou fundoplicatura tem sido postulada para o tratamento de pacientes com esôfago de Barrett de segmento longo (EBSL), no entanto, essa conduta não evita o refluxo ácido/biliar nesses pacientes. A fundoplicatura com gastrectomia distal e gastrojejunostomia em Y de Roux (FGD-Y) foi proposta como procedimento de supressão de ácido, demonstrando excelentes resultados no seguimento a longo prazo. Não há relatos na literature com a combinação dessa estratégia terapêutica. OBJETIVOS: Determinar os resultados precoces e a longo prazo observados em pacientes com EBSL com ou sem dysplasia de baixo grau, submetidos a FGD-Y, combinado com terapia endoscópica. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo incluindo pacientes com EBSL, empregando a classificação de Praga, sendo o comprimento circunferencial (C) e máximo (M) e confirmado por estudo histológico. Os pacientes foram submetidos à coagulação com plasma de argônio (CPA, 21 pacientes) ou ablação por radiofrequência (ARF, 31 pacientes). Após o tratamento, eles foram seguidos precoce e tardiamente (5–12 anos), mediante avaliação endoscópica e histológica. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas poucas complicações após o procedimento (úlcera ou estenose). Re-tratamento foi necessário em ambos os grupos de pacientes. A redução do comprimento do epitélio metaplásico foi significativamente melhor após ARF em comparação com CPA (10,95 versus 21,15 mm para C e 30,96 versus 44,41 mm para M). A metaplasia intestinal desapareceu em elevada porcentagem de pacientes, e os resultados histológicos a longo prazo foram bastante semelhantes em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Procedimentos endoscópicos combinados com fundoplicatura e gastrectomia distal e gastrojejunostomia em Y de Roux, para eliminar o epitélio metaplásico do esôfago distal podem ser considerados uma boa opção alternativa para o tratamento da EBSL. RACIONAL , (EBSL) entanto ácidobiliar ácido biliar FGDY FGD (FGD-Y terapêutica OBJETIVOS grau FGDY, Y, FGD-Y MÉTODOS Praga (C M (M histológico CPA, (CPA 2 ARF, (ARF 3 . 5–12 512 5 12 (5–1 anos, anos anos) histológica RESULTADOS úlcera estenose. estenose estenose) Retratamento Re 10,95 1095 10 95 (10,9 2115 15 21,1 3096 30 96 30,9 4441 44 41 44,4 M. M) CONCLUSÕES (EBSL 5–1 51 1 (5– 10,9 109 9 (10, 211 21, 309 30, 444 4 44, 5– (5 10, (10 ( (1

Abstract Background: Helicobacter pylori is detected by pathogen recognition receptors including toll–like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide–binding oligomerization domain (NOD)–like receptors, eliciting an innate immune response against this bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess if polymorphisms of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, NOD1 and NOD2 genes are associated with gastric cancer, in particular in individuals infected with H. pylori. Results: A case–control study of 297 gastric cancer patients and 300 controls was performed to assess the association of 17 polymorphisms. Analyses performed under the allele model did not find association with gastric cancer. However, NOD1 rs2075820 (p.E266K) showed association with intestinal–type gastric cancer among H. pylori infected subjects (OR = 2.69, 95% CI 1.41–5.13, p = 0.0026). The association was not statistically significant in diffuse–type gastric cancer cases (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 0.63–2.52, p = 0.51). When the analyses were performed in patients carrying H. pylori strains harboring the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI), we noticed significant association with NOD1 rs2075820 (OR = 4.90, 95% CI 1.80–3.36, p = 0.0019), in particular for intestinal–type gastric cancer cases (OR = 7.16, 95% CI 2.40–21.33, p = 4.1 × 10−4) but not among diffuse–type gastric cancer cases (OR = 3.39, 95% CI 1.13–0.10, p = 0.03). Conclusions: NOD1 rs2075820 increases the risk of intestinal–type gastric cancer among individuals infected with H. pylori, particularly in those harboring the cagPAI.

RESUMO Racional: A identificação de fatores prognósticos do câncer de esôfago permitiu prever a evolução dos pacientes. Objetivo: Avaliar diferentes fatores prognósticos da sobrevida em longo prazo do câncer de esôfago e avaliar um novo fator prognóstico da sobrevida em longo prazo chamado índice linfoparietal (N+/T). Método: Estudo prospectivo do Hospital Clínico da Universidade do Chile, entre janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2013. Incluiu todas as operações de câncer de esôfago com intenção curativa e anastomose cervical. Os critérios de exclusão incluíram: câncer em estágio 4, ressecções R1, procedimentos paliativos e operações de emergência. Resultados: Cinquenta e oito pacientes foram incluídos, 62,1% eram homens, a idade média foi de 63,3 anos. Um total de 48,3% eram escamosos, 88% eram cânceres avançados, a colheita média de linfonodos foi de 17,1. A morbidade cirúrgica pós-operatória foi de 75%, com 17,2% de reoperações e 3,4% de mortalidade. A sobrevida global média foi de 41,3 meses, a sobrevida em três anos foi de 31%. A análise multivariada dos fatores prognósticos mostrou que variáveis significativas foram elevação pelo mediastinal anterior (p=0,01, OR: 6,7 [1,43-31,6]), fístula anastomótica (p=0,03, OR: 0,21 [0,05-0,87]), classificação N (p=0,02, OR: 3,8 [1,16-12,73]), estágio TNM (p=0,04, OR: 2,8 [1,01-9,26]) e índice linfoparietal (p=0,04, RR: 3,9 [1,01-15,17]. As curvas ROC do índice linfoparietal, classificação N e estádio TNM apresentam áreas abaixo da curva de 0,71, 0,63 e 0,64, respectivamente, com diferença estatística significativa (p=0,01). Conclusão: Os fatores prognósticos independentes de sobrevida em longo prazo no câncer de esôfago são a elevação mediastinal anterior, fístula anastomótica, classificação N, estágio TNM e índice linfoparietal. No câncer de esôfago, o novo índice linfoparietal é mais forte que o estágio TNM no prognóstico de sobrevida em longo prazo.

ABSTRACT Background: The identification of prognostic factors of esophageal cancer has allowed to predict the evolution of patients. Aim: Assess different prognostic factors of long-term survival of esophageal cancer and evaluate a new prognostic factor of long-term survival called lymphoparietal index (N+/T). Method: Prospective study of the Universidad de Chile Clinical Hospital, between January 2004 and December 2013. Included all esophageal cancer surgeries with curative intent and cervical anastomosis. Exclusion criteria included: stage 4 cancers, R1 resections, palliative procedures and emergency surgeries. Results: Fifty-eight patients were included, 62.1% were men, the average age was 63.3 years. A total of 48.3% were squamous, 88% were advanced cancers, the average lymph node harvest was 17.1. Post-operative surgical morbidity was 75%, with a 17.2% of reoperations and 3.4% of mortality. The average overall survival was 41.3 months, the 3-year survival was 31%. Multivariate analysis of the prognostic factors showed that significant variables were anterior mediastinal ascent (p=0.01, OR: 6.7 [1.43-31.6]), anastomotic fistula (p=0.03, OR: 0.21 [0.05-0.87]), N classification (p=0.02, OR: 3.8 [1.16-12.73]), TNM stage (p=0.04, OR: 2.8 [1.01-9.26]), and lymphoparietal index (p=0.04, RR: 3.9 [1.01-15.17]. The ROC curves of lymphoparietal index, N classification and TNM stage have areas under the curve of 0.71, 0.63 and 0.64 respectively, with significant statistical difference (p=0.01). Conclusion: The independent prognostic factors of long-term survival in esophageal cancer are anterior mediastinal ascent, anastomotic fistula, N classification, TNM stage and lymphoparietal index. In esophageal cancer the new lymphoparietal index is stronger than TNM stage in long-term survival prognosis.

RESUMO Racional: A cirurgia laparoscópica tem sido gradualmente aceita como opção para o tratamento cirúrgico do câncer gástrico. Ainda existem pontos controversos ou situações eventualmente associadas a dificuldades intra-operatórias ou complicações pós-operatórias. Objetivo: Estabelecer a relação entre as dificuldades durante a execução da gastrectomia total e a ocorrência de eventuais complicações pós-operatórias. Método: Foram revisados os protocolos operatórios e a evolução pós-operatória de 74 pacientes operados por câncer gástrico, submetidos à gastrectomia total laparoscópica (critérios de inclusão). Foram analisadas as dificuldades intraoperatórias registradas no protocolo operatório e as complicações pós-operatórias de natureza cirúrgica (critérios de inclusão). As complicações médicas pós-operatórias foram excluídas (critérios de exclusão). Para a discussão, foi realizada extensa revisão bibliográfica. Resultados: Dificuldades ou complicações intraoperatórias relatadas corresponderam a 33/74 e destas 18 (54,5%) foram relacionadas com complicações pós-operatórias e seis absolutamente inesperadas. As mais frequentes foram vazamentos da anastomose e do coto duodenal; no entretanto, outras complicações raras foram observadas. Sete foram tratados com medidas conservadoras e 17 (22,9%) necessitaram de re-exploração cirúrgica, com mortalidade pós-operatória de dois pacientes (2,7%). Conclusão: Aprendemos que existem complicações infrequentes e inesperadas; a equipe de tratamento deve estar atenta e diante da suspeita de complicação, decisão apropriada pode incluir uma nova exploração precoce. Finalmente, após a experiência relatada, algumas complicações devem ser evitadas.

ABSTRACT Background: Laparoscopic surgery has been gradually accepted as an option for the surgical treatment ofgastric cancer. There are still points that are controversial or situations that are eventually associated with intra-operative difficulties or postoperative complications. Aim: To establish the relationship between the difficulties during the execution of total gastrectomy and the occurrence of eventual postoperative complications. Method: The operative protocols and postoperative evolution of 74 patients operated for gastriccancer, who were subjected to laparoscopic total gastrectomy (inclusion criteria) were reviewed. The intraoperative difficulties recorded in the operative protocol and postoperative complications of a surgical nature wereanalyzed (inclusion criteria). Postoperative medical complications were excluded (exclusion criteria). For the discussion, an extensive bibliographical review was carried out. Results: Intra-operative difficulties or complications reported correspond to 33/74 and of these; 18 events (54.5%) were related to postoperative complications and six were absolutely unexpected. The more frequent were leaks of the anastomosis and leaks of the duodenal stump; however, other rare complications were observed. Seven were managed with conservative measures and 17 (22.9%) required surgical re-exploration, with a postoperative mortality of two patients (2.7%). Conclusion: We have learned that there are infrequent and unexpected complications; the treating team must be mindful of and, in front of suspicion of complications, anappropriate decision must be done which includes early re-exploration. Finally, after the experience reported, some complications should be avoided.

RESUMO Racional: A identificação de fatores prognósticos do câncer gástrico (GC) permitiu predizer a evolução dos pacientes. Objetivo: Avaliar a confiabilidade do índice linfoparietal na predição de sobrevida em longo prazo em pacientes tratados com intenção curativa. Método: Estudo prospectivo do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de Chile, entre maio de 2004 e maio de 2012. Todas as operações de câncer gástrico foram com intenção curativa. Os critérios de exclusão foram: gastrectomia por lesões benignas, cânceres estágio 4, ressecções R1, procedimentos paliativos, esofagogastrectomias completas e operações de emergência. Resultados: Foi incluído um total de 284 pacientes; da amostra 65,4% eram homens, com média de idade de 64,5 anos, 75% eram cânceres avançados, 72,5% necessitaram de gastrectomia total e 30 coletas de linfonodos. A morbimortalidade cirúrgica foi de 17,2% e 1,7%. Sobrevida em cinco anos foi de 56,9%. O índice N +/T pôde predizer a sobrevida em longo prazo em todos os subgrupos (p<0,0001), embora tivesse previsão confiável em GC precoce (p=0,005), GC avançado (p<0,0001), célula GC de anel de sinete (p< 0,0001), GC proximal (p<0,0001) e GC distal (p<0,0001). As curvas ROC N +/T, LNR e T apresentaram áreas abaixo da curva de 0,789, 0,786 e 0,790, respectivamente, sem diferença estatística significativa (p=0,96 ). Conclusão: O índice N +/T é um quociente confiável no prognóstico na avaliação de pacientes com adenocarcinoma gástrico que foram ressecados com intenção curativa.

ABSTRACT Background: The identification of prognostic factors of gastric cancer (GC) has allowed to predict the evolution of patients. Aim: Assess the reliability of the lymphoparietal index in the prediction of long-term survival in GC treated with curative intent. Method: Prospective study of the Universidad de Chile Clinical Hospital, between May 2004 and May 2012. Included all gastric cancer surgeries with curative intent. Exclusion criteria were: gastrectomies due to benign lesions, stage 4 cancers, R1 resections, palliative procedures, complete esophagogastrectomies and emergency surgeries. Results: A total of 284 patients were included; of the sample 65.4% were male,mean age of 64.5 years,75% were advanced cancers, 72.5% required a total gastrectomy, 30 lymph nodes harvest. Surgical morbidity and mortality were 17.2% and 1.7%. 5-year survival was 56.9%. The N+/T index could predict long-term survival in all de subgrups (p<0.0001), although had a reliable prediction in early GC (p=0.005), advanced GC (p<0.0001), signet ring cell GC (p<0.0001), proximal GC (p<0.0001) and distal GC (p<0.0001). The ROC curves N+/T index, LNR and T classification presented areas below the curve of 0.789, 0.786 and 0,790 respectively, without a significant statistical difference (p=0.96). Conclusion: The N+/T index is a reliable quotient in the prognostic evaluation of gastric adenocarcinoma patients who have been resected with curative intent.

Introduction: The longevity of Chilean population has increased greatly in the last 25 years, similar to world population. Gastric cancer in Chile is the first cause of death due to malignant tumors. Purpose: To determine operative mortality of subtotal or total gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer older than 80 years, and the rate 5 year-survival. Material and method: This is an retrospective-prospective study of all patients with 80 years of age or more submitted to gastric resection due to gastric cancer between 1988 and 2016. Patients submitted to non-resective procedures were excluded. The following parameters were analized: symptoms and signs, comorbidities, pathologic features of the gastric cancer, operative mortality according to the gastrectomy and 5-year survival rate. Results: There were 70 patients with gastric cancer older than 80 years of age, which represented 7.4% of all patients with gastric cancer submitted to gastric resection in the same period of time. Most frequent symptoms were epigastric pain, loss of weight and chronic microcitic anemia. There were 66% of the patients with comorbidities. The tumor was located mainly in the upper third of the stomach, being an adenocarcinoma in 66 patients (94%). There were also 2 linfomas, one GIST and one patient with a malignant carcinoid. Early cancer was observed in 12% of the adenocarcinomas. Global operative mortality was 17% being 5% for subtotal and 22% for total gastrectomy. Mean 5-year survival rate was 26%. Conclusions: Subtotal or total gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer with 80 years of age or more is possible to perform in selected patients, but the risk of operative mortality is 7 to 10 times greater than below 75 years of age.

Introducción: La población chilena, al igual que la mundial, ha presentado un importante envejecimiento en los últimos 25 años. El cáncer gástrico ocupa la primera causa de mortalidad por tumores malignos en Chile. Objetivo: Determinar la mortalidad operatoria de la gastrectomía total o subtotal en pacientes con cáncer gástrico de 80 o más años y la sobrevida a 5 años. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo y prospectivo de todos los pacientes sometidos a resección gástrica por cáncer gástrico entre 1988 y 2016, con 80 o más años. Se excluyeron los pacientes sometidos a técnicas quirúrgicas no resectivas. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: síntomas y signos, comorbilidades, características anatomopatológicas, mortalidad según el tipo de gastrectomía y sobrevida global a 5 años. Resultados: En el periodo de tiempo analizado hubo 70 pacientes con cáncer gástrico y edad igual o mayor de 80 años, que representan al 7,4% del total de pacientes con resección gástrica. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron dolor, baja de peso y anemia crónica microcítica. Hubo un 66% de pacientes con comorbilidades. El cáncer se ubicó preferentemente en el tercio superior, siendo un adenocarcinoma en 66 pacientes. En 4 pacientes hubo 2 linfomas, un GIST maligno y un carcinoide maligno. El carcinoma incipiente correspondió al 12% de los adenocarcinomas. La mortalidad global de la gastrectomía fue del 17%, siendo el 5% para la subtotal y el 22% para la total. La sobrevida promedio a 5 años fue del 26%. Conclusiones: La gastrectomía subtotal o total en pacientes con cáncer gástrico sobre 80 años es factible de realizar en pacientes seleccionados, pero el riesgo de mortalidad operatoria es de 7 a 10 veces mayor que en pacientes bajo los 75 años.

Background: Psammoma bodies are a well circumscribed calcifications. They are described in some neplasms. Case report: Female 37 year-old patient with mild obesity, a sleeve gastrectomy was performed. The biopsy showed the presence of psammoma bodies in gastric mucosa. Discussion: This is the first case of psammoma bodies in gastric mucosa after a sleeve gastrectomy. This patient is a challenge to detect mucosa abnormalities in the future.

Introducción: Los cuerpos de psammoma son calcificaciones bien circunscritas. Están descritas en una serie de neoplasmas. Caso clínico: Paciente mujer de 37 años de edad, con obesidad leve es sometida a gastrectomía tubular por obesidad, posterior a la evaluación por el equipo multidisciplinario. La biopsia postoperatoria informa de la presencia de cuerpos de psammoma en la mucosa gástrica. Discusión: Este es el primer caso publicado de cuerpos de psammoma en la mucosa gástrica tras manga gástrica. La paciente constituye un desafío en su seguimiento para detectar alteraciones en la mucosa gástrica.

Introduction: Chile is known for being one of the countries with higher prevalence of gallstone disease in the world. Among the risk factors for biliary pathology are female gender, age, overweight and obesity. These factors associated with rapid weight loss are characteristic of obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. It has been reported that patients undergoing these surgeries have a high incidence of cholelithiasis to 12 months postoperatively. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of gallstone disease in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery, and analyze the occurrence of this disease during the postoperative follow-up up to 12 months. Material and methods: Retrospective case series including 221 patients undergoing bariatric surgery, with follow-up up to 12 months. Review of clinical records and abdominal ultrasound was conducted. Results: A 18.09% of patients had a history of previous cholecystectomy. A 13.57% of patients had preoperative cholelithiasis and a concomitant cholecystectomy was performed in all of them. Follow up was conducted in 151 patients. In ultrasound examinations at one year, 3.54% had cholelithiasis. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of cholelithiasis in the population undergoing bariatric surgery. The emergence of this disease in the first year was lower than that reported in the literature. Patients should be closely monitored for the detection of this disease during the first postoperative year.

Introducción: Chile se caracteriza por ser uno de los países con mayor prevalencia de patología biliar en el mundo. Dentro de los factores de riesgo de la patología biliar se encuentran el sexo femenino, la edad, el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Estos factores asociados a la disminución rápida de peso son característicos de los pacientes obesos sometidos a cirugía bariátrica. Se ha reportado que los pacientes sometidos a esta cirugía tienen una alta incidencia de colelitiasis a 12 meses postoperatorio. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de patología biliar en pacientes obesos sometidos a cirugía bariátrica, y analizar la aparición de esta patología durante el seguimiento postoperatorio a un año. Material y método: Serie de casos retrospectiva, incluyendo 221 pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica, con seguimiento a 12 meses. Se realizó revisión de registros clínicos, consignando peso y ecografía abdominal en el control al año. Resultados: Un 18,09% de los pacientes tenía antecedentes de colecistectomía previa. Un 13,57% de los pacientes presentaba colelitiasis en el preoperatorio y se realizó colecistectomía de forma concomitante en todos ellos. Se realizó seguimiento a un año en 151 pacientes. En las ecografías al año, un 3,54% presentaba colelitiasis. Conclusiones: Existe una elevada prevalencia de colelitiasis en la población sometida a cirugía bariátrica. La aparición de esta patología en el primer año fue menor a la reportada en la literatura. Se debe considerar un seguimiento cercano para la detección de esta patología durante el primer año postoperatorio.

Background: Esophageal replacement therapy is indicated for benign and malignant esophageal lesions and can be performed using stomach, jejunum or colon. Aim: To report the experience using right colon interposition for esophageal replacement. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of 41 patients aged 17 to 73 years (29 males), subjected to right colon interposition in the last 20 years. Indications, complications, mortality and long term results were recorded. Results: Forty nine percent of patients had a malignant esophageal lesion. Esophagectomy was performed using a transhiatal route or thoracotomy in 44 and 30% of patients, respectively. Retroesternal ascension was the most common route used in 88% of patients. The most common surgical complication was cervical fistula in 29% of patients, followed by fistula of the anastomosis between colon and jejunum in 7% of patients. Pneumonia was the most common medical complication. Postoperative mortality was 7%. Conclusions: The mortality in this series of patients is similar to that reported elsewhere.

Introducción: La cirugía de reemplazo esofágico actualmente se indica para tratamiento de enfermedades benignas y malignas del esófago. Existen diversas técnicas de reconstitución de tránsito esofágico que utilizan estómago, yeyuno o colon. Objetivo: Presentar la experiencia acumulada en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile utilizando la técnica de transposición de colon derecho para la reconstitución de tránsito esofágico. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo restrospectivo que incluyó a los pacientes sometidos a reconstitución de tránsito esofágico mediante interposición de colon derecho, durante los últimos 20 años, basado en la revisión sistemática de historias clínicas, analizando causas, morbilidad precoz y tardía, mortalidad operatoria, compararándolos con los resultados de la literatura. Resultados: Se incluyen 41 pacientes operados, con edad promedio de 63,6 años (17-73), 29 de ellos de sexo masculino (70,7%). El 48,7% correspondieron a neoplasias malignas, el resto a patología benigna. En 43,9% la esofaguectomía se realizó por vía transhiatal y 29,7% por toracotomía. El ascenso retrosternal fue la vía más empleada (87,8%). La complicación más frecuente correspondió a la fístula cervical en 29,3% seguida de la fistula en colo-yeyuno anastomosis en el 7,3% de los casos. La neumonía fue la complicación médica más frecuente (14,7%). La mortalidad postoperatoria fue 7,3%. Conclusión: El uso de interposición de colon derecho tiene indicaciones precisas. La mortalidad operatoria reportada se ajusta a lo encontrado en la literatura internacional.

Background: Early gastric cancer has a good long term prognosis. Aim: To report a 44 years’ experience in the management of early gastric cancer. Material and Methods: Retrospective and prospective analysis of patients with early gastric cancer, managed in three periods: group I from 1970 to 1989, group II from 1990 to 2003 and group III from 2004 to 2013. Tumor location in the stomach, macroscopic type, pathological type, lymph node involvement and long term survival were analyzed. Results: Three hundred four patients with a mean age of 62 years (170 males) were analyzed. Tumors were intramucosal and submucosal in 136 (45%) and 168 (55%) patients, respectively. Among group III proximal tumors and diffuse pathological types were more common. Five and 15 years survival were 88 and 72%, respectively. Conclusions: During the study period, tumor location and pathological types changed. Patients had high survival rates.

Introducción: El cáncer gástrico es una patología predominante en Chile. El carcinoma incipiente constituye una etapa inicial con muy buen pronóstico a largo plazo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las características morfológicas del carcinoma incipiente en 3 períodos de tiempo, con un período total de 44 años en un mismo centro, además de revisar la bibliografía nacional. Material y Método: Estudio mixto, tanto retrospectivo como prospectivo, desde 1970 hasta el año 2013, dividiendo a los pacientes en 3 grupos: grupo I desde 1970 hasta 1989, grupo II desde 1990 hasta 2003 y grupo III, desde 2004 hasta 2013. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: localización en el estómago, tipo macroscópico, tipo histológico, disección linfonodal y sobrevida a largo plazo. Para los cálculos estadísticos se empleó el Test de Fisher y X². La sobrevida se analizó según el Test de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Hubo un total de 304 pacientes, que corresponden al 11,3% del total de pacientes resecados en el mismo período de tiempo. Hubo 136 pacientes con carcinoma mucoso (44,7%) y 168 con carcinoma submucoso (55,3%). Se observó un aumento estadísticamente significativo de la localización proximal del tumor. Hubo un aumento significativo del tipo histológico difuso en el III período analizado. La sobrevida a 15 años plazo fue mayor al 70%. Conclusiones: En 44 años se apreció un cambio en la localización del carcinoma incipiente y en el tipo histológico. La sobrevida alejada a 15 años es muy buena.

Sarcomatoid squamous carcinoma (ESC) is a rare esophageal neoplasm, with a clinical, etiological and pathological behavior that differs from squamous cancer. From the histological point of view it has a dual configuration. The squamous epithelial component is usually limited to small areas, while the major part is constituted by mesenchymatous (sarcomatoid) polypoid tissue. Treatment is esophagectomy or total esophagogastrectomy depending on the tumor location. Early detection is critical in terms of survival. For large lesions, preoperative chemo-radiotherapy can be considered. We report a 78-year-old male presenting with dysphagia. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a tumor located below the cardia. The patient was subjected to a total esophageal and gastric resection. In a second operation, the digestive transit was reconstituted in 2 steps. The pathology report informed a sarcomatoid squamous carcinoma. After 18 months of follow up, the patient is ambulatory.

Background: The incidence of esophageal carcinoma has increased notoriously worldwide. Aim: To assess clinical features, immediate surgical results and long term survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma and Barrett esophagus. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of all patients operated for esophageal carcinoma, between 1996 y 2011. Results: The records of 53 patients aged 58 ± 9 years (45 males) were analyzed. The number of operated patients increased from 7 in the period 1968-1983 to 31 in the period 2004-2011. Peritoneal metastases were found in two patients, precluding a resection. Video assisted trans-hiatal approach was the most commonly used technique followed by minimally invasive thoracoscopic and laparoscopic surgery. Transit reconstruction was performed ascending the stomach to the neck in 90% of patients. The average length of Barrett esophagus was 7.4 cm and the mean number of excised lymph nodes was 19. Ten patients had an incipient cancer and their five years survival was 80%. The survival of those with tumors involving the muscular layer and those with transmural cancer was 25 and 5%, respectively. Conclusions: There is an increase in the incidence of esophageal cancer in the last 10 years. The survival after surgery is highly dependent on the invasiveness of the tumor.

Introduction: Bariatric surgery is effective and safe in treating obese patients with BMI > 40, however, higher preoperative weight could increases morbidity and mortality. Aim: To describe and compare the perioperative and mid term outcomes between hiperobese and morbidly obese patients submitted to gastric bypass. Material and Method: A prospective study of hiperobese patients submitted to gastric bypass over the past 10 years. We analyzed clinical characteristics, perioperative morbimortality and resolution of comor-bidities. The results were compared with a group of morbidly obese patients matched by age and sex. Results: 146 hiperobese were operated and compared with 165 morbidly obese patients. 66.8% were female and the average age of the total group was 39.9 ± 12.4 years, with no significant differences between groups by sex and age. The average BMI was 53 and 44.4 respectively. 21.5% had diabetes mellitus 2, 39.5% hypertension, 31% dislipidemia and 8.4% osteoarthritis, with no significant differences between groups except for a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia in the morbidly obeses (p = 0.001). 10.4% had surgical complications during the postoperative period, with no differences between both groups (p = 0.24). One year later all patients had a significant decrease in weight, however, hiperobeses showed a more pronounced decrease (p = 0.001). The fasting glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels also showed a significant decrease without reaching differences between the groups. Conclusions: The gastric bypass is effective in achieving weight loss and resolution of comorbidities in morbidly obese as well as hiperobese patients, with no significant differences in surgical complications and mortality.

Introducción: La cirugía bariátrica es efectiva y segura en el tratamiento de obesos con IMC > 40, sin embargo, a mayor peso preoperatorio podría aumentar la morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Describir y comparar los resultados perioperatorios y a mediano plazo entre hiperobesos y obesos mórbidos sometidos a bypass gástrico. Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo de pacientes hiperobesos operados de bypass gástrico los últimos 10 años. Se analizaron características clínicas, morbimortalidad perioperatoria y resolución de comorbilidades. Se compararon los resultados con un grupo de obesos mórbidos pareados por edad y sexo. Resultados: Se operaron 146 hiperobesos, que fueron comparados con 165 obesos mórbidos. El 66,8% fueron mujeres y el promedio de edad fue 39,9 ± 12,4 años, no encontramos diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos por sexo y edad. El IMC promedio fue 53 y 44,4 respectivamente. El 21,5% tenía diabetes mellitus 2, el 39,5% hipertensión arterial, el 31% dislipidemia y el 8,4% artrosis, sin encontrar diferencias significativas, a excepción de una mayor prevalencia de dislipidemia en los obesos mórbidos (p = 0,001). Un 10,4% presentó complicaciones quirúrgicas durante el postoperatorio, no existiendo diferencias entre ambos grupos (p = 0,24). Al año todos los pacientes presentaban un descenso significativo del peso, sin embargo, los hiperobesos presentaban un descenso más acentuado (p = 0,001). Los niveles de glicemia en ayunas, colesterol y triglicéridos también presentaron un descenso significativo sin lograr diferencias entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: El bypass gástrico es efectivo en la baja de peso y resolución de comorbilidades tanto en obesos mórbidos como hiperobesos, sin presentar diferencias significativas en las complicaciones quirúrgicas y mortalidad.

Background: Overweight and obesity are considered precipitating factors in the apparition of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Besides antacids and acid-suppressors are highly effective in the palliation of such symptoms. Aim: to assess the prevalence of heartburn and epigastric burning pain, triggering factors, consumption of antacids or acid-suppressors, auto-medication and Body Mass Index (BMI) in adult population. Patients and Method: using a personal interview and physical examination, 433 adult subjects were assessed, excluding those with previously diagnosed gastro-esophageal reflux disease, history of upper gastro-intestinal surgery, and use of these medications due to other conditions. Results: symptoms in study were present in 60.1% (62.9% in women and 57.3% in men) being epigastric burning pain more frequent (35.6%) than heartburn (24.5%). Among symptomatic subjects 95% used medication on regular basis. Daily symptoms were referred by 23.5% of subjects and among them 64% use acid-suppressors. On the contrary subjects with sporadic symptoms recur mainly to antacids (65%-83%). Auto-medication was recognized by 78%-92% of people with sporadic symptoms and significantly less (48%) by people with daily symptoms. Emotional stress (35.1%-58.6%), alcohol intake (9%) and spicy food (5%) were mentioned as important triggering factors. Less than 4% of subjects considered increase in body weight as an important precipitating factor. BMI in asymptomatic group was: women 23.2 ±3.4 kg/m²; men 24.3 ±3.3 kg/m². Figures in symptomatic group were 22.5 ±3,1 kg/m² and 25 ±3.5 kg/m² respectively. In the former, overweight was 25.4% and obesity 5.7% not significantly different than 28.5% y 10.4% respectively in symptomatic group. Conclusions: The vast majority of symptomatic subjects successfully use medication for palliation. Subjects with sporadic symptoms use mainly antacids while subjects with daily symptoms use mainly acid-suppressors. There is no association between frequency of peptic gastro-esophageal symptoms and BMI

Introducción: El exceso de peso y la obesidad son considerados factores precipitantes en la aparición de síntomas de reflujo gastro-esofágico (RGE). Además, los antiácidos y ácido-supresores son altamente eficaces en la paliación de tales síntomas. Objetivo: conocer la prevalencia de pirosis y ardor epigástrico, sus factores precipitantes, consumo de antiácidos y de ácido-supresores, auto-medicación y su relación con la obesidad en adultos. Material y Método: encuesta personal y examen físico a 433 adultos sin RGE diagnosticado, historia de cirugía gastrointestinal y uso de estos medicamentos indicado por médicos. Resultados: los síntomas en estudio estaban presentes en el 60.1% del grupo (62,9% en mujeres y 57,3% en hombres) siendo más frecuente el ardor epigástrico (35,6%) que la pirosis (24,5%). Entre los sujetos sintomáticos el 95% utilizó medicación en forma regular. El 65%-83% de los sujetos con síntomas esporádicos recurrieron a antiácidos. Por el contrario, el 23,5% refirió síntomas diarios y entre ellos el 64% usaba ácido-supresores. La auto-medicación fue reconocida por el 78%-92% de personas con síntomas esporádicos y significativamente menos (48%) por sujetos con síntomas diarios. La tensión emocional (35,1%- 58,6%), ingesta de alcohol (9%) y alimentos muy condimentados (5%) fueron mencionados como factores precipitantes de los síntomas. Menos del 4% de los encuestados consideraron el aumento de peso corporal como factor precipitante. El índice de masa corporal en el grupo asintomático fue: mujeres 23,2 ±3,4 kg/m² y hombres 24,3 ±3,3 kg/m². Para el grupo sintomático las cifras fueron 22,5 ±3,1 kg/m² y 25 ±3,5 kg/m² respectivamente. En el grupo asintomático, el sobrepeso fue de 25,4% y la obesidad 5,7% no significativamente diferente del 28,5% y 10,4% respectivamente en el grupo sintomático. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las personas sintomáticas utiliza con éxito la medicación para su paliación. Los sujetos con síntomas esporádicos utilizan principalmente antiácidos mientras que aquellos con síntomas diarios utiliza principalmente ácido-supresores. No hay asociación entre la frecuencia de síntomas pépticos gastro-esofágicos e índice de masa corporal