RESUMO Este estudo teve o objetivo de revelar os efeitos do período pandêmico da COVID-19 nas empresas de criação de ovinos e caprinos. No estudo, os efeitos do período pandêmico da COVID-19 sobre o uso da terra nas empresas, o status das atividades contínuas de criação de animais, a finalidade da produção, as características da combinação da produção agrícola e da produção animal, o número de animais na empresa e o status do pastor, a saída dos animais para o pasto, o fornecimento e o uso de ração bruta e concentrada e as alimentações suplementares foram considerados significativos. Além das incertezas vivenciadas, os criadores foram afetados negativamente pelos processos de quarentena e restrição aplicados nesse processo. Eles foram particularmente afetados negativamente pelos problemas encontrados no uso de pastagens e interrupções no fornecimento de ração, restrições à movimentação de animais, fechamento de mercados de gado, interrupções no acesso a serviços veterinários e fornecimento de vacinas, distanciamento social, proibições de viagens, restrições à importação e exportação de produtos, mudanças rápidas nas políticas de preços dos produtos e aumento dos custos. Como resultado, observa-se que o período pandêmico da COVID-19 teve um impacto significativo nas empresas de criação de ovinos e caprinos. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 caprinos animal pastor pasto significativos vivenciadas processo gado vacinas social viagens custos resultado observase observa se COVID1 1 COVID-

ABSTRACT This study had the objective of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic period on sheep and goat husbandry enterprises. In the study, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic period on the land use of the enterprises, the status of continuing animal husbandry activities, the purpose of production, the characteristics of combining crop production and animal production, the number of animals in the enterprise and the status of the shepherd, the exit of animals to pasture, the supply and use of roughage and concentrate feed, and supplementary feedings were found to be significant. In addition to the uncertainties experienced, breeders were negatively affected by the quarantine and restriction processes applied in this process. They were particularly negatively affected by the problems encountered in the use of pastures and disruptions in the supply of feed, restrictions on animal movements, closure of livestock markets, disruptions in access to veterinary services and vaccine supply, social distancing, travel bans, restrictions on the import-export of products, rapid changes in the price policies of products and increased costs. As a result, it is seen that the COVID-19 pandemic period had a significant impact on sheep and goat breeding enterprises. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 enterprises activities shepherd pasture feed experienced process movements markets distancing bans importexport import export costs result COVID1 1 COVID-

ABSTRACT This study was performed during the anestrous, involving 140 Akkaraman Kangal ewes whose lambs had died in the neonatal stage due to pneumonia and enteritis. Intravaginal sponge containing progesterone was placed to the animals (Group 1, n = 70) on day 0 and removed after 7 days, following which 263 µg PGF2α and 500 IU eCG were administered to the sheep. Ram introduction was performed for 7 days (days 8-14), starting from the day after the removal of the intravaginal sponge (day 8). The animals in Group 2 (n = 70) were not exposed to any treatment. Ram introduction was performed simultaneously in both the groups. To determine the reproductive response, reproductive parameters such as estrous, pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, and embryonic mortality rates, number of births, number of offspring, and fertility, as well as their economic implications, were compared between groups. Each reproductive parameter exhibited a statistical difference between groups. An economically positive trend was observed in the study group compared with the control group. It was concluded that in case of lamb losses in commercial farms that derive profit from lambing, pregnancy of ewes can be achieved via sexual stimulation without waiting for the next breeding season. anestrous 14 enteritis 1 70 26 PGFα PGF α 50 sheep 814, 814 8 , 8-14) 8. . 8) treatment groups response estrous rates births offspring fertility implications lambing season 5 81 8-14 8-1 8-

RESUMO Este estudo foi realizado durante o anestrous, envolvendo 140 ovelhas Akkaraman Kangal cujos cordeiros haviam morrido no estágio neonatal devido a pneumonia e enterite. A esponja intragaginal contendo progesterona foi colocada aos animais (Grupo 1, n = 70) no dia 0 e removida após 7 dias, após os quais 263 µg PGF2α e 500 UI eCG foram administrados às ovelhas. A introdução do carneiro foi realizada por 7 dias (dias 8-14), a partir do dia seguinte à remoção da esponja intravaginal (dia 8). Os animais do Grupo 2 (n = 70) não foram expostos a nenhum tratamento. A introdução do carneiro foi realizada simultaneamente em ambos os grupos. Para determinar a resposta reprodutiva, foram comparados entre os grupos parâmetros reprodutivos, tais como estrogênio, gravidez, gravidez múltipla e taxas de mortalidade embrionária, número de nascimentos, número de descendentes e fertilidade, bem como suas implicações econômicas. Cada parâmetro reprodutivo exibia uma diferença estatística entre os grupos. Uma tendência economicamente positiva foi observada no grupo de estudo em comparação com o grupo de controle. Concluiu-se que no caso de perdas de cordeiros em fazendas comerciais que obtêm lucros com a parição, a gravidez de ovelhas pode ser obtida através de estimulação sexual sem esperar pela próxima estação de reprodução. anestrous 14 enterite 1 70 26 PGFα PGF α 50 814, 814 8 , 8-14) 8. . 8) tratamento reprodutiva reprodutivos estrogênio embrionária nascimentos fertilidade econômicas controle Concluiuse Concluiu se parição reprodução 5 81 8-14 8-1 8-

Abstract Objectives: In the past decade, advances in immunological therapy have increased the survival of kidney recipients and their grafts. However, it has not achieved the desired level of improvement. This study aims to reveal the mortality among kidney recipients. Methods: Medical data of the patients, who had undergone kidney transplantation (KT) between November 2010 and December 2020, were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria were adult kidney recipients, who had died. Exclusion criteria were pediatric recipients, recipients of en bloc and dual KT, recipients with missing data, and recipients with a primary non-functioning graft. The recipients were grouped according to their donor type; Group 1 (from a living donor) and Group 2 (from a deceased donor). Subgroup analyses were done for mortality by time-period post-transplant and for infectious causes of mortality. Results: Of 314 recipients, 35 (11.14%) died. Twenty-nine recipients were included in the study (Group 1: 17 and Group 2: 12). The most common cause of mortality was infection (58.6%), and the second was cardiovascular disease (CVD) (24.1%). Sepsis developed in 29.4% of infection-related deaths, while COVID-19 constituted 23.5% of infection-related deaths. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and treatment of infectious and CVD are important to improve survival in kidney recipients.

Resumen Objetivos: En la última década, los avances en la terapia inmunológica han aumentado la supervivencia de los receptores de riñón y sus injertos. Sin embargo, no se pudo lograr el nivel de mejora deseado. Este estudio tiene como objetivo revelar la mortalidad entre los receptores de riñón. Materiales y métodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente los datos médicos de los pacientes, que se habían sometido a un trasplante de riñón entre Noviembre de 2010 y Diciembre de 2020. Los criterios de inclusión fueron los receptores de riñón adultos, que habían fallecido. Los criterios de exclusión fueron los receptores pediátricos, los receptores de trasplantes de riñón dual y en bloque, los receptores con datos faltantes y los receptores con un injerto primario no funcionante. Los receptores se agruparon según su tipo de donante; Grupo 1 (de un donante vivo) y Grupo 2 (de un donante fallecido). Se realizaron análisis de subgrupos para la mortalidad por período de tiempo posterior al trasplante y para las causas infecciosas de mortalidad. Resultados: De 314 beneficiarios, 35 (11,14%) fallecieron. Se incluyeron 29 receptores en el estudio (Grupo 1:17; Grupo 2:12). La causa más común de mortalidad fue la infección (58,6%) y la segunda fue la enfermedad cardiovascular (24,1%). La sepsis se desarrolló en el 29,4% de las muertes relacionadas con la infección, mientras que el COVID-19 constituyó el 23,5% de las muertes relacionadas con la infección. Conclusión: El diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos de enfermedades infecciosas y cardiovasculares es importante para mejorar la supervivencia de los receptores de riñón.

Abstract: Background: Isotretinoin is a synthetic analog of vitamin A. Recent studies support a role for retinoic acid in the recovery of olfactory function following injury in mice. Objective: This study aimed at determining the effect of isotretinoin on olfactory function in patients who have acne and are otherwise healthy. Methods: Forty-five patients (aged 25-40 years) with acne were included in the study. All patients underwent a rhinological examination. Olfactory function was assessed by the Sniffin' Sticks Test. The test was assessed at baseline and in the third month of isotretinoin treatment. Results: Isotretinoin improved the performance of patients in the olfactory test. The SST score increased from 8.7±1.09 to 9.5±1.19 (p<0.001), prevalence of hyposmia decreased from 40% to 24% and normosmia increased from 60% to 75% (p=0.059). The percentage of patients whose olfactory function was categorized as "good" increased from 6% to 21.3%. This increase was statistically significant (p<0.05). Study limitations: Absence of a control group is one of the limitations of this study. Also, we did not evaluate patients with smell test after stopping isotretinoin treatment. Conclusion: We examined the effect of systemic isotretinoin on olfactory function. It can be concluded from the present investigation that isotretinoin therapy improves the sense of smell.

ABSTRACT Objective Several studies have shown that left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is increased in individuals with diabetes. However, there are scarce data about LV function in prediabetics. This study assessed the early changes in LV diastolic and systolic myocardial function in normotensive prediabetics using tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE). Subjects and methods We evaluated 94 patients with prediabetes (mean age of 50.8 ± 6.9 years, 78 female) without known cardiovascular diseases and 70 healthy volunteers with similar demographic characteristics. Systolic and diastolic function of the left ventricle was evaluated with transthoracic echocardiography according to the latest consensus recommendations including TDE. Results The mean results of septal and lateral parts of the mitral annulus Pulsed wave TDE showed that myocardial systolic wave (Sm), myocardial early diastolic wave (Em) and Em to atrial peak velocity (Am) ratio were significantly lower whereas early diastolic peak flow velocity (E) to Em ratio, myocardial isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRTm), myocardial isovolumetric contraction time (IVCTm) and myocardial performance index (MPI) values were significantly higher in patients with prediabetes (preDM). In addition, mean left atrium (LA) diameter measured with M-mode echocardiography was significantly higher in prediabetics than controls. Conclusion PreDM is associated with subclinical LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction as evaluated by TDE.

Purpose To demonstrate the effect of a 4% pulverized garlic supplemented diet on the nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Materials and Methods Twenty four healthy male Wistar rats, weighing between 220 - 260grams, were divided into three groups. The rats were randomly assigned to either the gentamicin injection without garlic supplementation group (Group I, n = 8), gentamicin injection with garlic supplementation group (Group II, n = 8), and control group (Group III, n = 8). Urine from the rats was collected and the volume (mL), microalbumin (mg/L), creatinine (mg/dL), Na (mmol/L), K (mmol/L), Cl (mmol/L), P (mg/dL), N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) (U/L) and pH values were measured. Then urea (mg/dL), creatinine (mg/dL), total protein (g/dL) and cystatin (mg/L) values were measured for the blood samples obtained from tail veins. Results The median NAG value for the control group (52.050 U/L) was similar to value for Group II (56.400 U/L), which received gentamicin and the garlic diet. However, the median NAG value for Group I (77.030 U/L), which received gentamicin without garlic supplementation, was determined to be statistically significantly higher (p = 0.010) than the value for the control group. In addition, the mean cystatin value for Group II (1.360 U/L) was found to be statistically significantly lower than the value for the Group I (2.240 U/L) (p = 0.015). Conclusions In this study we showed the effect of 4% pulverized garlic supplemented diet for preventing nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats by using as parameters NAG in urine samples and cystatin C in serum samples.

Isoflavones are polyphenolic phytoestrogens, predominantly found in leguminous plants. Trifolium pratense L., Fabaceae (red clover), is rich in isoflavones that possess estrogenic activity due to their similar molecular structure and effectiveness in preventing health conditions such as menopause, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and hormone-dependent cancers. In this study, presence and amount of various phytoestrogens in the tetraploid plant and in the calluses derived from the plants were investigated. Calluses were generated from explants obtained from natural tetraploid T. pratense seedlings. The best callus formation was obtained from hypocotyl explants cultured in Phillips Collins and Gamborg B5 media containing different plant growth regulators. Flowers of plants and calluses were analysed for formononetin, biochanin A, genistein and daidzein contents using HPLC. In HPLC analysis, high levels of formononetin (0.249 µg/mg) were determined in natural tetraploid T. pratense flowers in addition to genistein and biochanin A. In calluses, highest isoflavone content (1.15 µg/mg formononetin) was observed in modified Gamborg B5 medium. Biochanin A content of calluses and the plant were found to be nearly the same. But formononetin and genistein contents of the calluses in this medium were found to be respectively 4.62 and 21.39 folds higher than the tetraploid plant.

Aloe Barbadensis, which is a species of Aloe vera, is a popular plant used by the common people and in alternative medicine. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Aloe Barbadensis and soybean oil on liver. For this study Wistar Albino female rats were taken and divided into 3 equal groups; the first group was the control group wherein no treatment was applied, second group in which the dissolved form of A. barbadensis in the soybean oil was applied (25 mg/day), and the third group which only soybean oil was applied (500 mg/day). Biopsy materials were taken from the lobus dexter of the livers of the rats and analyzed with light microscope after the necessary standard processing of histologic slides. Group I demonstrated normal structural characteristics of rat liver. In Group II and Group III, we observed nuclear enlargement, mild increase in chromatin and hydropic degeneration and binucleation in some hepatocytes. Liver histology demonstrated congestion in portal veins, sinusoids and the central veins. Merely in Group III, portal venous congestion and in Group II sinusoidal congestion was evident parenchyma of the liver. Additionally in Group III liver histology demonstrated plasmocyte infiltration in portal areas. Our study showed that using soybean with Aloe Barbadensis is synergystic and increasing each others effects. However we didn't observe mononeuclear infiltrations in Group II, these show antinflammatory effects of Aloe Barbadensis. It is determined that, depending on the used dose of Aloe Barbadensis, the toxic effect can change. If Aloe Barbadensis used very high doses it can have toxic effect on hepatocytes.

Aloe Barbadensis, una especie de Aloe vera, es una planta popular usada por el común de las personas y también en la medicina alternativa. El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los efectos del Aloe Barbadensis y aceite de soya en el hígado. Para el estudio se emplearon ratas Wistar hembras Albino y se dividieron en 3 grupos: grupo control I sin tratamiento; grupo II A. barbadensis disuelta en aceite de soja (25 mg / día), y grupo III tratado sólo con aceite de soja (500 mg / día). Fueron extraídas biopsias del lóbulo derecho del hígado de las ratas y luego se analizaron con microscopio de luz. En el grupo I el hígado de las ratas era normal. En los grupos II y III, se observó aumento del tamaño nuclear, leve aumento de la cromatina y degeneración hidrópica y binucleación en algunos hepatocitos. La histología hepática mostró la congestión en las venas porta, sinusoides y las centrales. En el grupo III, la congestión venosa portal y en el Grupo II la congestión sinusoidal fue evidente. Además, el Grupo III reveló infiltración de plasmocitos en áreas portales. El uso de soja con Aloe Barbadensis es sinergista y aumenta cada uno de otros efectos. Infiltraciones mononucleares en el grupo III determinan la reacción inflamatoria. Sin embargo, no observamos infiltración mononuclear en el Grupo II, éste mostró efectos antiinflamatorios de la Aloe Barbadensis. Esto determina que, dependiendo de la dosis usada de Aloe Barbadensis, los efectos tóxicos pueden cambiar. Si es usado en altas dosis Aloe Barbadensis puede producir efectos tóxicos en los hepatocitos.