Resumen El presente artículo se sitúa en el campo disciplinar de la didáctica de la literatura, concretamente en la línea de investigación sobre enseñanza de la poesía. El objetivo es desarrollar un panorama general del conocimiento construido sobre educación poética en el siglo XXI, atendiendo tanto a la investigación científica como a experiencias de aula reportadas en espacios de discusión académica. Los resultados de esa visión panorámica se estructuran con la presentación, en primer lugar, de los principales problemas y dificultades que se han identificado en torno a la enseñanza de la poesía en la pedagogía tradicional. La segunda parte ofrece un panorama de aquellas líneas de avance que, surgidas de la investigación y experimentación educativa, permiten visualizar caminos de superación de esas tensiones y explorar innovaciones en este campo.

Abstract This article is situated in the disciplinary field of the didactics of literature, specifically in the line of research on poetry teaching. The objective is to develop an overview of knowledge built on poetic education in the 21st century, taking into account both scientific research and classroom experiences reported in academic discussion spaces. The results of this panoramic vision are structured with the presentation, first of all, of the main problems and difficulties that have been identified around the teaching of poetry in traditional pedagogy. The second part offers an overview of those lines of progress that, arising from educational research and experimentation, allow us to visualize ways of overcoming these tensions and explore innovations in this field.

RESUMEN El presente artículo se sitúa en el campo disciplinar de la didáctica de la literatura, concretamente, en la línea de investigación sobre enseñanza de la poesía. Se presenta una investigación cualitativa, cuyo objetivo es el de relevar diversas manifestaciones de la relación con la poesia de una muestra de alumnado adolescente, en el marco de tres secuencias didácticas desarrolladas en dos centros educativos de Valdivia (Chile). Los datos corresponden a las producciones realizadas por las y los estudiantes durante las secuencias, de las cuales se seleccionaron aquellas producciones que fuesen representativas para mostrar diversas formas de expresar las relaciones de sentido y de significado que los estudiantes elaboran sobre la poesía. Para presentar los resultados, se identifican tres grandes grupos: producciones escritas, producciones multimodales y pro ducciones que avanzan hacia lo performático. Los hallazgos sugieren que, cuando se proponen secuencias didácticas desarrolladas desde los nuevos enfoques de educación poética, el alumnado es capaz de construir potentes relaciones de sentido con los poemas leídos.

ABSTRACT This article is situated in the disciplinary field of literary didactics, specifically, poetry teaching. The objective of this qualitative research is to reveal different manifestations of the relationship with poetry of a sample of adolescent students. The data corresponds to the work produced by students during three poetry units in two different educational centers in Valdivia (Chile). Specific products were selected in order to represent diverse ways students expressed the relations of sense and meaning to poetry. The results identified three main groups: written productions, multimodal productions, and productions that move towards the performative. The results suggest that students are able to construct powerful relations of meaning with the poems they read when poetry units developed from the new approaches to teaching poetry are proposed.

Abstract The present work arises from a teaching interest in contributing to the reading and literary training of students who have not experienced favorable conditions for approaching reading in their social context, as well as from a research interest in knowing the impact of an educational intervention focused on the promotion of reading for this student profile. In that context, a case study is presented with the objective of characterizing the motivation to read (in its dimensions of reading self-image and the value attributed to reading) of high school students before and after taking a literary program focused on the promotion of reading. The sample corresponds to twenty-three 10th grade students of a highly vulnerable institution in Colombia. The data were constructed during the 2019 academic year through a mixed approach, applying a questionnaire and an interview that make up the Adolescent Motivation to Read Profile test (Pitcher et al., 2007). The results show an improvement trend in the students' motivation to read, although it is highlighted that this trend is more emphasized in the value attributed to reading than in the reading self-image. Finally, the interest of the results is discussed to think about educational actions focused on promoting reading in highly vulnerable educational contexts.

Resumen El presente trabajo surge de un interés docente por aportar en la formación lectora y literaria del alumnado que no ha vivido condiciones favorables de acercamiento a la lectura en su contexto social, así como de un interés investigativo por conocer el impacto de una intervención educativa centrada en el fomento de la lectura para ese perfil de estudiantado. En ese marco, se presenta un estudio de caso cuyo objetivo fue caracterizar la motivación a la lectura (en sus dimensiones de autoimagen lectora y valoración de la lectura) de estudiantes de secundaria antes y después de participar de una programación literaria centrada en el fomento de la lectura. La muestra corresponde a 23 estudiantes de décimo grado de Bachillerato de una institución educativa pública de alta vulnerabilidad en Colombia. Los datos se construyeron durante el año académico 2019 mediante un abordaje mixto aplicando un cuestionario y una entrevista que conforman el test Adolescent Motivation to Read Profile. Los resultados muestran una tendencia de mejora en la motivación lectora del alumnado, aunque se subraya que dicha tendencia se acentúa más en la valoración de la lectura que en la autoimagen lectora. Finalmente, se discute el interés de los resultados para pensar actuaciones educativas centradas en el fomento de la lectura en contextos educativos de alta vulnerabilidad.

Abstract This article provides an overview of literature didactics that consists of a summary of its configuration as a discipline, and an exploratory study of its research trends in the Spanish-speaking world. It begins with a presentation of the discipline’s origins, the epistemological debate, and some social context factors that have had a determining impact on its implementation in these countries. The second part presents the main contributions that have emerged in recent years from literature didactics research in the Spanish-speaking sphere. To that end, the article identifies research trends in three realms: the literary body of work, the reader scholar, and teaching practices. The resulting outlook offers diverse paths on which to base didactic interventions directed at improving literary development in the school setting.

Resumen Este artículo presenta una panorámica de la didáctica de la literatura que comprende un resumen de su configuración como área disciplinar y un estudio exploratorio sobre sus tendencias de investigación en el ámbito hispanohablante. Primero se presentan los orígenes de la disciplina, el debate epistemológico y algunos factores del contexto social que han resultado determinantes en su implantación en estos países. La segunda parte presenta las principales aportaciones que han surgido en las investigaciones en didáctica de la literatura en los últimos años en el ámbito hispanohablante. Para ello, se identifican tendencias de investigación organizadas en tres ámbitos: el corpus literario, el lector escolar y las prácticas didácticas. El panorama resultante ofrece diversas vías para fundamentar intervenciones didácticas orientadas a mejorar la formación literaria en contexto escolar.

Abstract Undoubtedly, the formation of readers is one of the most relevant social educational objectives that contemporary societies assign to school. In recent years, research and educational experience have shown that one of the keys to progress in this purpose is the attention paid to literary reading, as a privileged opportunity for developing reading habits and skills during compulsory schooling. Nowadays, we have access to a scientific field that deals specifically with this research domain: the teaching of literature. This article addresses the creation and progressive consolidation of this discipline in the general framework of educational research. For this, and building on extensive literature research, this essay summarizes the main sources of the didactics of literature, and the difficulties that have been weathered in its formation. Finally, it offers a detailed overview of the model of teaching and learning of literature, agreed on by the scientific community today. The text concludes by emphasizing the need to address the information resulting from the “actual” practice of literary education in the classroom as a central factor in the consolidation of the teaching of literature as a discipline

Resumen La formación de lectores conforma uno de los objetivos socioeducativos más relevantes que las sociedades contemporáneas le asignan a la escuela. En los últimos años, la investigación y la experiencia educativa han demostrado que una de las claves para avanzar en este propósito es la atención a la lectura literaria en tanto espacio privilegiado para el desarrollo de hábitos y competencias de lectura durante la escolaridad obligatoria. Hoy en día, contamos con un campo científico que se ocupa específicamente de la investigación en este dominio: la didáctica de la literatura. El presente artículo aborda el proceso de creación y progresiva consolidación de esta disciplina en el marco general de la investigación educativa. Para ello, y a partir de una amplia investigación bibliográfica, este ensayo sintetiza las principales fuentes de origen de la didáctica de la literatura, las dificultades que ha sorteado en su proceso de formación y, finalmente, ofrece un detallado panorama del modelo de enseñanza – aprendizaje de la literatura consensuado por la comunidad científica en nuestros días. El texto concluye subrayando la necesidad de atender a la información proveniente de las prácticas reales de educación literaria en las aulas, como factor central en la consolidación disciplinar de la didáctica de la literatura.

RESUMO Na leitura, exploram-se cenários específicos que estabelecem o contexto para a experiência emocional, os quais são chamados cenários paradigmádicos. Neste trabalho, os autores destacam as contribuições da leitura de literatura infantil para o desenvolvimento socioemocional da criança, por meio do processo denominado leitura mediada. Nesse processo, o leitor adulto media a experiência emocional de personagens fictícios da narrativa, a história e os processos reais que caracterizam o contexto e a experiência de vida da criança. Conclui-se este estudo teórico com a discussão do alcance do processo de mediação na leitura de literatura infantil como uma ferramenta que contribui para a inclusão escolar e permite a interação de aspectos cognitivos e afetivos na educação formal.

ABSTRACT In the reading, we explore specific scenarios that set the context for the emotional experience, named paradigmatic scenarios. In this essay, the authors highlight the contributions of children’s literature reading in their social and emotional development through a process called mediated reading. In this process, the adult reader operates as a mediator of emotional experience of “fictional” characters in the narrative, the story and those real processes that characterize children’s context and life experience. This theoretical study ends by discussing the scope of children’s literature reading process mediation as a tool that contributes school inclusion, and allows interaction between cognitive and affective aspects in formal education.

This article presents a research developed in 2011 in Santiago of Chile; a case study on the assessment that teachers of Middle School developed on books established by the Complementary Reading Plan. The main purpose was to investigate the relation between teachers' beliefs and representations of the literary reading and their way of evaluating the reading comprehension of their students in the subject of Language and Communication. The results show a relationship between teachers' evaluation practices and their systems of beliefs related to literature; as well as a predominant certifying conception of the evaluation, which is demonstrated by the instruments used in the assessments.

El artículo presenta una investigación desarrollada en 2011 en Santiago de Chile: un estudio de casos sobre las evaluaciones que profesores de Segundo Ciclo de Educación Básica realizan para las lecturas literarias prescritas en el plan de lectura complementaria. El propósito consistió en indagar la relación entre las creencias y representaciones de los profesores sobre la lectura literaria y su forma de evaluarla en el plan lector de la asignatura de Lenguaje y Comunicación. Los resultados muestran una relación entre las prácticas evaluativas del docente y sus sistemas de creencias acerca de lo literario, así como una concepción predominantemente certificativa de la evaluación, que se manifiesta en los instrumentos evaluativos utilizados.

Apresenta-se pesquisa desenvolvida em 2011, em Santiago de Chile; um estudo de casos sobre as avaliações que professores do Segundo Ciclo da Educação Básica realizam para as leituras literárias prescritas no plano de leitura complementar. Indagou-se a relação entre crenças e representações de professores sobre a leitura literária e sua forma de avaliá-la no plano leitor do conteúdo Linguagem e Comunicação. Resultados mostraram uma relação entre as práticas avaliativas do docente e seus sistemas de crenças a respeito do literário, bem como uma concepção predominantemente certificativa da avaliação, que se manifesta nos instrumentos avaliativos utilizados.

The reading of literature during childhood allows the child reader to explore the world of fiction in which different realities are characterized by a series of social interactions and, therefore, by emotional processes. In the present article, the authors highlight the way in which the reading of child literature contributes to the emotional and social development of the children through a process named “mediated reading”. During this process, the adult reader operates as a mediator of the emotional “fictional” experience of the characters of the narration, of the tale and of those real processes that characterize the context and the vital experience of the children. Furthermore, the narration is not intended to draw the children into the “teaching” of a specific emotion. In this way, the mediated reading of literature during childhood operates as a tool of emotional literacy, a process that allows the recognition of the own and the other’s emotions as a way of developing empathy and pro-social behavior. The article finishes by discussing the scope of the process of mediated reading of child literature as a tool that promotes the schooling inclusion and allows the interaction between the cognitive and affective aspects in the formal education.

La lectura de literatura en la infancia permite al niño lector explorar mundos de ficción en los que se representan distintas realidades caracterizadas por una serie de interacciones sociales y, por ende, por procesos emocionales. En el presente artículo, los autores destacan los aportes de la lectura de literatura infantil en el desarrollo emocional y social de los niños, a través del proceso denominado “lectura mediada”. En este proceso, el adulto lector opera como un mediador de la experiencia emocional “ficcional” de los personajes en la narración, del relato y aquellos procesos reales que caracterizan el contexto y la experiencia vital de los niños, sin que la base de la narración sea direccionarlos para “enseñar” cierta emoción. De esta forma, la lectura mediada de literatura en la infancia opera como una herramienta de alfabetización emocional, proceso que permite el reconocimiento de emociones en sí mismo y en los otros, siendo esta la base de la empatía y conducta prosocial. El artículo finaliza discutiendo los alcances del proceso de lectura mediada de literatura infantil como una herramienta que favorece la inclusión escolar, y permite la interacción entre los aspectos cognitivos y afectivos en la educación formal.

A leitura de textos literários na infância permite à criança leitora explorar mundos de ficção nos quais são representadas distintas realidades, caracterizadas por uma série de interações sociais e, portanto, de processos emocionais. No presente artigo, os autores destacam as contribuições da leitura de textos da literatura infantil no desenvolvimento emocional e social das crianças, através de um processo denominado “leitura mediada”. Neste processo, o leitor adulto atúa como um mediador da experiência emocional fictícia dos personagens da narrativa, do relato e daqueles processos reais que caracterizam o contexto e a experiência de vida das crianças, sem que a base da narrativa seja direcioná-las para o ensino de determinadas emoções. Desta forma, a leitura mediada de textos literários na infância opera como uma ferramenta de alfabetização emocional, processo que permite o reconhecimento de emoções em si mesmo e nos outros, sendo esta a base da empatia y da conduta pró-social. O artigo finaliza discutindo os alcances do processo de leitura mediada da literatura infantil como uma ferramenta que favorece a inclusão escolar e permite a interação entre os aspectos cognitivos e afetivos na educação formal.

Background: Surgical treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis is mainly ¡imited to the management of sequelae such as bronchiectasis, hemoptysis and brochopleural fistulae. Aim: To review the data of patients who underwent surgical treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Material and methods: Retrospective review of 33 patients aged 18 to 73 years (24 males) who underwent lung resection surgery for the management of pulmonary tuberculosis. Follow-up data were obtained from outpatient visit records and registries of the national tuberculosis program. Results: The reasons to perform surgery were the following: fifteen for hemoptysis, nine for lung destruction and nine for an active and multiresistant disease. No patient died in the postoperative period. The morbidity observed included empyema (n =5), pneumothorax (n =2), bronchopleural fístula (n =2) and hemothorax (n =2). At six months offollow up, six of the nine patients with active tuberculosis had negative acid-fast bacilli on sputum smear. Two of these patients died, one due to respiratory failure and another by an unrelated cause. Both dead patients had negative acid-fast bacilli on sputum smear. Conclusions: Surgery in pulmonary tuberculosis has a high rate of complications butmay be usefulin selectedpatients.

This article examines the intervening process by which the children reader establishes a dialogue with the literature fiction's worlds, highlighting the psychological and textual mechanisms that operate on the literary infantile competition's base. The authors articulate the concepts of "enunciative pact" and "decoupling mechanism", coming from the literary theory and psychology, respectively, in order to conjecture an explanation about the process that allows the children to assume the enunciates of fiction even when these be denotatively empty and does not correspond to a referent from the reality. At the same time, the propose is that the reading of literature in infancy would be able to opérate like a tool of "emotional literacy", through the recognition of emotions and experiences from fiction, and the correspondent projection in the infantile vital experience.

El presente artículo reflexiona en torno al proceso mediante el cual el niño lector establece un diálogo con los mundos Acciónales de la literatura, destacando los mecanismos psicológicos y textuales que operan en la base de la competencia literaria infantil. Los autores articulan los conceptos de "pacto enunciativo" y "mecanismo desacoplador", provenientes de la teoría literaria y de la psicología, respectivamente, para conjeturar una explicación en torno al proceso que permite al niño asumir los enunciados de ficción aun cuando estos sean denotativamente vacíos y no se correspondan con referentes de la realidad. A su vez, se propone que la lectura de literatura en la infancia podría operar como una herramienta de alfabetización emocional, mediante el reconocimiento de emociones y experiencias de la ficción, y su correspondiente proyección en la experiencia vital infantil.