The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had a profound impact on global health and socio-economic conditions. To date, various vaccines have been administered worldwide in an effort to curb the spread of the virus. Despite vaccination efforts, there have been complications. Existing antiviral drugs have shown limited effectiveness, prompting the use of computational methods to understand the dynamics of the virus and develop suitable treatments. The current study focuses on using biocompatible para-sulfonato-calix[4]arenes to dock against two key proteins of SARS-CoV-2, namely ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent RNA polymerase, and helicase. Docking results indicate a strong binding affinity of these compounds to the target proteins, with higher scores compared to commonly used medications. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation validates the docking results, showing stable protein-ligand complexes over time. The compounds are also screened for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties and toxicity, suggesting their potential as lead candidates for inhibiting the virus’s key proteins. However, further in vivo and in vitro studies are recommended to confirm these findings. COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 pandemic SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV , (SARS-CoV-2) socioeconomic socio economic conditions date efforts complications effectiveness treatments parasulfonatocalix4arenes parasulfonatocalixarenes para sulfonato calix 4 arenes 2, SARS-CoV-2 RNAdependent dependent polymerase helicase medications MD (MD proteinligand protein ligand time absorption distribution metabolism toxicity viruss s However findings COVID1 1 (COVID-1 (SARS-CoV-2 parasulfonatocalix SARS-CoV- (COVID- (SARS-CoV- SARS-CoV (COVID (SARS-CoV

The aim of present work was to investigate blends of Eudragit® NE 30D with Aquacoat® ECD using different ratios to eliminate curing effect associated with individual polymers. Propranolol HCl 10% w/w was layered onto sugar cores using 5% w/w HPMC as a binder. Drug-layered-cores were coated either with pure or blends of Aquacoat® ECD: Eudragit® NE 30D in a fluidized bed coater to obtain 20% w/w coating level. Talc 35% w/w was used as anti-tacking agent. The pellets were characterized for in vitro dissolution studies, morphology, water uptake-weight loss, osmolality and adhesion of coating after curing at 60 °C or 60 °C/75% RH for 24 h. The findings revealed that Aquacoat® ECD coated pellets showed curing effect due to further gradual coalescence of polymeric particles which resulted into better film formation upon curing. In contrast, the curing effect of Eudragit® NE 30D coated pellets was caused by decrease in adhesion of coatings after curing which provided entirely different swelling behavior of uncured (localized swelling) and cured (uniform swelling) pellets. The undesired curing effect of individual polymers was eliminated by using their blends in appropriate ratio.

La evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de las aguas subterráneas muestra una extrema sensibilidad a los contaminantes antropogénicos in situ. A partir de una evaluación dicotómica (inter alia) de las características geológicas e hidrológicas fue posible determinar la vulnerabilidad de un acuífero. Se precisó que la capacidad de carga natural del acuífero puede verse seriamente comprometida con determinadas actividades humanas. La estructura y el material de la composición física de los acuíferos muestra resistencia al transporte de contaminantes desde la superficie hasta la capa freática. En la actualidad, se han planteado numerosos métodos para evaluar la vulnerabilidad del acuífero. El modelo DRASTIC utiliza algoritmos informáticos y datos hidrogeológicos dentro de un entorno de Sistema de Información Geográfica (GIS, por sus siglas en inglés) para calcular la vulnerabilidad. El grado de vulnerabilidad de cada parámetro puede evaluarse mediante el cálculo del análisis de sensibilidad del índice DRASTIC, utilizando GIS, y muestra la contribución de cada uno de estos parámetros. El GIS se utilizó para la elaboración del mapa, el cual muestra una alta zona de riesgo del 28,8%, zonas moderadamente vulnerables del 46,3% y zonas de riesgo del 10,4%. Dentro del área de estudio, las regiones centrales mostraron una baja vulnerabilidad debido a la densidad de asentamientos humanos y el bajo nivel de agua. Sin embargo, las tierras de tipo pastos y áreas agrícolas registraron un alto riesgo. El desarrollo ambiental y socioeconómico de Lahore depende de los políticos y los desarrolladores, y de capacidad de utilizar la información de manera efectiva para la toma de decisiones. El mapa de vulnerabilidad de las aguas subterráneas proporciona una base y está enfocada a la protección del acuífero de contaminantes. Además, el uso del suelo y las actividades de desarrollo pueden ser reportados por las variables de asignación, lo que demuestra que las zonas industriales y agrícolas son altamente vulnerables comparados con las zonas de asentamiento.

Groundwater vulnerability assessment shows an extreme sensitivity to in situ anthro-pogenic pollutants. A dichotomous assessment of geological and hydrological (inter alia) characteristics makes it possible to determine the vulnerability of an aquifer. The natural carrying capacity of aquifer can be severely compromised by human activities. The physical structure and material composition of aquifers shows resistance to contaminants transport from surface to water-table. Currently, numerous methods have been posited evaluating aquifer's vulnerability. Similarly the DRASTIC model utilizes computer algorithms and hydro-geological data within a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment to compute aquifer vulnerability. The degree of vulnerability for each parameter can be evaluated by computing sensitivity analysis of DRASTIC index using GIS, showing the contribution of each parameter to vulnerability sensitivity. The GIS was used to developed map which showed high risk area of 28.8% and moderately vulnerable areas of 46.3% while areas of no risk were 10.4%. Central regions within the study area showed low vulnerability due to dense human settlement and low water level. However, pasture type lands and agricultural areas recorded high risk. Lahore's environmental and socio-economic development is dependent on policy makers and planner's ability to use information effectively for decision making. The resultant groundwater vulnerability map provides a basis for this aimed at protecting the aquifer from pollutants. Additionally, land use and development activities can be informed by mapping variables, showing that industrial and agriculture areas are highly vulnerable as compare to settlement areas.

In this work, plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was achieved from leaf and internode derived callus of Wedelia calendulacea, an endangered medicinal plant. Primary callus was induced by culturing leaf disc and internode explant on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 of 2,4-D under light condition. Transfer of embryogenic callus on a reduced concentration of 2,4-D facilitated somatic embryo development while calluses remained unorganized at the same 2,4-D level. A histological analysis confirmed somatic embryo by revealing the presence of a closed vascular system in the developing embryos and lack of a vascularconnection with surrounding callus tissues. Somatic embryos germinated into plantlets upon transfer on MS medium containing 1.0 mg L-1 BAP plus 0.5 mg L-1 GA3. Plantlets were acclimatized successfully and survived under soil condition. This is the first on somatic embryogenesis of W.calendulacea. This result could facilitate genetic transformation of this important medicinal plant.