Resumen Introducción. La polinización es importante en gran parte de los sistemas productivos mundiales, tal es el caso del cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), el cual depende de la actividad de los insectos para su polinización. Objetivo. Recopilar las investigaciones más relevantes que incluyen los factores determinantes en la polinización del cultivo de cacao. Desarrollo. El presente trabajo fue realizado entre 2021 y 2022, con una búsqueda exhaustiva de bibliografía relacionada con la polinización y polinizadores del cultivo de cacao, en artículos científicos, en español, inglés y portugués. La información de obtuvo a partir de bases de datos, repositorios de universidades, revistas de investigación y bibliotecas agropecuarias digitales. La polinización del cultivo de cacao se atribuye a dípteros de la familia Ceratopogonidae, del género Forcipomyia sp, que se observan con mayor abundancia en época lluviosa. La presencia del insecto se ha relacionado con materiales en descomposición presentes en la cobertura del suelo, por su hábito reproductivo, por lo que se considera importante proporcionar refugios con humedad para que las larvas del polinizador puedan desarrollarse. Conclusiones. Comprender las dinámicas de polinización del cacao y los factores que la afectan es esencial para conservar y aumentar los rendimientos de los cultivos, así como los ingresos de los agricultores del mundo. Además, en el cultivo de cacao existen factores bióticos, como la presencia de polinizadores, clones utilizados y arreglos forestales, y factores abióticos, como la precipitación, temperatura, radiación y la cobertura del suelo, que marcan una pauta inicial a tener en cuenta en los sistemas productivos.

Abstract Introduction. Pollination is important in many agricultural systems worldwide, including cocoa cultivation (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivation, which relies on insect activity for pollination. Objective. To compile the most relevant research on determining factors in cocoa crop pollination. Development. This work was carried out between 2021 and 2022, with an exhaustive search of literature related to cocoa crop pollination and pollinators in scientific articles, in Spanish, English, and Portuguese. Information was obtained from databases, university repositories, research journals, and digital agricultural libraries. The pollination of the cocoa crop is attributed to dipterans of the family Ceratopogonidae, specifically the genus Forcipomyia sp, which are more abundant during the rainy season. The presence of the insect has been associated with decomposing materials in the soil cover, due to its reproductive habits, making it important to provide moist shelters for the development of the pollinator larvae. Conclusions. Understanding cocoa pollination dynamics and the factors that affect it, is essential for conserving and increasing crop yields and farmers' income worldwide. In cocoa cultivation, both biotic factors such as the presence of pollinators, clones used, and forest arrangements, and abiotic factors such as precipitation, temperature, radiation, and soil cover, play an initial role to consider in agricultural systems.

Aim: To compare the current results of three surgical techniques in patients operated on for Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH); Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP), Transurethral Resection (TURP) and Open Prostatectomy (PA). Disease that currently presents changes in its clinical presentation and greater comorbidities at the time of surgery. Materials and Method: Retrospective analysis of 1211 consecutive patients operated on in the same center for BPH between 2008 and 2017 and with at least 6 months of postoperative evaluation. The periperative characteristics and comorbidities were recorded, comparing the intra- and post-operative results obtained according to the surgical technique used. A univariate and bivariate analysis was performed using SPSS version 17. To compare categorical variables, we used Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. Results: At the time of surgery 769 patients (63.5%) were on medical therapy for BPH, 268 (22.1%) had urinary retention and 212 (17.5%) were on anticoagulant-antiplatelet therapy. HoLEP was performed in 423 patients (36.9%), TURP in 651 (56.9%) and PA in 71 (6.2%). Those operated on by HoLEP had a significantly higher frequency of preoperative anticoagulant therapy than TURP (9.2% vs. 4.9%), maintaining a similar transfusion rate postoperatively (0.5%). The greatest need for transfusion is presented by those operated on by AP 5.6%. The time of catheterization and hospital stay is significantly shorter in those who undergo HoLEP; 3.7 days v / s 4.4 in TUR and 7.1 in PA. Age, presence of coronary heart disease and kidney failure are also determinants of the length of hospital stay. At the sixth month after surgery, patients operated on by HoLEP had a significantly better peak urinary flow and lower residual volume. Conclusions: In this serie, patients with BPH at the time of requiring surgery, presents conditions that are associated with a longer hospitalization time: age, coronary heart disease and kidney failure. We confirmed that those who underwent HoLEP had a significantly shorter hospitalization and functional results, similar to TURP and AP

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar el resultado actual de tres técnicas quirúrgicas en pacientes intervenidos por Hiperplasia Benigna de Próstata (HPB); Enucleación láser de próstata (HoLEP), Resección transuretral (RTU) y Prostatectomía Abierta (PA). Enfermedad que actualmente presenta cambios en su presentación clínica y mayores comorbilidades al momento de la cirugía. Materiales y Método: Análisis retrospectivo de 1. 211 pacientes consecutivos e intervenidos en un mismo centro por HPB entre 2008 y 2017 y con al menos 6 meses de evaluación posoperatoria. Se registró las características periperatorias y comorbilidades, comparando los resultados intra y post operatorios obtenidos según la técnica quirúrgica empleada. Se realizó análisis uni y bivariados en programa SPSS versión 17. Para comparar variables categóricas empleamos test exacto de Fisher y para las variables continuas la prueba de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Al momento de la cirugía 769 pacientes (63,5%) se encuentran en terapia médica por HPB, 268 (22,1%) presentan retención urinaria y 212 (17,5%) se encuentran en terapia anticoagulante-antiagregante. Se realizó HoLEP en 423 pacientes (36,9%), RTU en 651 (56,9%) y PA en 71 (6,2%). Aquellos intervenidos por HoLEP tienen significativa mayor frecuencia de terapia anticoagulante preoperatoria que RTU (9,2% v/s 4,9 %), manteniendo similar tasa de transfusión en post operatorio (0,5%). La mayor necesidad de transfusión la presentan los intervenidos por PA 5,6%. El tiempo de cateterismo y estadía hospitalaria es significativamente más breve en quienes se someten a HoLEP; 3,7 días v/s 4,4 en RTU y 7,1 en PA. También resultan determinantes del tiempo estadía hospitalaria la edad, presencia de cardiopatía coronaria y falla renal. Al sexto mes de la cirugía los pacientes intervenidos por HoLEP tienen un significativo mejor flujo urinario máximo y menor volumen residual. Conclusiones: En esta serie, los pacientes con HBP al momento de requerir cirugía presentan condiciones que se asocian a mayor tiempo de hospitalización: edad, cardiopatía coronaria y falla renal. Confirmamos que aquellos intervenidos con HoLEP registran una hospitalización significativamente más breve y resultados funcionales similares a RTU y PA.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The intensity of the thromboprophylaxis needed as a potential factor for preventing inpatient mortality due to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between anticoagulation intensity and COVID-19 survival. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational study in a tertiary-level hospital in Spain. METHODS: Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) status was ascertained based on prescription at admission. To control for immortal time bias, anticoagulant use was analyzed as a time-dependent variable. RESULTS: 690 patients were included (median age, 72 years). LMWH was administered to 615 patients, starting from hospital admission (89.1%). 410 (66.7%) received prophylactic-dose LMWH; 120 (19.5%), therapeutic-dose LMWH; and another 85 (13.8%) who presented respiratory failure, high D-dimer levels (> 3 mg/l) and non-worsening of inflammation markers received prophylaxis of intermediate-dose LMWH. The overall inpatient-mortality rate was 38.5%. The anticoagulant nonuser group presented higher mortality risk than each of the following groups: any LMWH users (HR 2.1; 95% CI: 1.40-3.15); the prophylactic-dose heparin group (HR 2.39; 95% CI, 1.57-3.64); and the users of heparin dose according to biomarkers (HR 6.52; 95% CI, 2.95-14.41). 3.4% of the patients experienced major hemorrhage. 2.8% of the patients developed an episode of thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study showed that LMWH administered at the time of admission was associated with lower mortality among unselected adult COVID-19 inpatients. The magnitude of the benefit may have been greatest for the intermediate-dose subgroup. Randomized controlled trials to assess the benefit of heparin within different therapeutic regimes for COVID-19 patients are required.

Resumen Contexto: La conformación de conglomerados habitacionales ilegales, en la mayoría de los casos, sin saneamiento básico adecuado, puede generar deterioro de los recursos naturales. El presente estudio evaluó el impacto ambiental asociado al vertimiento de aguas servidas urbanas (ASU) sobre suelos y cuerpos de agua, en un aglomerado urbano ilegal del municipio de Villavicencio. Metodología: A partir de 15 puntos de muestreo se determinaron parámetros fisicoquímicos de agua: serie de sólidos, turbiedad, color, demanda química de oxígeno (DQO), pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), oxígeno disuelto (OD); y de suelo: pH, CE, capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC) y concentración de C, N y elementos traza, para identificar impactos sobre los recursos en el área de estudio. Resultados: Las muestras de ASU presentaron valores elevados en parámetros como turbiedad (326 NTU), color (744 UPC) y DQO bruta (600 a 1500 mg l-1). En los análisis de cuerpos de agua aledaños al sector, la DQO varió entre 368 y 429 mg l-1. Asimismo, el OD osciló entre 5,7 y 7,1 mg l-1, valores que resultaron favorables para los cauces; sin embargo, fueron bajos para el ASU (0,9 mg l-1). Por su parte, se determinó una alteración significativa en propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo como pH (5,8-8,2), CIC (8,2-16,78 mEq-g 100 g-1), CE (57,6-517,3 µS cm-1) y N (0,03-0,84 mg kg-1) asociadas principalmente a los vertimientos. Conclusiones: Fue posible identificar un efecto negativo en los recursos agua y suelo, generado por descargas descontroladas de ASU en el lugar, lo cual se encuentra relacionado una pérdida de servicios ambientales y baja calidad de vida.

Abstract Context: The formation of illegal housing conglomerates, in most cases, without adequate basic sanitation, can lead to deterioration of natural resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental impact associated with the urban sewage discharge (USD) on ground and water bodies in an illegal urban agglomeration in the Villavicencio municipality. Methodology: From 15 sampling points, physicochemical parameters of water were determined: solids series, turbidity, color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and soil: pH, EC, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and C, N and trace elements concentration, to relate and identify the impacts on resources in the study area. Results: The USD samples presented high values in parameters such as turbidity (326 NTU), color (744 UPC) and crude COD that ranged from 600 to 1500 mg L-1. In the water bodies surrounding the sector, the COD varied between 368 and 429 mg L-1. Likewise, DO ranged from 5,7 to 7,1 mg L-1, values that were favorable for the channels, however, they were low for the USD (0,9 mg L-1). On the other hand, a significant alteration was determined in soil physicochemical properties such as pH (5,8-8,2), CEC (8,2-16,8 mEq-g 100 g-1), EC (57,6- 517,3 µS cm-1) and N (0,03-0,84 mg Kg-1) mainly associated with discharges. Conclusions: It was possible to identify a negative effect on water and soil resources, generated by uncontrolled discharges of USD in the place, which is related to a loss of environmental services and low life quality.

Resumen Se evaluó la diversidad y dinámica poblacional de la artropofauna presente en cultivos de arroz bajo los sistemas de siembra secano y riego, con dos variedades de arroz (Fedearroz 174 y Fedearroz 733) y en tres densidades de siembra (60, 100 y 180 kg/ha) en relación a diferentes variables climáticas. Para la recolección de especímenes, se realizaron 10 pases dobles de red entomológica cada ocho días desde la emergencia hasta el inicio de la fase de maduración del grano. Los morfotipos encontrados fueron identificados y agrupados según su tipo de interacción con el cultivo en chupadores, masticadores, depredadores y parasitoides. Las variables climáticas más relevantes se seleccionaron con un análisis de Random Forest. Se identificaron 126 morfotipos en 12 órdenes. La mayor riqueza se encontró en Hemiptera, Coleoptera y Diptera, así como en el grupo de chupadores. No se encontraron diferencias en la abundancia o riqueza de artrópodos entre variedades o densidades de siembra. El sistema de siembra con riego presentó una mayor abundancia total de artrópodos en comparación con el sistema secano, pero en este sistema hubo una mayor riqueza de especies. Las poblaciones de parasitoides y depredadores se correlacionaron negativamente con los masticadores, pero no se presentó ningún efecto sobre los chupadores. La temperatura y la humedad relativa fueron las variables climáticas de mayor relevancia en la dinámica de los artrópodos. Estos resultados contribuyen para el desarrollo de sistemas de monitoreo y manejo de plagas que tengan en cuenta las dinámicas de interacción entre grupos ecológicos y el efecto del clima local.

Abstract The diversity and population dynamics of the arthropods present in rice crops under dry and irrigated planting systems were evaluated, with two rice varieties (Fedearroz 174 and Fedearroz 733), and in three planting densities (60, 100, and 180 kg/ha) in relation to different climatic variables. For specimen collection, 10 double entomological net passes were performed every eight days from emergence to the start of the maturation phase. The morphotypes found were identified and grouped according to their type of interaction with the crop in sap-suckers, chewers, predators, and parasitoids. The most relevant climatic variables were selected with a Random Forest analysis. 126 morphotypes were identified in 12 orders. The greatest richness was found in Hemiptera, Coleoptera and Diptera, as well as in the group of suckers. No differences were found in the abundance or richness of arthropods between varieties or planting densities. The irrigation system presented a greater total abundance of arthropods compared to the rainfed system, but in this system, there was higher species richness. Parasitoid and predator populations were negatively correlated with chewers but there was no effect on sap-suckers. Temperature and relative humidity were the most relevant climatic variables in arthropod dynamics. These results contribute to develop pest monitoring and management systems that take into account the dynamics of interaction between ecological groups and the effect of local climate.

Resumo Neste artigo, exploramos o desenvolvimento e a consolidação do conhecimento especializado em medicina social, que se constituiu como o arcabouço intelectual das políticas de saúde no Chile durante a primeira metade do século XX. O objetivo central descreve e analisa os debates e formas de sociabilidade que os médicos desenvolveram, caracterizando as modelos de ingerência na esfera pública, consideradas partes fundamentais de uma ação política que legitimou certas perspectivas de análise e propostas legislativas, que estavam na base dos debates a respeito da definição do papel do Estado e da previdência. Por meio da análise documental de iniciativas de direito, opinião pública, periódicos especializados e sociabilidade intelectual, aborda-se a configuração histórica da legitimidade tecnocrática no Chile contemporâneo, que marcou um tipo de intervenção da sociedade civil por meio da constituição de agendas e propostas para a solução dos problemas descritos como "públicos".

Abstract In this article we explore the development and consolidation of expert knowledge in social medicine, which was constituted as the intellectual framework of health policies in Chile during the first half of the twentieth century. The central objective describes and analyze the debates and forms of sociability that the doctors developed, characterizing the forms of interference in the public sphere, considered as fundamental parts of a political action that legitimized certain perspectives of analysis and legislative proposals, that were in the base of the debates regarding their definition of the role of the State and the welfare. Through the documentary analysis of initiatives of law, public opinion, expert journals and intellectual sociability, the historical configuration of the technocratic legitimacy in contemporary Chile is approached, which marked a type of intervention of the civil society through the constitution of agendas and proposals for the solution of those problems described as "public".

Abstract Córdoba’s political forces between the order of the notables and the expansion of democracy. Considerations on the concepts of left and right In this essay we propose to problematize the relevance of classifying different Cordovan political forces as conservative or progressive, with a leading role between the late nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth, especially from the position of cleavages that divided the local society -in around the type of political regime and the relations between State and Church- at different times. The starting point of our analysis coincides with the first major challenges, since 1890, to the oligarchic regime, inaugurated ten years earlier with the accession of Julio A. Roca to the Argentine presidency. The closure is located in the coup d’état of 1930. The selected actors are, on the one hand, the political forces that, with different organicity, before and after 1912 brought together the ruling groups of the oligarchic regime. On the other hand, currents with permanent or eventual action in radicalism.

Resumen Las fuerzas políticas cordobesas entre el orden notabiliar y la ampliación de la democracia. Consideraciones en torno a los conceptos de derechas e izquierdas En este ensayo nos proponemos problematizar sobre la pertinencia de clasificar como conservadoras o progresistas a diferentes fuerzas políticas cordobesas con protagonismo entre fines del siglo XIX y las primeras décadas del XX, en especial a partir del posicionamiento ante clivajes que en diferentes momentos dividieron la sociedad local en torno al tipo de régimen político y a las relaciones entre Estado e Iglesia. El punto de inicio de nuestro análisis coincide con las primeras impugnaciones de peso, desde 1890, al régimen oligárquico, inaugurado diez años antes con el acceso de Julio A. Roca a la presidencia argentina. El cierre se ubica en el golpe de Estado de 1930. Los actores seleccionados son, por un lado, las fuerzas políticas que, con diversa organicidad, antes y después de 1912 reunieron a los grupos gobernantes del régimen oligárquico. Por otro lado, corrientes con actuación, permanente o eventual, en el radicalismo.

Resumen Los aislantes térmicos son de gran importancia en equipos en los que la temperatura es uno de los factores fundamentales para su buen funcionamiento. Con el pasar de los años se han fabricado distintos tipos de aislantes sintéticos, pero a medida que los combustibles fósiles comienzan a escasear, la humanidad se ha visto en la necesidad de investigar sobre otros materiales que presenten características iguales o superiores a las de los sintéticos, lo que da paso a la investigación de los aislantes térmicos naturales. En el presente artículo se investigan los efectos de la aplicación de un aislante térmico de origen 100 % natural en un equipo des-hidratador solar indirecto para secado de frutas. En este contexto se simularon equipos con y sin aislamiento térmico con el fin de comparar las temperaturas internas y, de esta manera, determinar la eficiencia y aplicabilidad del aislante térmico. Se concluyó que el aislante térmico presenta resultados favorables como, por ejemplo, el aumento de la temperatura interna en un 20 %, lo que influye de forma directa en el tiempo de secado. De esta manera, se estableció que el aislante térmico natural puede utilizarse en un deshidratador solar indirecto y reducir de esta forma el tiempo de secado, así como aumentar su eficiencia y contribuir con el medio ambiente.

Abstract Thermal insulators are of great significance in equipment where temperature is one of the main factors for its proper functioning. Over the years, different types of synthetic insulators have been manufactured. However, as it is well known that fossil fuels are becoming scarce with the time, humanity has seen the need to investigate sustainable materials with equal or improved characteristics than those of synthetic ones, leading to the investigation of natural thermal insulators. In the present article the effects on the application of a thermal insulation 100% made from natural fiber placed in an indirect solar fruit dehydrator is investigated. In this context, equipment with and without thermal insulation was computer simulated in order to compare the internal temperatures and thus, determine the efficiency and applicability of the thermal insulator. It was concluded that the natural fiber thermal insulator presents favorable results such as the increase on the internal temperature by 20% which directly influences the drying time. In this way, it was established that the natural thermal insulation can be used in an indirect solar dehydrator reducing the drying time, increasing its efficiency and contributing to the environment.

RESUMO Introdução: Já foram enumeradas diversas vantagens quanto à eficiência dos braquetes autoligáveis (BAL). Apesar das controvérsias na literatura, resultados clínicos confirmam que o “desenvolvimento da arcada” demanda menos extrações. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as mudanças nos planos transversal e sagital em pacientes tratados com braquetes convencionais (BC) e pacientes tratados com BAL e arcos superdimensionados. Métodos: A amostra foi selecionada de um grupo de 300 pacientes tratados consecutivamente por um mesmo ortodontista: 51 pacientes com BAL e arcos superdimensionados, e 55 com BC. Esses dois grupos foram comparados a um grupo controle (GC) de 20 pacientes. Todos os modelos de gesso foram escaneados e pontos de referência dentários foram mensurados, para se identificar as mudanças entre o início (T0) e o fim do tratamento (T1). Radiografias cefalométricas laterais foram analisadas para identificar mudanças nos incisivos inferiores (IMPA) e na angulação distal dos primeiros molares inferiores (MAng). A confiabilidade intraexaminador foi testada por meio de uma análise de regressão linear. Para garantir que os grupos fossem comparáveis em T0, realizou-se o teste ANOVA com intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% para todos os valores. Para avaliar as mudanças entre T0 e T1 em todos os grupos, foi utilizado o teste t de Student com IC de 95%. Por fim, os resultados dos três grupos foram comparados utilizando-se o teste ANOVA (IC 95%) e um teste post-hoc. Resultados: Foram registrados aumentos em todas as variáveis transversais nos dois grupos tratados (BC e BAL), com exceção da distância intercaninos inferiores no grupo BAL. As maiores diferenças de T0 para T1 ocorreram no IMPA do grupo BC e na angulação distal de molares (MAng) do grupo BAL. Conclusões: Ambos os grupos, BAL com arcos superdimensionados e BC, apresentaram aumento em todas as variáveis no plano transversal, com exceção da distância intercaninos inferiores no grupo BAL. Em comparação ao grupo BC, menores diferenças nos valores de IMPA foram observadas no grupo BAL, no qual aconteceu angulação distal de molares.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Several advantages have been established regarding the efficiency of self-ligating brackets (SL). In spite of some controversy surrounding this question in the literature, clinical results confirm that “arch development” requires fewer extractions. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare changes in the transverse and sagittal planes in patients treated with conventional ligating brackets (CL)as well as in patients treated with SL brackets and oversized arches. Methods: A sample was selected from a pool of 300 consecutive cases treated by a single clinician: 51 patients with SL brackets and oversized wires, and 55 with CL brackets. These two groups were compared with a control group of 20 patients. All plaster models were scanned and dental landmarks were measured to identify changes from commencement (T0) to conclusion (T1) of treatment. Lateral cephalograms were analyzed for changes in the lower incisor (IMPA) and the first lower molar distal angulation (MAng). Intraoperator reliability was tested with linear regression analysis. To assure all groups were comparable at T0, an ANOVA test with a 95%confidence interval (CI) was performed for all values. To assess changes from T0 to T1 in all groups, a Student’s t-test with 95% CI was used. Finally, results from the three groups were compared using an ANOVA-test (95% CI) and a post-hoc test. Results: Increases in all the transverse variables were recorded in the two groups treated (SL and CL), except for the lower intercanine distance in the SL group. IMPA difference from T0 to T1 was higher in the CL group, and molar distal angulation (MAng) took place in the SL group. Conclusions: Self-ligating brackets with oversized arches and conventional ligating brackets showed increases in all variables in the transverse plane, except for the SL group at the mandibular intercanine distance. In comparison with the CL group, fewer different IMPA values were observed in the SL group, in which distal molar angulation occurred.

ABSTRACT Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic disease of arid regions in the Western hemisphere. Its clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic nodules on chest x-rays to disseminated disease. We present the case of a 48-year-old man with a hard and heterogeneous tumor in the posterior aspect of the right testis. Color flow doppler testicular ultrasonography was performed and two nodular masses in the tail of the right epididymis were identified. An epididymectomy was performed and histopathological examination revealed coccidioidomycosis. After diagnosis, the patient was successfully treated with fluconazol.

El estudio de las elites parlamentarias en espacios regionales abre un conjunto de problemáticas que permiten indagar en las relaciones entre su capital social, los espacios de sociabilidad y su poder político. A través de una combinación de fuentes de corte biográfico, publicaciones bibliográficas, boletines industriales, empresariales y datos electorales, este artículo se introduce en la historia política del Gran Concepción y desde allí permite repensar varias tesis que se han indicado sobre el desarrollo electoral e ideológico de la cultura política nacional. Así para los años que se extienden entre 1957 y 1973 se interroga ¿cuáles son los espacios de sociabilidad más importantes en el perfil del parlamentario electo en el Gran Concepción? ¿Se pueden establecer caracterizaciones de un perfil sociobiográfico que permita comprender quién debe ser electo por las comunidades partidarias? ¿Podemos afirmar la existencia de una cultura política regional, en la que ciertos factores se vuelvan centrales para comprender este espacio como generador de elites parlamentarias?

The study of congressional elites in regional spaces unfolds a wide array of problems which allow for the understanding of issues as varied as the ways in which political capital is accumulated as for the nature of regional, spaces of sociability and party cultures. Through the combined use of a variety of sources -such as biographies, bibliographical publications, entrepreneurial and industrial bulletins and electoral records- this article explores in the political history of the Gran Concepción in Southern Chile. The results obtained have allowed for the revision of several hypotheses about the country’s electoral and ideological culture. Thus, for the years between 1957 and 1973 the questions posed are: How have, historically, the political capitals of members of Congress representing the Gran Concepción been built? Which distinctive features has this space and has this distinctiveness had influence in the emergence of political elites? Is it possible to sustain that there is a regional political culture? And finally, is there a relationship is there a relationships between state institutions, spaces of sociability and social networks in the construction of the political capital of the most important members of Congress representing the region?

The effect of the dietary protein level on growth and total body chemical composition of the native cichlid Bay snook (Petenia splendida), masculinized and non-masculinized, was studied. Five semi-purified diets with protein levels 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55% crude protein (CP) were formulated and evaluated by triplicate. Groups of 50 juveniles were each stocked in 70 L tanks and fed to apparent satiation for 42 days trial. At the end, weight gain (WG) (403.41%), body length (BL) (6.58 ± 0.10 cm) and specific growth rate (SRG) (1.67%/day) of the masculinized fish were obtained with the 45% CP diet, and they were significantly different (p = 0.002) from the other treatments. In the case of non-masculinized fish, the 45 and 55% CP treatments showed significant differences (p = 0.00001), with respect to other treatments, with a WG of 398 and 394%, SGR of 1.66 and 1.63%/day, protein productive value (PPV) of 28.91 and 29.21%, and feed conversion rate (FCR) of 1.23 and 1.08 respectively. Protein body composition for masculinized fish was different (p = 0.0001) only for fish fed 35% CP compared with fish at the beginning of the experiment. We conclude that the optimum protein requirement, estimated by the broken-line model for masculinized and non-masculinized P. splendida was 45 and 44.8% PC respectively.

Se evaluó el efecto del nivel de proteína sobre el crecimiento y composición química proximal del cíclido nativo tenguayaca (Petenia splendida) masculinizados y no masculinizados, para lo que se formularon cinco dietas semipurificadas con diferentes niveles de proteína cruda: 35, 40, 45, 50 y 55% PC, colocando 50 peces por tina (70 L) los cuales fueron alimentados a saciedad aparente por 42 días. Al final del periodo experimental, el mayor (p = 0.002) peso promedio (AW, 3.31 ± 0.46 g), longitud (BL, 6.58 ± 0.10 cm), ganancia en peso (WG, 403.41%) y tasa específica de crecimiento (SGR, 1.67%/día) en peces masculinizados se obtuvo para los alimentados con 45% CP. Los peces no masculinizados alimentados con las dietas de 45 y 55% CP fueron estadísticamente diferentes (p = 0.00001) en relación al WG (398 y 394%), SGR (1.66 y 1.63%/día), valor productivo de la proteína (PPV, 28.91 y 29.21%) y factor de conversión alimenticio (FCR, 1.23 y 1.08). La proteína corporal de los peces masculinizados fue estadísticamente diferente (p = 0.0001) para los peces alimentados con 35% CP comparados con los peces al inicio del experimento. Concluimos que el nivel óptimo de proteína estimado con el modelo de línea quebrada para los juveniles masculinizados y no masculinizados de P. splendida fue de 45 y 44.8% CP respectivamente.