Abstract To meet the market demand for fine, artisanal, and agroecological chocolates, companies called bean-to-bar have emerged, with full control over the production chain. They establish strict criteria for cocoa bean sourcing and chocolate production. One of the key stages in flavor development is fermentation, which occurs spontaneously through the microorganisms in the environment, fruit, fermentation boxes, and utensils. In the cocoa market, cocoa beans are classified into two types: bulk and flavor. Beans categorized as bulk are derived from commodity cocoa, a result of incorrect or incomplete fermentation, which does not lead to the development of aroma and flavor. Bulk cocoa is widely used in industrial chocolate production because, besides being cost-effective, it does not require fine flavors since other ingredients will be added. On the other hand, 'flavor' cocoa beans are well-fermented, thus developing their flavor and aroma compounds, and these are used in bean-to-bar processing. This present article is a review concerning the general aspect of cocoa microbiology, biochemistry, processing, and their effects on bean-to-bar chocolate production. artisanal chocolates beantobar bar emerged chain environment fruit boxes utensils types because costeffective, costeffective cost effective, effective cost-effective added hand 'flavor wellfermented, wellfermented well fermented, fermented well-fermented compounds processing microbiology biochemistry

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of six typical Brazilian cheeses (bovine milk coalho, goat milk coalho, fresh ricotta, manteiga, fresh Minas, and Padrão Minas). Padrão Minas cheese presented high acidity and the highest contents of protein, fat, and ash, while Ricotta cheese presented the lowest contents of protein, fat, and ash. Bovine milk coalho and Minas fresh cheeses were characterized as source of zinc. Manteiga cheese was characterized by the yellow color (higher b* values). Goat milk coalho cheese was characterized by the white color (higher L* values) and presented the highest concentration of minerals (potassium, iron, magnesium, calcium, manganese, and phosphorus). Part of the typical Brazilian cheeses did not agree with the legislation for moisture (5.9%) and fat in the dry matter (11.8%) classifications, as well as, did not have adequate concentrations of protein (65.4%) and fat (44.9%) stated in the label, being the non-conformity dependent on the cheese type. Furthermore, 30% of the cheeses (30%) disagreed with the microbiological Brazilian legislation, as they presented coliforms and/or coagulase-positive Staphylococcus counts above the limits. It can be concluded that the Brazilian cheeses are nutritive, but the microbial quality and nutritional labels need improvement.

Abstract In this study, we determined the nutritional and functional characteristics of cookies supplemented with chichá almond, gurguéia nut, and soursop residue using two developed cookie formulations and one standard formulation. Acceptance and purchase intention were evaluated. As the chichá almond 6 and gurguéia nut 2 formulations were sensorially viable, descriptive quantitative analysis, centesimal composition and caloric value, mineral levels, microbiological quality, bioactive compound levels, and antioxidant capacity were evaluated. In the hedonic scale test of the standard cookie, the chichá almond-6 and gurguéia nut-2 cookies obtained scores above 7 (“I liked it”) from 86.18%, 96.35%, and 93% of the evaluators, and 70.79%, 94.36%, and 83.2% of them said they would purchase the product, showing a statistically significant difference between formulations. The chichá almond 6 cookie presented higher ash, protein, lipid, copper, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, selenium, and zinc levels, and lower carbohydrate levels and total energy values, as well as a higher total phenolic compound, total flavonoid, and condensed tannin levels. The gurguéia nut 2 cookie showed higher vitamin C and antioxidant activity. The use of residue and Cerrado fruit flour proved to be viable in cookie production, conveying sensorially desirable, nutritional, and functional characteristics.

RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou elaborar barra de cereal adicionada de farinha integral de feijão-caupi, castanha de caju e banana passa e avaliar sua aceitação e composição química. Foram desenvolvidas três formulações, B1 com 5,25% de feijão-caupi, B2 7,5% e B3 com 15%. Os atributos sensoriais foram avaliados por 10 provadores treinados utilizando escala hedônica. Após este teste, duas formulações foram analisadas por 100 provadores não treinados utilizando os testes de comparação múltipla, comparação pareada e intenção de compra. A umidade foi determinada por secagem em estufa e as cinzas após calcinação das amostras em forno mufla. O teor de proteínas foi obtido pelo método de Macro-Kjeldahl e o de lipídeos por extração a quente em aparelho de Soxhlet. Os carboidratos foram determinados por diferença e os minerais pela técnica de espectrometria de emissão atômica com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado. Após teste com a equipe treinada, observou-se que a barra B3 recebeu a menor média em relação ao sabor. Com os provadores não treinados, verificou-se que as barras B1 e B2 são viáveis comercialmente e não apresentaram diferença na comparação pareada. O aumento de feijão-caupi promoveu um incremento nos teores de cinzas, lipídeos e proteínas. A barra B2 apresentou maior teor de cinzas, lipídeos e proteínas e a menor quantidade de carboidratos e umidade. As barras se apresentaram como fontes de ferro, fósforo, magnésio e zinco e com alto conteúdo de cobre e manganês. Concluiu-se que a barra de cereal elaborada contém alto teor de nutrientes e apresenta viabilidade sensorial.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to elaborate a cereal bar with whole cowpea flour, cashew nuts and bananas raisin and evaluate their acceptance and chemical composition. Three formulations were developed, B1 with 5.25% cowpea, B2 7.5% and B3 with 15%. Sensory attributes were assessed by 10 trained tasters using a hedonic scale. Two formulations were analyzed by 100 untrained tasters using the multiple comparison, paired comparison and purchase intention tests. The humidity was determined by drying in an oven and the ashes after calcination of the samples in a muffle furnace. The protein content was obtained by the Macro-Kjeldahl method and the lipid content by hot extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. Carbohydrates were determined by difference and minerals by the technique of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source. After testing with the trained team, it was observed that the B3 bar received the lowest average in relation to flavor. With untrained tasters, it was found that bars B1 and B2 are commercially viable and showed no difference in the paired comparison. The increase in cowpea promoted an increase in the levels of ash, lipids and proteins. Bar B2 showed the highest content of ash, lipids and proteins and the lowest amount of carbohydrates and moisture. The bars presented themselves as sources of iron, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc and with a high content of copper and manganese. It is concluded that the elaborated cereal bar contains high nutrients content and has sensory viability.

Resumo A fórmula infantil é a opção de alimento mais recomendada quando a amamentação não é possível. Para o melhor entendimento do comportamento gastrointestinal e da absorção dos nutrientes presentes nas fórmulas infantis, realizam-se estudos que simulam os processos de digestão. Este trabalho teve como objetivo discutir a evolução das fórmulas infantis com foco na avaliação da absorção de Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P e Zn, identificando métodos disponíveis para a avaliação de bioacessibilidade e de biodisponibilidade, de forma a melhor entender a absorção desses nutrientes. Para isto, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre fórmulas infantis e os métodos in vitro mais utilizados no estudo de minerais, com foco no consumo, na qualidade e nos aspectos tecnológicos. Foi constatada uma tendência mundial no aumento do consumo de fórmulas infantis e verificou-se que estudos de biodisponibilidade e bioacessibilidade de minerais, mesmo que ainda escassos, colaboram para a evolução e o desenvolvimento deste produto, visando a uma aproximação com a composição do leite materno. A pesquisa mostrou que a composição da fórmula infantil vem sendo constantemente aperfeiçoada por revisões das legislações e pela indústria, e que, para a obtenção de uma fórmula infantil com alta capacidade de absorção de nutrientes, devem ser realizados estudos de bioacessibilidade e/ou de biodisponibilidade, pois estes estudos possibilitam uma melhor compreensão da influência dos diferentes ingredientes na absorção dos nutrientes. Os estudos também mostraram que, para uma ingestão mais equilibrada, nas diferentes fases do lactente, são necessárias diferentes composições dos nutrientes nas fórmulas infantis.

Abstract Infant formula is the best alternative food for providing nutrition to the infant, when breastfeeding is not possible. For a better understanding of gastrointestinal behavior and absorption of nutrients present in infant formulas, studies that simulate digestion processes may be used. This study aimed to discuss the evolution of infant formulas with a focus on the evaluation of the absorption of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P and Zn, as well as identifying available methods for the assessment of bioaccessibility and bioavailability, in order to understand the absorption of these nutrients. For this purpose, a review was carried out about infant formulas and also about in vitro methods regarding the study of minerals, being focused on consumption, quality and technological aspects. A worldwide trend was observed in the increase concerning the consumption of infant formulas and it could be noted that studies of bioavailability and bioaccessibility of minerals, even if these studies are still scarce, collaborate for the evolution and development of this product, aiming to approximate the composition of breast milk. The review showed that the composition of the infant formula has been constantly improved by revisions of legislation and by the industry and, in order to obtain an infant formula with a high nutrient absorption capacity, bioaccessibility and / or bioavailability studies must be carried out, because these studies allow a better understanding of the influence of different ingredients on the absorption of nutrients. These studies have also shown that for making up a more balanced intake in the different stages of the infant, different compositions of infant formulas are required.

ABSTRACT Cheese bread presents great acceptance and market expansion. Due to the lack of standardization in its manufacturing, various ingredients can be added. It was aimed to determine the content of minerals, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in cheese bread enriched with biofortified cowpea. Two formulations were prepared, standard cheese bread (without cowpea) and enriched cheese bread. The minerals were analyzed using the plasma emission spectrometry technique with inductive coupling, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometry and the amines by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. All analyzes were performed in triplicate and for the comparison of the means between two variables, Student's t-test was applied and for multiple comparisons, the Tukey test. It was observed that the enriched cheese bread is source of copper, zinc and sodium and presents high content of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, considering the recommendations for the children's audience. The concentrations of total phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins increased significantly with the introduction of cowpea. It was also observed an significant increase of spermidine, cadaverine and agmatine. The antioxidant activity was statistically higher in enriched cheese bread. It is concluded, therefore, that cheese bread with cowpea contributes to the supply of minerals and bioactive compounds.

Resumo No presente trabalho, foram determinados os elementos minerais, os teores de óleo e proteína de 13 híbridos de girassol. Além disso, foi avaliada a possibilidade de se obterem, conjuntamente, produtos com alta produtividade e altos teores de óleo e proteína. A pesquisa mostrou alta produtividade de aquênios, excedendo a média nacional, principalmente para os híbridos BRS G44, SYN 045 e M 734. Deve-se levar em conta que alguns híbridos, como o NTC 90, apesar de apresentar alta produtividade, não são adequados para a produção quando o objetivo é a obtenção de óleo e farinha proteica. O híbrido BRS G46 apresentou alto teor de óleo e proteína. Por outro lado, SYN 065 foi o menos produtivo (808,10 kg ha-1) e, apesar de este híbrido mostrar teor de óleo acima da média, apresentou o menor teor de proteína entre os grãos analisados. De uma forma geral, as amostras analisadas apresentaram concentrações mais elevadas de K, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni e Cu, enquanto que o conteúdo mineral de Mo, Co e Se estava presente em níveis mais baixos. O híbrido BRS G45 indicou a presença de grandes quantidades de elementos a altas concentrações, como Mg, S, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu e Zn, seguido pelo BRS G44, que mostrou maiores concentrações de Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe e Ni. A caracterização dos híbridos brasileiros, neste estudo, permitiu a sua diferenciação para uma finalidade específica e a possibilidade da combinação de produção de óleo, com características que os tornam aptos para usos alternativos de seus subprodutos (como o híbrido BRS G46), constituindo, assim, uma boa oportunidade para aumentar a renda agrícola.

Abstract In this research the mineral elements and the oil and protein contents of thirteen sunflower hybrids grown in Brazil, were studied. In addition, the possibility of jointly obtaining products with high productivity and high oil and protein contents was evaluated. The research showed high achene productivity, exceeding the national average, mainly by the hybrids BRS G44, SYN 045 and M 734. It should be taken into account that some hybrids, such as NTC 90, despite their high productivity, are not suitable for production when the purpose is to obtain oil and protein meal. The hybrid BRS G46 presented high oil and protein contents. On the other hand, SYN 065 was the least productive (808.10 kg ha-1) and, despite the fact that this hybrid showed an above average oil content, it showed the lowest protein content of the grains analysed. In general, the samples analysed had higher concentrations of K, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni and Cu, whereas the mineral contents of Mo, Co and Se were present at lower levels. The hybrid BRS G45 indicated the presence of larger amounts of elements at higher concentrations, such as: Mg, S, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn, followed by BRS G44, which showed higher contents of Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe and Ni. The characterization of the Brazilian hybrids in this study allowed for their differentiation for specific purposes and the possibility of oil production combinations, producing oils with characteristics that make them apt for alternative uses of their by-products (such as the hybrid BRS G46), this being a great opportunity to increase the farm income.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o reuso do xarope de sacarose na desidratação osmótica de abacaxi (Ananas comosus) e o uso da solução final na formulação de drageados de frutas. Os ensaios de desidratação osmótica foram conduzidos em cinco ciclos (65 °Brix/45°C/3 horas), com reuso direto da solução osmótica, com apenas uma etapa intermediária de recondicionamento. Foram observadas variações nas propriedades da solução osmótica e nos parâmetros da desidratação, bem como baixa carga microbiana do sistema. A solução final apresentou-se rica em vitamina C (30 mg 100 g-1). Foram obtidos drageados de abacaxi cobertos com frutas vermelhas e açaí em pó com a solução final recondicionada como solução de aderência. O drageado apresentou níveis elevados de vitamina C (176 mg 100 g-1), polifenóis (154 mg GAE 100 g-1), carotenoides (220 μg 100 g-1) e potássio (330 mg100 g-1). O produto teve boa aceitação e intenção de compra. O reuso do xarope de sacarose é tecnicamente viável na desidratação osmótica de abacaxi, bem como a aplicação da solução final como ingrediente na produção de drageados de frutas.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the reuse of sucrose syrup in pineapple (Ananas comosus) osmotic dehydration and the application of the spent solution in fruit dragée formulation. Osmotic dehydration trials were performed in five cycles (65° Brix/45°C/3 hours), directly reusing the osmotic solution, with only one intermediate reconditioning step. Variations in osmotic solution properties and in dehydration parameters were observed, as well as a low microbial load in the system. The spent solution was rich in vitamin C (30 mg 100 g-1). Pineapple dragée covered with red fruits and acai powders were obtained with the reconditioned spent solution used as an adhesion solution. The dragée presented high levels of vitamin C (176 mg 100 g-1), polyphenols (154 mg GAE 100-1 g), carotenoids (220 μg 100 g-1), and potassium (330 mg 100 g-1). The product showed good sensory acceptance and purchase intention. Reusing sucrose syrup is technically feasible during pineapple osmotic dehydration, as is the application of the spent solution as an ingredient in fruit dragée production.

Introduction: Nutritional intervention in pre-school children using cookies prepared with wheat flour enriched with iron and folic acid (CWFFeFA) and cookies prepared with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) flour fortified with iron and zinc and wheat flour enriched with iron and folic acid (CCFFeZn + WFFeFA). Objective: To assess the impact of the ingestion of CWFFeFA and CCFFeZn + WFFeFA by pre-school children, using the cowpea variety BRS-Xiquexique, to control iron-deficiency anaemia. Methods: Nutritional intervention was conducted in municipal day care centres selected at random (n = 262) involving pre-school children aged 2 to 5 years living in Teresina, state of Piauí, Brazil. To assess the socioeconomic data, BMI-for-age, haemoglobin levels before and after intervention, and dietary intake, the children were divided into group 1 (G1), which received CWFFeFA (30 g), and group 2 (G2), which received CCFFeZn + WFFeFA (30 g). Food acceptance was evaluated daily. Results: The prevalence of anaemia in G1 and G2 before the nutritional intervention was 12.2% (n = 18) and 11.5% (n = 30), respectively. After intervention, the prevalence decreased to 1.4% in G1 (n = 2) and to 4.2% in G2 (n = 11). Food acceptance by pre-school children in G1 and G2 was 97.4% and 94.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The use of both types of cookie formulations decreased the prevalence of anaemia among pre-school children, and CCFFeZn + WFFeFA yielded the greatest decrease.

Introducción: intervención nutricional en niños en edad preescolar con dos galletas: galletas de harina de trigo enriquecidas con hierro y ácido fólico (BFTF) y galletas con harina de feijão-caupi, biofortificados con zinc y hierro, y harina de trigo enriquecida con hierro y ácido fólico (BFFCb + FTF). Objetivo: evaluar el impacto del consumo de galletas a base de harina de trigo fortificada con hierro y ácido fólico y de galletas enriquecidas con harina de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) variedad BRS-Xiquexique, biofortificados con hierro y zinc, por los preescolares para controlar la anemia ferropriva. Métodos: intervención en guarderías municipales seleccionados aleatoriamente (n = 262), niños en edad preescolar de 2 a 5 años en Teresina, Brasil. Con el fin de evaluar los datos socioeconómicos, o IMC para la edad y exámenes de hemoglobina antes y después de la intervención, y el consumo de alimentos se dividen en grupos: grupo 1 (G1) recibió el BFTF (30 g) y el grupo 2 (G2), que recibió el BFFCb + FTF (30 g); analizar la aceptación diaria de galletas. Resultados: la prevalencia de anemia antes de la intervención en los grupos G1 y G2 fue de 12,2% (n = 18) y 11,5% (n = 30), respectivamente. Después de la intervención en el G1 se redujo a 1,4% (n = 2) y en el G2 a 4,2% (n = 11). La aceptación de las galletas por los niños en edad preescolar en G1 y G2 fue del 97,4% y 94,3%, respectivamente. Conclusión: el uso de dos galletas disminuyó la prevalencia de anemia en niños preescolares, destacándose que en la BFFCb+FTF hubo una mayor reducción.

RESUMO O desenvolvimento e enriquecimento de alimentos têm grande importância não só para a indústria, como também para a melhoria da nutrição da população, onde se pode criar novos produtos ou otimizar os já existentes. O consumo de produtos enriquecidos na dieta representa uma opção para o controle das doenças carenciais. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se o desenvolvimento de pão de queijo enriquecido com farinha integral de feijão-caupi biofortificado e avaliar sua aceitação e composição química. Foram elaboradas duas formulações de pão de queijo, F1 e F2, contendo 5,6 e 8% de farinha de feijão-caupi em substituição ao polvilho, respectivamente. Para verificar a aceitação, utilizaram-se três testes sensoriais (Escala Hedônica, Intenção de Compra e Comparação Pareada), sendo a F1 viável, sensorialmente, de acordo com os assessores, sendo analisada quimicamente. Os minerais foram determinados por espectrometria de emissão atômica com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado. Determinou-se a umidade por secagem em estufa a 105 °C, cinzas por calcinação em mufla a 550 °C, proteínas pelo método macro-Kjeldahl e lipídios por extração a quente em extrator de Soxhlet. Os carboidratos foram obtidos por diferença e calculou-se o valor calórico. O acréscimo de feijão-caupi aumentou os teores de cobre, ferro, fósforo, magnésio, manganês e zinco, além dos valores referentes às proteínas e carboidratos. Por outro lado, ocorreu a redução dos teores de umidade, lipídios e valor calórico total, quando comparado à formulação padrão. Conclui-se, portanto, que o feijão-caupi, uma matéria-prima regional e em expansão no mercado, apresenta-se como uma opção para o enriquecimento de alimentos de panificação sem glúten, como o pão de queijo.

ABSTRACT The development and enrichment of food are of great importance not only for the industry but also to improve the population's nutrition, where you can create new products or optimize existing ones. The consumption of fortified products in the diet is an option for the control of deficiency diseases. This study aimed to develop enriched cheese bread with whole biofortified cowpea flour and evaluate their acceptance and chemical composition. Two formulations, F1 and F2, were prepared containing 5.6 and 8% of cowpea flour as a substitute for starch, respectively. To check acceptance, three sensory tests were used (Hedonic Scale, Purchase Intent, and Paired Comparison), F1 being sensory viable according to assessors, being chemically analyzed. Minerals were determined by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source. The moisture was determined by drying at 105 °C, ash by calcination in muffle at 550 °C, proteins by the macro-Kjeldahl method, and lipids by hot extraction in a Soxhlet extractor. Carbohydrates were obtained by difference and the calories were calculated. The addition of cowpea increased the amounts of copper, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and zinc, as well as protein and carbohydrate values. On the other hand, there was a reduction of the moisture concerning lipids and the total caloric value compared to the standard formulation. It was concluded , therefore, that the cowpea, a regional raw material in market expansion is presented as an option for the enrichment of baked foods that do not contain gluten, such as cheese bread.

AbstractIron deficiency is a highly prevalent nutritional problem worldwide and it impacts on the cognitive development of children. Therefore, the aim of this research was to develop meatloaf with high iron content by using in their formulations pork liver. Meatloaves were prepared with additions of 9.98% and 13.31% (formulations A and B) of pork liver in order to meet 15% and 20% of the daily requirement of iron (10 mg/day) for children. Samples were evaluated regarding their physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics. The results were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test. Results of physicochemical analyses showed an increase in protein and mineral contents and a decrease in fat content. The iron and zinc contents were respectively 100.0% and 70.83% (formulation A) and 152.73% and 97.92% (formulation B) higher than that of the standard formulation. Regarding fat content, the reduction of 31.5% in formulation B makes it a light product. As for the microbiological aspect, all meatloaves were adequate for consumption. Regarding sensory analysis, all the attributes considered were not statistically different, but for purchase intention test formulation B was better accepted. Therefore, formulations A and B are good sources of iron and zinc.

The levels of inorganic contaminants (As, Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb) were measured in 18 Brazilian spirit beverages, before and after 4 contact cycles of 24h each with in natura soapstone (steatite) cups. Results were compared to Brazilian regulation levels. Spirits contained As, Cd, Ni and Pb within permitted levels. For Cu, 5.6% of the brands were above the limit. The contact with soapstone cups decreased Cu levels in the spirits, while the other elements remained unchanged. The use of in natura soapstone cups was considered safe because this kind of vessel did not transfer inorganic contaminants to the spirits.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo enriquecer produtos de panificação do tipo biscoito e rocambole com farinha de feijão-caupi (FFC), avaliar sua aceitabilidade e composição química, incluindo o conteúdo dos minerais (ferro, zinco, magnésio, potássio e fósforo) e das vitaminas (tiamina e piridoxina). Foram desenvolvidas três formulações de biscoito contendo 10, 20 e 30% FFC e duas formulações de rocambole contendo 10 e 20% FFC. Observou-se um aumento no teor protéico do biscoito 30% FFC e do rocambole 20% FFC e na quantidade de cinzas dos biscoitos 20 e 30% FFC e rocambole 20% FFC, quando comparados às formulações padrão. O teor dos minerais analisados e de piridoxina aumentou à medida que FFC foi adicionada, enquanto a concentração de tiamina aumentou somente no rocambole 20% FFC. O biscoito com 10% FFC apresentou maior aceitação (84,4%), dentre os biscoitos formulados com FFC, além disso, os rocamboles com 10 e 20% FFC tiveram boa aceitação (86,7 e 77,8%, respectivamente). Todas as formulações contendo FFC tiveram notas superiores a 6, mostrando que os produtos foram aceitos sensorialmente. Desta forma, a adição de FFC visando melhorar o valor nutritivo de formulações à base de cereais é viável.

This work had as objective to enrich bakery products (biscuit and rocambole or Brazilian roll) with cowpea flour (CF) to analyze their acceptability and chemical composition including mineral contents (iron, zinc, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus) and vitamins (thiamine and pyridoxine). Three formulations of biscuits containing 10, 20, and 30% CF and two formulations of Brazilian rolls with 10 and 20% CF were developed. It was observed an increase in the protein contents of the 30% CF biscuits and 20% CF Brazilian roll, as well as in the ash value of 20 and 30% CF biscuits and 20% CF Brazilian roll, when compared to a standard formulation. The concentration of minerals and pyridoxine analyzed increased with the addition of CF. It was also observed an increase in the thiamine concentration of 20% CF Brazilian roll. 10% CF Biscuits presented the major acceptance (84.4%) among the biscuits formulated with CF. In addition, the 10 e 20% CF Brazilian rolls also had a good acceptance (86.7 and 77.8%, respectively). All formulations developed with CF presented scores above six indicating that the products were sensory accepted. Therefore, it can be said that the addition of CF with the objective to improve the nutritive value of formulations based on cereals is feasible.

A mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) é uma das culturas mais importantes na alimentação humana dos trópicos, principalmente para as populações de baixa renda. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar e selecionar clones-elite de mandioca de mesa com relação aos aspectos químicos, agronômicos e tecnológicos. Foram avaliados 12 clones do Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Mandioca de Mesa do IAC, em comparação à variedade-testemunha IAC 576-70, quanto a parâmetros de produtividade de raízes, tempo de cozimento, compostos cianogênicos, carotenóides totais, β-caroteno, vitamina A e componentes minerais. Dez clones se destacaram pela alta produtividade. O tempo médio de cozimento foi elevado, de 43,8 minutos. Entre os clones, apenas no 66/99 observou-se teor de compostos cianogênicos (160,1 mg eq. HCN kg-1) acima do limite de segurança de consumo, valor igual a 100 mg eq. HCN kg-1. No clone 108/00 notaram-se maiores teores de carotenóides totais, β-caroteno e vitamina A, respectivamente, iguais a 1108,1 µg 100 g-1, 940,1 µg 100 g-1 e 523 UI 100 g-1, superiores às médias da variedade-testemunha. Dois clones destacaram-se pelos valores superiores em 44% de zinco e 53% de ferro, quando comparados à variedade IAC 576-70. Ao considerar o tempo de cozimento, a alta produtividade e os baixos teores de compostos cianogênicos como características essenciais em uma variedade de mandioca para mesa e ressaltando o enfoque da biofortificação dos componentes mineriais, carotenóides e vitamina A, o genótipo mais promissor a se tornar uma variedade é o clone 265/97.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the most important crops for human nutrition in the tropics, especially for low-income populations. This study aimed at to evaluate and select elite clones of sweet cassava regarding to chemical, agronomic and technological aspects, twelve clones of Instituto Agronômico breeding program were compared to control variety IAC 576-70 as to yield of roots, cooking, time, cyanogen compounds, total carotenoids, β-carotene, vitamin A and mineral components. Ten clones showed high yields. Average cooking time was high, 43.8 minutes. Among clones, only 66/99 showed content of cyanogen compounds (160.1 mg eq. HCN kg-1) above the limit (100 mg eq. HCN kg-1) for safety consumption. Clone 108/00 presented the highest content of total carotenoids, β-carotene and vitamin A, respectively, 1108.1 µg 100 g-1, 940.1µg 100g-1 and 523 IU 100 g-1, higher than the control. Two clones showed zinc and iron content respectively 44% and 53% higher than the control variety. Considering yield, cooking, low content of cyanogens mineral components, carotenoids and vitamin A, clone 265/97 is the most promising genotype as a potential new variety.

A espectroscopia na região do infravermelho próximo (NIR) foi usada para determinar o teor de umidade em amostras de café cru. Foram construídos modelos de regressão usando o método dos mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) com diferentes pré-tratamentos de dados e 157 espectros NIR coletados de amostras de café usando um acessório de reflectância difusa, na região entre 4500 e 10000 cm-1. Os espectros originais passaram por diferentes transformações e pré-tratamentos matemáticos, como a transformação Kubelka-Munk; a correção multiplicativa de sinal (MSC); o alisamento com SPLINE e a média móvel, e os dados foram escalados pela variância. O modelo de regressão permitiu determinar o teor de umidade nas amostras de café cru com erro quadrático médio de calibração (SEC) de 0,569 g.100 g -1; erro quadrático médio de validação de 0,298 g.100 g -1; coeficiente de correlação (r) 0,712 e 0,818 para calibração e validação, respectivamente; e erro relativo médio de 4,1% para amostras de validação.

Near infra-red reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy was used to measure the moisture content in raw coffee. Different models using partial least squares (PLS) with data pre-processing were used. Regression models were built with 157 spectra of the samples of raw coffee collected using a near infrared spectrometer with an accessory of diffuse reflectance, between 4500 and 10000 cm-1. The original NIR spectra went through different transformations and mathematical pre treatments, such as the Kubelka-Munk transformation; multiplicative signal correction (MSC); spline smoothing and movable average, and the data were scaled by variance. The regression model permitted the determination of the moisture content of the raw coffee samples with a standard error of calibration (SEC) = 0.569 g.100 g -1; standard error of validation = 0.298 g.100 g -1; correlation coefficient (r) 0.712 and 0.818 for calibration and validation, respectively, and average relative error of 4.1% for validation samples.