ABSTRACT Several studies have shown that the survival and reproduction of lacewings varies depending on the type of prey they consumed, especially during the first instar. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a diet consisting of Ephestia kuehniella (EK) and/or Planococcus-citri (PC) eggs offered to first instar Chrysoperla externa on subsequent development and survival. Larvae supplied only with P. citri (PC) nymphs had extended immature development, low survival, adults with lower weight and longevity, low fecundity and egg viability, and lower net reproduction rate (R0). Larvae submitted to the treatment EK+PC responded positively to the diet, showing results similar to those obtained in the control-EK treatment. Therefore, this mealybug supports suitable development and reproduction of C. externa when it is provided to second instar larvae after they fed on E. kuehniella eggs as first instars. As far as we know, this is the first report that demonstrates the effect of natural prey and alternatives on different larval stages of lacewings. This information is valuable in developing protocols for use of C. externaas a pest control agent. consumed study EK (EK andor or Planococcuscitri Planococcus PC (PC P longevity viability R0. R0 R . (R0) EKPC controlEK Therefore C E instars know agent (R0 (R

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the consumption of Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) nymphs and the predator:prey ratio required for high predatory efficacy and survival of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) larvae under different densities of prey, reared in rose bushes. Consumption by first-, second-, and third-instar larvae of C. externa was assessed. The predatory efficiency and survival of the predator were calculated for larvae in the second instar under densities of 20, 40, 80, 120, and 160 nymphs of P. citri and predator:prey ratios of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20. The assessments were performed after 24 and 48 hours of exposure between species. There was increasing consumption throughout the larval development of C. externa. The predator:prey ratios 1:5 and 1:10 were the most efficient for P. citri population reduction, but the 1:5 ratio led to lower survival of larvae than the 1:10 and 1:20 ratios. There was a positive correlation between C. externa larval density and cannibalism (ρ = 0.45) and a negative correlation between predator density and P. citri population density (ρ = -0.81). Third-instar larvae consume more P. citri nymphs than second-instar larvae. Second-instar larvae of this lacewing released at a 1:20 ratio caused total mortality of mealybug nymphs within 48 hours, regardless the density of P. citri, with high larvae survival of C. externa. Risso, Risso (Risso 1813 Hemiptera (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae predatorprey prey Hagen, Hagen (Hagen 1861 Neuroptera (Neuroptera Chrysopidae bushes first, first , first- second, second- thirdinstar third C assessed 20 40 80 120 16 P 15, 15 1 5, 5 110, 110 10, 10 120. 20. 2 4 species 1: 1:1 reduction 1:2 ρ 0.45 045 0 45 0.81. 081 0.81 . 81 -0.81) Thirdinstar Third secondinstar Secondinstar Second 181 186 8 12 11 0.4 04 08 0.8 -0.81 18 0. -0.8 -0. -0 -

ABSTRACT Background: The inflammatory response plays a significant role in the outcome of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods: We investigated plasma cytokine and chemokine concentrations in non-infected (NI), asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected blood donors (AS), and patients with severe COVID-19 (SC). Results: The SC group showed significantly higher levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-10, and CCL5 than the AS and NI groups. The SC and AS groups had considerably greater CXCL9 and CXCL10 concentrations than the NI group. Only NI and infected people showed separate clusters in the principal component analysis. Conclusions: SC, as well as AS was characterized by an inflammatory profile.

RESUMO: Este artigo analisou a concentração regional da produção de lenha nativa do Rio Grande do Norte - Brasil, no período de 1990 a 2017. As informações da lenha nativa foram obtidas da produção da extração vegetal e da silvicultura, disponíveis no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Analisou a conjuntura, a distribuição espacial da produção de lenha estadual por meio os quartis e mensurou a concentração por meio dos indicadores: Coeficiente de Gini (G), Índice de Concentração Compreensiva (CCI), Índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI) e Razão de Concentração [CR(k)]. Os resultados mostraram que houve decréscimo de -2,76% a.a. na produção de lenha nativa estadual, partindo de 5.280 x10³ m³ (1990) para 777 x10³ m³ (2017). O quartil municipal revelou que a maioria dos municípios produz pouca lenha; apesar do G ter inferido uma desigualdade muito forte a absoluta para os municípios produtores de lenha e fraca a nula para as mesorregiões, já o CCI mostrou para os municípios que é não concentrado e as mesorregiões tem concentração regional; HHI corroborou com esta afirmação mostrando um mercado altamente competitivo para os municípios e microrregiões e concentrado para as mesorregiões produtoras de lenha; o CR(k) dos quatro maiores municípios foi constatada uma concentração moderadamente baixa. Conclui-se que a lenha nativa do estado do Rio Grande do Norte possui estrutura de mercado competitiva.

ABSTRACT: This paperexamined the regional concentration of native fuelwood production in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, between 1990-2017. Information on native fuelwood was gathered fromforestry activitiescollected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). This studyanalyzed the current situation and the spatial distribution of the state’s fuelwood production by quartiles. The following indicators were used to measure market concentration: Gini Coefficient (G), Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI), Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Concentration Ratio [CR(k)]. In Rio Grande do Norte, there was a -2.76% annual decrease in the production of native fuelwood, from 5,280 x10³ m³ (1990) to 777 x10³ m³ (2017). Classification of the municipalities by quartile revealed that most municipalities had low fuelwood production. The G inferred a very strong to absolute inequality for the municipalities and a weak to null inequality for the mesoregions.The CCI demonstrated no market concentration in the municipalities and a regional concentration in the mesoregions. The HHI corroborated the CCI by affirming the presence of a competitive market for the municipalities and microregions and a concentrated market in the mesoregions.The CR(k) of the four largest municipalities indicated a moderately low concentration. This study concluded that there is a competitive market structure for native fuelwood inthe state of Rio Grande do Norte.

RESUMO Diante da transição na estrutura energética mundial, com o deslocamento do consumo dos combustíveis fósseis para fonte renováveis e limpas, registra-se um aumento da demanda por biomassa florestal para fins energéticos, em especial os pellets de madeira, e as importações têm crescido nos últimos anos. Logo, este artigo analisou a concentração mundial das importações de pellets, de 2012 a 2018. Os dados de importações de pellets foram obtidos da Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAO e para mensurar a concentração foram utilizados os indicadores: Razão de Concentração [CR(k)], Índice de Hirschman-Herfindal (HHI) Índice de Entropia de Theil (E), Coeficiente de desigualdade de Gini (G) e o Índice de Hall-Tideman (HTI). Os resultados apontaram um crescimento de 16,67% a.a. da importação mundial de pellets, saindo de 8,76 milhões toneladas (t), em 2012, para 22,15 milhões de t em 2018. Quanto aos índices de concentração, o CR(k) indicou concentração muito alta para os países e alta nos subcontinentes. O HHI apresentou concentração alta para os continentes e subcontinentes e uma concentração moderada para os países. A Entropia e o HTI corroboraram as análises encontradas no HHI. O G apontou forte desigualdade para todos os níveis territoriais e apresentou tendências de redução na desigualdade a partir de 2015. A redução da concentração, nos últimos anos de estudo, encontra relação com a expansão e a difusão tecnológica de conversão energética da biomassa densificada, o que torna o combustível mais acessível.

ABSTRACT Faced with the transition in the global energy structure with the shift in consumption of fossil fuels to renewable and clean sources, there has been an increase in the demand for forest biomass for energy purposes, especially wood pellets, and imports have grown in recent years. Therefore, this study analyzed the world concentration of pellet imports from 2012 to 2018. Data on pellet imports were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the following indicators were used to measure the concentration: Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], Hirschman-Herfindal Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E), Gini Inequality Coefficient (G) and the Hall-Tideman Index (HTI). The results showed a growth of 16.67% p.a. of global pellet imports, from 8.76 million tons (t) in 2012 to 22.15 million tons in 2018. The CR(k) indicated very high concentration for countries and high in the subcontinents. The HHI showed a high concentration for continents and subcontinents and a moderate concentration for countries. Entropy and HTI corroborated the analyzes found in the HHI. The G pointed out strong inequality for all territorial levels and showed trends towards a reduction in inequality as of 2015. The reduction in the concentration in the final years of study is related to the expansion and technological diffusion of energy conversion of the densified biomass, which makes this fuel more affordable.

Abstract Citrus plants have been extremely affected by Huanglongbing (HLB) worldwide, causing economic losses. HLB disease causes disorders in citrus plants, leading to callose deposition in the phloem vessel sieve plates. Callose is synthesized by callose synthases, which are encoded by 12 genes (calS1– calS12)in Arabidopsis thaliana. We evaluated the expression of eight callose synthase genes from Citrus in hybrids between Citrus sunki and Poncirus trifoliata infected with HLB. The objective of this work was to identify possible tolerance loci combining the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) of different callose synthases and genetic Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) maps of C. sunki and P. trifoliata. The expression data from all CscalS ranged widely among the hybrids. Furthermore, the data allowed the detection of 18 eQTL in the C. sunki map and 34 eQTL in the P. trifoliata map. In both maps, some eQTL for different CscalS were overlapped; thus, a single region could be associated with the regulation of more than one CscalS. The regions identified in this work can be interesting targets for future studies of Citrus breeding programs to manipulate callose synthesis during HLB infection.

ABSTRACT Forest concessions were implemented in Brazil as a way to increase the areas of sustainable forest management. Little is known about the financial viability of forest management in Brazil, which is one of its main bottlenecks. In this context, the aim of the study was to evaluate the financial viability of an investment in forest concession. In order to do so, the Net Present Value (NPV), Periodic Equivalent Benefit (PEB), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Real Options Analysis (ROA) were adopted, and the option of abandonment was also analyzed. As a variable for ROA analysis, the productivity (m³.ha-1) at the first years of forest concession under study was adopted. The NPV of the investment corresponds to US$ 8.04.m-³, the PEB was US$ 0.52.m-³.year-1 and the IRR, 20.75%. In order to be considered feasible, the forest concession must have a minimum productivity of 17.75 m³.ha-1. Of the 861 managerial decisions, the option to proceed with the investment was adopted in 237 nodes (27.53%), and the decision to abandon was exercised in 624 nodes (72.47%). This is a worrying result for the concessionaire companies and also for the management entities of the forest concessions, mainly when comparing with the concessions reality, where abandonment is an option that has been performed. It can be concluded that the high probability of abandoning highlights a fragility of forest concessions. ROA proved to be a good methodology to complement traditional methods of financial analysis, presenting satisfactory results in aiding decision-making.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the sampling strategy of an epidemiological survey with the aid of satellite images, including details of the multistage probability sampling process. METHODS A probability sample of individuals living in the rural area of Rosário do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, aged 15 years old or more, was evaluated. Participants answered questionnaires (medical history, sociodemographic characteristics, habits, alcohol use, quality of life, stress, rumination, and self-perceived periodontal diseases), and were subjected to clinical oral examinations as well as anthropometric measurements (blood pressure, height, weight, abdominal and waist circumferences). Oral evaluation comprehended a complete periodontal exam at six sites per tooth, including the following assessments: furcation involvement; dental abrasion; tooth decay, including the indexing of missing and filled surfaces; O’Brien index; gingival abrasion; oral cavity and lip lesions; complete periapical radiographic exam, and use of prostheses. Besides this oral clinical approach, subgingival plaque, crevicular gingival fluid, saliva, and blood samples were collected. Examiners were trained and calibrated during previous evaluations. A pilot study allowed the logistic of the performed exams to be adjusted as needed. RESULTS Among 1,087 eligible individuals, 688 were examined (63.3%). Age, sex, and skin color data were compared to data from the last demographic census (2010) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, which served to validate the sampling strategy. CONCLUSIONS The careful methods used in this study, in which satellite images were used in the delimitation of epidemiological areas, ensure the quality of the estimates obtained and allow for these estimates to be used in oral health surveillance and health policies improvements.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the sampling strategy of an epidemiological survey with the aid of satellite images, including details of the multistage probability sampling process. METHODS A probability sample of individuals living in the rural area of Rosário do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, aged 15 years old or more, was evaluated. Participants answered questionnaires (medical history, sociodemographic characteristics, habits, alcohol use, quality of life, stress, rumination, and self-perceived periodontal diseases), and were subjected to clinical oral examinations as well as anthropometric measurements (blood pressure, height, weight, abdominal and waist circumferences). Oral evaluation comprehended a complete periodontal exam at six sites per tooth, including the following assessments: furcation involvement; dental abrasion; tooth decay, including the indexing of missing and filled surfaces; O’Brien index; gingival abrasion; oral cavity and lip lesions; complete periapical radiographic exam, and use of prostheses. Besides this oral clinical approach, subgingival plaque, crevicular gingival fluid, saliva, and blood samples were collected. Examiners were trained and calibrated during previous evaluations. A pilot study allowed the logistic of the performed exams to be adjusted as needed. RESULTS Among 1,087 eligible individuals, 688 were examined (63.3%). Age, sex, and skin color data were compared to data from the last demographic census (2010) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, which served to validate the sampling strategy. CONCLUSIONS The careful methods used in this study, in which satellite images were used in the delimitation of epidemiological areas, ensure the quality of the estimates obtained and allow for these estimates to be used in oral health surveillance and health policies improvements.

RESUMO O carvão vegetal tem uma importância econômica, social e ambiental, pois além de fonte de energia, gera emprego e renda no meio rural. Portanto, conhecer o seu mercado é fundamental para as tomadas de decisões daqueles segmentos que dependem desta matéria prima. Este trabalho analisou a concentração regional da produção de carvão vegetal no estado da Paraíba, Brasil, no período de 1994 a 2016. Os dados empregados para mensurar a concentração regional da produção (em toneladas) do carvão vegetal nativo da Paraíba foram obtidos no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), no período de 1994 a 2016. Os indicadores utilizados foram a Razão de Concentração [CR(k)], o Índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI), o índice de entropia de Theil (E) e o Índice de Gini (G). Os principais resultados mostram que as mesorregiões da Borborema e do Sertão Paraibano se concentram a produção de carvão vegetal da Paraíba. O CR(k) dos municípios teve concentração baixa a moderadamente baixa e para as microrregiões uma concentração moderadamente alto a alto; o HHI e E mostraram tendências de desconcentração apresentando de mercados competitivos; o G mostrou em média uma desigualdade forte a muito forte para os municípios e microrregiões. Conclui-se que a concentração da produção do carvão vegetal nos níveis regionais não é concentrada, mesmo apresentando concentração moderada nos índices parciais [CR(k)] para as microrregiões da Paraíba.

ABSTRACT Charcoal has an economic, social and environmental importance, because in addition to being a source of energy, it generates employment and income in the rural environment. Therefore, knowing your market is fundamental for the decision-making of those segments that depend on this raw material. This work analyzed the regional concentration of charcoal production in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, from 1994 to 2016. The data used to measure the regional production concentration (in tons) of native Paraíba charcoal were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) from 1994 to 2016. The indicators used were the Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Theil's entropy index (E) and the Gini Index (G). The main results show that the mesorregions of Borborema and Sertão Paraibano present concentrations in charcoal production from Paraíba. The CR(k) of the municipalities had a low to moderately low concentration and a moderately high to a high concentration for the microregions; the HHI and E showed deconcentration tendencies from competitive markets; the G showed strong to very strong inequality for the municipalities and microregions on average. It is concluded that the concentration of charcoal production at regional levels is not concentrated, even though it presents a moderate concentration in the partial indices [CR(k)] for the Paraíba microregions.

RESUMO Este artigo analisou a disparidade do valor bruto de produção dos produtos madeireiros do extrativismo vegetal das mesorregiões da Paraíba, Brasil, no período de 1994 a 2017. Os indicadores empregados foram: o quociente locacional (QL), o coeficiente locacional (CL), o coeficiente de redistribuição (CRED), o coeficiente de associação geográfica (Cag), o coeficiente de especialização (CE) e o coeficiente de reestruturação (Cr). Os resultados apontaram que a lenha foi o principal produto madeireiro e a mesorregião Sertão paraibano maior relevância, elevando a disparidade entre as regiões; o CRED apontou maior mudança para o carvão vegetal; a Mata Paraibana foi mais especializada em lenha e a mesorregião da Borborema apresentou a maior reestruturação em todos os períodos estudados. O estudo evidenciou que o VBP dos produtos madeireiros nativos ocorreu, principalmente, nas regiões mais áridas do estado para atender a demanda energética local e circunvizinha, com destaque aos segmentos de cerâmica vermelha e gesso.

ABSTRACT This paper analyzed the disparity in the gross production value of timber products from the state of Paraíba, Brazil, between 1994 and 2017. The indicators used were: the locational quotient (Lq), the coefficient of location (Cl), the coefficient of redistribution (Cred), the coefficient of geographic association (Cga), the coefficient of specialization (Cs) and the coefficient of restructuring (Cr). The results obtained indicated that wood was the main timber product extracted in the state of Paraíba, with the Sertão paraibano region being of greater relevance, increasing the disparity between the regions; the Cred pointed out greater change for charcoal extraction; the Mata Paraibana region was the most specialized region, especially for wood extraction; and the Borborema region presented the greatest restructuring in all studied periods. The study evidenced that the extraction of wood products mainly occurred in the more arid regions of the state with the purpose of population subsistence or industrial use, especially in the red ceramics and plaster segments for which wood can be used to generate heat and thermoelectric power.

Resumo: Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender o significado de competência na percepção dos docentes dos módulos de Habilidades e Atitudes. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratória. A escolha do referencial teórico e metodológico considerou a perspectiva hermenêutica. O estudo foi realizado em uma universidade pública com docentes do curso de Medicina, por meio de entrevista individual e não estruturada. Os dados foram submetidos à análise do discurso evidenciando as categorias empíricas: “Competência como eixo norteador e estruturante às necessidades educacionais”; “Docência na educação médica: a prática profissional possibilita habilidades” e “Estratégias para o desenvolvimento docente”. Considera-se que as mudanças requeridas no curso médico precisam encontrar apoio na gestão e na liderança dos professores, na implementação de um programa de desenvolvimento do corpo docente, que se tornará um valioso instrumento de reflexão para os educadores, a fim de melhorar o exercício da docência no curso médico.

Abstract: This study aims to understand the meaning of competence in the perception of the teachers in the modules of Skills and Attitudes. It's a descriptive and exploratory research. The choice of the theoretical and methodological framework considered the hermeneutic perspective. The study was conducted in a public university in the medical school, through individual and unstructured interview. The data were submitted to discourse analysis showing the empirical categories, "Competence as a guiding and structuring axis to educational needs"; "The teaching in medical education: professional practice and enabling skills" and "Strategies for teacher development". It is considered that the required changes in medical school need to find support in the management and leadership of teachers in the implementation of a faculty development program, which will become a valuable tool of reflection for educators in order to improve exercise of teaching in the medical school.

ABSTRACT Objective This in situ/ex vivo study investigated the effect of CO2 laser irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF) application, separately and in combination, on enamel resistance to erosion. Material and Methods During 2 experimental 5-day crossover phases, 8 volunteers wore intraoral appliances containing bovine enamel blocks which were submitted to four groups: 1st phase - control, untreated and CO2 laser irradiation, 2nd phase - fluoride application and fluoride application before CO2 laser irradiation. Laser irradiation was performed at 10.6 µm wavelength, 5 µs pulse duration and 50 Hz frequency, with average power input and output of 2.3 W and 2.0 W, respectively (28.6 J/cm2). APF gel (1.23%F, pH 3.5) was applied on enamel surface with a microbrush and left on for 4 minutes. Then, the enamel blocks were fixed at the intraoral appliance level. The erosion was performed extraorally 4 times daily for 5 min in 150 mL of cola drink. Enamel loss was measured profilometrically after treatment and after the in situ phase. The data were tested using one-way Repeated Measures Anova and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results CO2 laser alone (2.00±0.39 µm) did not show any significantly preventive effect against enamel erosion when compared with the control group (2.41±1.20 µm). Fluoride treated enamel, associated (1.50±0.30 µm) or not (1.47±0.63 µm) with laser irradiation, significantly differed from the control. Conclusion The APF application decreased enamel wear; however, CO2 laser irradiation did not enhance fluoride ability to reduce enamel wear.

Este artigo descreve o perfil dos cirurgiões-dentistas, enfermeiros e médicos que atuam nas Estratégias de Saúde da Família (ESF) do Município de Montes Claros - MG e avalia seus papéis frente às Redes de Atenção à Saúde (RASs). Identificou-se elevado índice de capacitação profissional, mas fraco vínculo empregatício com o referido município. Os recursos humanos na atenção primária são elemento essencial para as RASs, pois os profissionais devem estar capacitados para atuar como protagonistas nos sistemas de governança em prol da comunidade. Ainda é necessária a mobilização pelo sistema gestor de modo a fornecer aos profissionais garantias e condições para se atingir a excelência no serviço de saúde.

This article aims to describe the profile of the orthodontists, nurses and physicians involved in the Family Health Strategy at the municipality of Montes Claros - MG and insert it in context of the Primary Health Networks (PHNs). A high level of professional training is observed, although a weak employment link also applies. It is known that human resources are an overriding element to reach a good performance at the PHNs, once they should be prepared to act as protagonists of governance systems, managing the resources towards community. It is still necessary that health system' managers provide health personnel with all professional guarantees so to reach excellence in primary health.

Este artigo descreve o perfil dos cirurgiões-dentistas, enfermeiros e médicos que atuam nas Estratégias de Saúde da Família (ESF) do Município de Montes Claros - MG e avalia seus papéis frente às Redes de Atenção à Saúde (RASs). Identificou-se elevado índice de capacitação profissional, mas fraco vínculo empregatício com o referido município. Os recursos humanos na atenção primária são elemento essencial para as RASs, pois os profissionais devem estar capacitados para atuar como protagonistas nos sistemas de governança em prol da comunidade. Ainda é necessária a mobilização pelo sistema gestor de modo a fornecer aos profissionais garantias e condições para se atingir a excelência no serviço de saúde.

This article aims to describe the profile of the orthodontists, nurses and physicians involved in the Family Health Strategy at the municipality of Montes Claros - MG and insert it in context of the Primary Health Networks (PHNs). A high level of professional training is observed, although a weak employment link also applies. It is known that human resources are an overriding element to reach a good performance at the PHNs, once they should be prepared to act as protagonists of governance systems, managing the resources towards community. It is still necessary that health system' managers provide health personnel with all professional guarantees so to reach excellence in primary health.