Abstract Introduction: One of the main barriers to access to vaccination against infectious diseases is vaccine hesitancy, which is usually measured or associated to a low disposition to receive vaccination, anti-vaccine attitudes or the reported probability to receive a vaccine. However, there is no consensus in the way this construct is measured. Objective: The objective of this study it to identify the psychometric properties and the factorial structure of the Scale Dispvac in a Colombian sample. Method: To this goal, a psychometric design was made to identify the psychometric properties of the new scale making use of 1131 participants (male: 37.30%, female: 61.90%, other: 0.79%; age mean: 25.84, age SD: 10.19), through a convenience sampling. We conducted an exploratory factorial analysis, a confirmatory factorial analysis, a reliability analysis, and the convergent validity. Results: Two factors are suggested: Cognitive attitudes towards vaccination and perceived legitimacy of authorities to require vaccination. The Dispvac Scale is negatively correlated with the VAX Scale. Conclusions: The mentioned factors suggest that intention to vaccinate also implies beliefs on the authority in vaccination.

Resumen Introducción: una de las barreras al acceso a la vacunación contra las enfermedades infecciosas es la reticencia a la vacunación, la cual suele medirse o asociarse a una poca disposición para vacunarse, actitudes antivacunas o la probabilidad reportada de obtener una vacuna. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso en la forma en la cual este constructo es medido. Objetivo: el propósito de este artículo es identificar las propiedades psicométricas y la estructura factorial de la nueva Escala Dispvac en una muestra colombiana. Método: se realizó un diseño psicométrico para identificar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala con una muestra de 1131 participantes (masculino: 37.30%, femenino 61.90%, otro: 0.79%; media edad: 25.84, SD edad: 10.19), a través de un muestreo por conveniencia. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio, un análisis factorial confirmatorio, un análisis de fiabilidad y la validez convergente. Resultados: se sugieren dos factores: actitudes cognitivas hacia la vacunación y legitimidad percibida de las autoridades al requerir la vacunación que comprende la prueba. La prueba Dispvac se correlaciona de manera negativa con la Escala VAX. Conclusiones: los dos factores que comprenden la Escala Dispvac sugieren que la intención a vacunarse implica también creencias sobre la autoridad/instituciones en vacunación.

Resumen Debido a su aporte de vitaminas A, C, K y B6, magnesio, hierro y potasio, la manzana es uno de los productos frutícolas de mayor consumo en el mundo. En 2021 se produjeron y consumieron, respectivamente, 632 y 931 mil toneladas de manzana en México, de ahí que el saldo comercial es deficitario. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el mercado de la manzana en México para conocer los factores que lo determinan. La metodología consistió en la estimación de un modelo econométrico de ecuaciones simultáneas, que utilizó series de tiempo de 2000 a 2021. La oferta (0.01) y demanda (0.94) resultaron inelásticas a sus precios y el precio internacional se transmite de forma inelástica (0.04) al precio al mayoreo. La temperatura mínima promedio (-1.26), el precio al consumidor (-3.34) y el ingreso nacional disponible (6.09) resultaron elásticos respecto al saldo de comercio exterior. El déficit comercial puede mejorar si aumenta la oferta, pero medidas que influyan en el precio al productor de manzana y del fertilizante serán poco efectivas. Se recomiendan acciones que fomenten inversiones en protección de cultivos ante eventos climáticos desfavorables.

Summary Due to its contribution of vitamins A, C, K and B6, magnesium, iron and potassium, apple is one of the most consumed fruit products in the world. In 2021, 632 and 931 thousand tons of apple were produced and consumed, respectively, in Mexico; hence, the trade balance is in deficit. The objective of this study was to analyze the apple market in Mexico to know the factors that determine it. The methodology consisted in estimating an econometric model of simultaneous equations, which used time series from 2000 to 2021. The supply (0.01) and demand (0.94) were inelastic at their prices and the international price is transmitted inelastically (0.04) at the wholesale price. The average minimum temperature (-1.26), the consumer price (-3.34) and the national disposable income (6.09) were elastic with respect to the foreign trade balance. The trade deficit may improve if the supply increases, but measures affecting the producer price of apple and fertilizer will be ineffective. Actions are recommended to encourage investments in crop protection in the face of adverse climatic events.

ABSTRACT Background: Iron overload is frequent in patients with chronic liver disease, associated with shorter survival after liver transplantation in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Its effect on patients without hereditary hemochromatosis is unclear. The aim of the study was to study the clinical impact of iron overload in patients who underwent liver transplantation at an academic tertiary referral center. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study including all patients without hereditary hemochromatosis who underwent liver transplantation from 2015 to 2017 at an academic tertiary referral center in Mexico City. Explant liver biopsies were reprocessed to obtain the histochemical hepatic iron index, considering a score ≥ 0.15 as iron overload. Baseline characteristics were compared between patients with and without iron overload. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, compared with the log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Of 105 patients included, 45% had iron overload. Viral and metabolic etiologies, alcohol consumption, and obesity were more frequent in patients with iron overload than in those without iron overload (43% vs. 21%, 32% vs. 22%, p = 0.011; 34% vs. 9%, p = 0.001; and 32% vs. 12%, p = 0.013, respectively). Eight patients died within 90 days after liver transplantation (one with iron overload). Complication rate was higher in patients with iron overload versus those without iron overload (223 vs. 93 events/100 person-months; median time to any complication of 2 vs. 3 days, p = 0.043), without differences in complication type. Fatality rate was lower in patients with iron overload versus those without iron overload (0.7 vs. 4.5 deaths/100 person-months, p = 0.055). Conclusion: Detecting iron overload might identify patients at risk of early complications after liver transplantation. Further studies are required to understand the role of iron overload in survival.

Abstract: Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) could be obtained from diverse lignocellulosic sources, among them wood. Regarding this, it is important to clarify if the shaft section of the tree could influence the CNF characteristics. This study evaluated cellulose nanofibers from Guazuma crinita (bolaina blanca) obtained at different heights of the longitudinal axis of the shaft of trees from a three-and-a-half-year-old plantation. The wood was subjected to pulping, bleaching and subsequent mechanical milling using a Changsha Samy XYQM-2L planetary ball mill to obtain cellulose nanofibers. The product was characterised using analytical techniques: scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Additionally, the degree of polymerisation was determined. The effect of longitudinal position on cellulose nanofibers characteristics was evaluated by comparing means using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests. The yield of cellulose nanofibers production from the high, middle and basal sections was 32,1 %, 33,6 % and 31 %, respectively. The obtained cellulose nanofibers exhibited a significantly larger diameter for the high zone (84 nm) compared with the middle (75 nm) and basal (69 nm) zones; the length remained above the micrometre range. With respect to degree of polymerisation, a decrease was evidenced with respect to the increase in shaft height; the basal zone exhibited a degree of polymerisation of 300, a significantly higher value than the middle and high zones, which exhibited degree of polymerisation of 249 and 211, respectively. The product showed typical cellulose type I polymorphism and crystallinity indexes of 76 %, 93 % and 96 % for the high, middle and basal sections, respectively. Regarding the thermostability of cellulose nanofibers, the maximum degradation rate of cellulose nanofibers occurred between 335 °C and 341 °C, with cellulose nanofibers from the basal area being the most stable. The adsorption of the methylene blue dye on cellulose nanofibers was evaluated; an efficiency > 60 % was found.

Abstract The study of extractivism is relevant in Latin America; there is a broad debate on the social and environmental processes it produces in the territories. Latin American governments highlight the high levels registered by the macroeconomic indicators of the activity; at the same time, academic studies argue that mining promotes economic development and contributes to poverty reduction in the areas where it is implemented. However, this paper argues that mining extractivism leads to the private concentration of wealth and the proliferation of socioenvironmental conflicts. A case study of Chile is proposed as a country specialized in copper extractivism. From 1995 to 2020 the value of copper exports grew 466%. However, what appears to be an economic success is overshadowed by the enormous number of socio-environmental conflicts associated with mining: Chile is the country with the second highest number of conflicts in Latin America. There is still little research on the distribution of wealth and the territorial pressures on extraction sites. While there are studies on the distribution of mining rents in Latin America (Zerene et al., 2018; Leiva, 2020; Jorrat, 2021), most are based on perspectives from economic theory focused on improving the forms of rent distribution, while the environmental dimension and factors influencing the political economy of extractivism have received less attention. The aim of the text is to study mining extractivism in Chile between 2001 and 2020 from a socio-environmental framework, in order to analyze the way in which mining promotes private concentration of wealth and the generation of socio-environmental conflicts. The political economy of natural resources and ecological economics are the theoretical underpinning of the study. Through a review of specialized literature and an analysis of variables with descriptive statistics, the relationship between extractivism, private concentration of wealth and socio-environmental conflicts was analyzed. The variables analyzed make it possible to identify and evaluate the copper trade surplus or deficit, the annual evolution of the total foreign currency generated by copper exports, the economic relevance of the value of copper exports in total exports and its annual evolution, the annual evolution of the contribution of copper to the national GDP, the annual evolution of tax revenues generated by copper extraction, the distribution of copper extraction between private and state mining, the variation in the standard of living of the communities where the main copper mining projects are located, the annual evolution of the material surplus or deficit of the copper trade, the annual evolution of the territorial pressures generated by mineral extraction through waste rock, and the number and characteristics of mining conflicts in Chile. The study showed that the intensive extraction of minerals for export with minimal processing, characterized as mining extractivism, privileges the benefits for private companies operating transnationally to the economic and environmental detriment of the extraction sites, which absorb the ecological devastation; the distribution of wealth, considering taxes, is 87% for the private sector and 13% for the state sector. Despite the surplus of income from copper exports, the contributions of this sector to the economy are detrimental. This surplus contrasts with the copper material deficit and the depletion of other natural resources necessary for life. The mining model implemented in Chile is not sustainable; it does not guarantee the economic and environmental wellbeing of the present and future generations. The areas where the main mining projects are located show high levels of multidimensional poverty in comparison with the large profits created by mining. Furthermore, 53% of the municipalities where mining projects are located have higher percentages of population living in income poverty than the national average and, despite the fact that most of the projects have been operating for 20 years in some municipalities, there is no correspondence between the profits generated and the standards of living at the local level; at the same time, the amount of waste rock involved in copper mining and environmental disturbance are very high. The regions that concentrate the largest tonnage of waste rock are also the ones that present the greatest amount of socioenvironmental conflicts. These problems are not exclusive to Chile; they are reproduced in most Latin American countries that have historically participated in the world economy as suppliers of raw materials through unequal economic and ecological exchange schemes.

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Resumen El artículo analiza la manera como la pandemia de la covid-19 ha agudizado la crisis estructural que caracteriza a la financiación de la educación superior en Colombia y las distintas propuestas que han surgido para enfrentarla. El texto presenta la cuestión de la financiación de la educación superior como un problema político en el que se enfrentan, por una parte, proyectos privatizadores y de creciente control gubernamental, y, por otra parte, alternativas transformadoras orientadas a garantizar la educación superior como un derecho y un bien común. Asimismo, se muestra como se ha venido reconfigurado el campo de diputa de la financiación de la educación superior en el país entre los años 2011 y 2022.

Abstract The article analyzes the way in which the Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated the structural crisis that characterizes the financing of higher education in Colombia and the different proposals that have emerged to face it. The text presents the issue of financing higher education as a political problem in which, on the one hand, privatization projects and growing government control face, and, on the other hand, transformative alternatives aimed at guaranteeing higher education as a right and a common good. Likewise, it shows how the field of dispute regarding the financing of higher education in the country has been reconfigured between 2011 and 2022.

Resumo O artigo analisa a maneira como a pandemia do covid-19 agravou a crise estrutural que caracteriza o financiamento da educação superior na Colômbia e as distintas propostas que têm surgido para encarar a crise. O texto apresenta a questão do financiamento da educação superior como um problema político no qual se enfrentam, por uma parte, projetos de privatização e de crescente controle governamental, e, por outra parte, alternativas transformadoras orientadas a garantir a educação superior como um direito e bem comum. Igualmente, é apresentado como se vem reconfigurando o campo de disputa do financiamento da educação superior no país entre os anos 2011 e 2022.

SIGNIFICANCE: This paper serves as a reply to the Commentary by Brown and Gibbons (S Afr J Sci. 2022;118(9/10), Art. #12590) on our recently published paper on systematics of the moon jellyfish genus Aurelia (Lawley et al. PeerJ 2021;9, e11954)). We emphasise that we are not advocating for the routine use of molecular data alone in taxonomic diagnoses, rather that it is a valid approach in cases where, after detailed analyses, morphological features are shown to be unreliable

Abstract Background: Magnolia alejandrae is a critically endangered species and endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental in northeastern Mexico. The abiotic requirements for its germination, such as light and temperature, are unknown. Hypotheses: White light and temperature fluctuations will promote the germination of M. alejandrae and seeds from site with higher humidity will have increased germination percentage. Study species: Magnolia alejandrae. Study sites and dates: El Farallón in the Jaumave municipality and Los San Pedros in the Güémez municipality, Tamaulipas, Mexico. May-June 2019. Methods: Four light-quality treatments (white, red, far-red and darkness) were evaluated, along with two temperature treatments: constant (18/18 ºC) and fluctuating temperatures (8/18 ºC) and two populations (El Farallón and Los San Pedros) on the germination of M. alejandrae. We used twenty seeds of the study species per experimental unit with five repetitions for each treatment. Results: Light quality influenced the germination of M. alejandrae seeds, having the highest germination (76 %) under white light, followed by 45 % under red light, 9 % under far-red and 5 % in darkness, demonstrating that the seeds of this species are neutral photoblastic. Temperature fluctuation (8/18 °C) enhanced germination of M. alejandrae more than constant temperature (18/18 °C). Conclusions: M. alejandrae seeds respond differentially to light quality and temperature, which has important implications in the reforestation and conservation of the species.

Resumen Antecedentes: Magnolia alejandrae es una especie en peligro crítico y es endémica de la Sierra Madre Oriental de México. Se desconocen los requerimientos abióticos como luz y temperatura para su germinación. Hipótesis: La germinación de M. alejandrae se verá favorecida bajo la luz blanca y la fluctuación de temperaturas. Las semillas de la población con mayor humedad tendrán mayor porcentaje de germinación. Especie de estudio: Magnolia alejandrae. Sitio de estudio: El Farallón en el municipio de Jaumave y Los San Pedros en el municipio de Güémez, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Mayo-junio 2019. Métodos: Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos de calidad de luz (blanca, rojo, rojo lejano y oscuridad); dos tratamientos de temperatura: constante (18/18 ºC) y fluctuación de temperatura (8/18 ºC) y dos poblaciones (El Farallón y Los San Pedros) sobre la germinación de M. alejandrae. Se colocaron 20 semillas de la especie de estudio por unidad experimental con cinco repeticiones por cada tratamiento. Resultados: La calidad de la luz tuvo un efecto en la germinación de las semillas de M. alejandrae, las cuales tuvieron una germinación mayor (76 %) bajo la luz blanca, seguida de la luz roja (45 %), rojo lejano (9 %) y oscuridad (5 %), lo que demuestra que las semillas de esta especie son fotoblásticas neutras. La fluctuación de temperatura (8/18 °C) incrementó la germinación de M. alejandrae. Conclusiones: Las semillas de M. alejandrae responden diferencialmente a la calidad de luz y a la temperatura, lo cual tiene implicaciones importantes en la reforestación y conservación de la especie.

Resumen Si el escenario de que el calentamiento global antropogénico (CGA) aumentaría las precipitaciones en algunos microclimas, podrían modificarse a mediano y largo plazo, los procesos de la geodinámica externa. En áreas con equilibrios hídricos inestables, CGA se superpondría a la variabilidad climática y otros factores naturales y antropogénicos: vulnerabilidad, terremotos, volcanismo, expansión urbana e infraestructural, El Niño-La Niña/ENOS, degradación de tierras. La inestabilidad de laderas sería más destructiva social, ambiental y económicamente, por lo cual conviene redefinir las prioridades de las políticas públicas, toma de decisiones y gestión del riesgo. Se propone un procedimiento analítico para áreas con microclimas influenciados por el CGA en donde aumentarían la intensidad, duración, frecuencia, volumen de las lluvias y el desequilibrio hídrico. Asimismo, ascenderían progresivamente el nivel freático y la presión intersticial, y las lluvias intensas críticas reducirían su período de recurrencia. La gestión del riesgo, apoyada en la geotecnia, deberá centrarse en acciones que reduzcan y transfieran el riesgo y disminuyan la vulnerabilidad, como mejor instrumento de adaptación para contrarrestar cualquier amenaza.

Abstract Rainfall rates may be modified, in the mid to long term in some microclimates, by the influence of anthropogenic global warming (AGW). If true in areas with unstable hydric balances AGW is likely to become superimposed to climate variability and other hazards, both natural and human: vulnerability, earthquakes, volcanoes, urban and infrastructural expansion, El Niño-La Niña-ENSO, land degradation. Slope instability hazards may become more destructive socially, economically, and environmentally. It is critical to redefine priorities in policy, decision-making, and risk management. An analytical procedure is proposed for areas with microclimate conditions prone to escalate rainfall intensity, duration, frequency, volume, and its resulting hydric unbalances. Progressive rises in water table and interstitial pressure resulting from intense rainfalls, with smaller return periods, may lead to higher water tables and earlier conditions for slope failure. Risk management, supported by Engineering Geology must focus on reducing and transferring risk and decrease vulnerability, as the best adaptation instrument to face any hazard.

Abstract The seismic regulations for the seismic performance assessment of buildings use the maximum interstory drift, θmax, as a measure to control damage. This article presents a study of the seismic performance based on the θmax for steel buildings using Mexico's regulations and the RISK-UE and HAZUS guidelines. The capacity spectrum method is used to evaluate the performance of buildings with 3 different heights located in 4 cities in Mexico with different seismicity, as well as for soft and rock soil types. The HAZUS criterion is conservative in its assement of damage, while the RISK-UE criterion is more in line with the expected damage. The service state, Sstate, and the collapse prevention state, CPstate, in Mexico's regulations are suitable for damage control, and are consistent with the damage proposed by the RISK-UE guidelines. In very high seismicity zones, the CPstate for seismic actions equal to or greater than the expected, prevent building collapse; however, significant damage to buildings can still occur. The θmax of the CPstate must be established for different seismic intensities and not only for building types.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Esta investigación presenta un análisis estadístico de la radiación solar en la ciudad de Cúcuta, con el objetivo de brindar una descripción detallada de su variabilidad entre los años 2005 y 2015. Esta información representa una herramienta evaluativa en el estudio del potencial solar de la región para el diseño de sistemas fotovoltaicos, partiendo de la necesidad de mejorar la relación costo/beneficio de esta tecnología, y así incrementar su penetración en la matriz eléctrica colombiana. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de tres bases de datos climatológicas con información horaria, seleccionando aquella con la mayor cantidad de datos disponibles. Por medio del software R Studio, se ejecutaron dos tipos de métodos estadísticos: análisis de la varianza de un solo factor (ANOVA) y test de Bonferroni. A partir de esto, se obtuvieron gráficas que representan el resumen estadístico de los valores de radiación solar en la última década. Resultados: El análisis ANOVA arrojó un valor p de 6,28x10-7, indicando que existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa de la media muestral entre los diferentes años de estudio. Asimismo, se identificaron los años y meses con mayor desviación y las posibles causas de la variabilidad de este parámetro. Conclusiones: A pesar de tener un comportamiento estable, la radiación de la ciudad de Cúcuta requiere de un análisis muy específico para su uso en aplicaciones que necesiten una alta sensibilidad en el manejo de esta información, ya que hay variaciones estadísticamente significativas que se pueden presentar para su uso. Financiamiento: Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander.

ABSTRACT Objective: This paper presents a statistical analysis of solar radiation in the city of Cúcuta, aiming to provide a detailed description of its variability between 2005 and 2015. This information represents an assessment tool to study the solar potential of the region for photovoltaic system design, motivated by the need to improve the cost-effectiveness of this technology, and thus increase its penetration in the Colombian electric grid. Methodology: Three weather databases with hourly data were studied, from which the one with the largest amount of data available was selected. By means of the R Studio software, two types of statistical methods were executed: single factor variance analysis (ANOVA) and Bonferroni test. From this, graphs representing the statistical summary of solar radiation values in the last decade were obtained. Results: The ANOVA showed a p-value of 6,28x10-7, indicating that there is a statistically significant difference in the sample mean between the different years of study. Likewise, the years and months with the greatest deviation and the possible causes for the variability of this parameter were identified. Conclusions: Despite showing a stable behavior, the radiation of the city of Cúcuta requires a very specific analysis for its use in applications that need a high sensitivity in the handling of this information, since there are statistically significant variations that can occur for its use. Funding: Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander

Resumen El Terremoto de Limón indujo cambios en la geodinámica externa como: levantamiento cortical, licuación de suelos, asentamientos del terreno e inestabilidad de laderas. Esta investigación se concentra en los cambios hidrológicos y geomorfológicos provocados. La metodología seguida parte de la observación de campo, la cartografía de inestabilidad de laderas, la concentración de materiales sólidos y el análisis comparativo de imágenes satelitales y fotografías aéreas. Se determinó que fueron destruidos alrededor de 140 km2 de cubierta vegetal, lo cual intensificó la escorrentía superficial y la erosión. Aproximadamente 210 millones de m3 de materiales sólidos fueron transportados por los sistemas fluviales. Estos procesos afectaron las cuencas altas y medias primero y luego los abanicos aluviales de piedemonte, con la acumulación de sedimentos y subsecuentemente su remoción hacia aguas abajo, lo cual produjo un proceso de progradación acelerado entre 1992 y 1998.

Abstract The Limón Earthquake induced changes in external geodynamics processes such as: crustal uplift, soil liquefaction, land settlement and slope instability. This research focuses on the hydrological and geomorphological changes. The methodology followed starts from field observation, landslide mapping, concentration of solid materials, and comparative analysis of satellite images and aerial photographs. It was determined that around 140 km2 of vegetation cover were destroyed, which intensified surface runoff and soil erosion. Approximately 210 million m3 of solid materials were transported by fluvial systems. These processes affected the upper and middle basins first and then the alluvial fans at the foothills, with the accumulation of sediments and subsequently their removal downstream, which produced an accelerated progradation process between 1992 and 1998.

Abstract Objective: To identify consumer preferences for tortilla, pinole, tortilla chips, blue corn tostadas, as specialty products, with their assessment of the organoleptic, social, original and traditional attributes. Methodology: Five local markets were explored, interviewing 75 consumers, with a stratified random probability sampling, with 90% reliability; Using cluster analysis, consumers are characterized. Results: It was found consumers who indicate the organoleptic and cultural characteristics as a source of their preference, due to its flavor, color and freshness, with significant differences (p <0.05) between markets; without significant differences because they are made with blue corn, in an artisanal way and without additives (p> 0.5). Consumers between 30 and 50 years old, with incomes greater than 4,000.00 pesos per month, with the presence of housewives (33%) and professionals (30%), who feel satisfied with their consumption and with the price they pay (72%), aware that corn is obtained by small local producers (45%). Limitations: Live markets are explored that do not cover the diversity of consumers of these local products. Conclusions: The theoretical proposal to study producer markets facilitates the identification of the preferences of consumers of blue corn products, who value the local, traditional and identity of these products, in addition to organoleptic characteristics, condensing traits of longing for food traditional, which recognizes the effort made by rural producers to conserve and improve them.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las preferencias del consumidor de tortilla, pinole, totopos, tostadas de maíz azul, como productos de especialidad, con su valoración de los atributos organolépticos, sociales, de originalidad y tradicionales. Metodolgía: Se exploraron cinco mercados locales, fueron entrevistados 75 consumidores, con un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio estratificado, con 90% de confiabilidad; utilizando el análisis por conglomerados, se caracteriza a los consumidores. Resultados: Se encontró a consumidores que señalan las características organolépticas y culturales como fuente de su preferencia, por su sabor, color y frescura, con diferencias significativas (p<0.05) entre mercados; sin diferencias significativas por ser elaborados con maíz azul, de manera artesanal y sin aditivos (p>0.5). Consumidores entre 30 y 50 años, con ingresos superiores a 4,000.00 pesos mensuales, con presencia de amas de casa (33%) y de profesionistas (30%), que se sienten satisfechos con su consumo y con el precio que pagan (72%), enterados que el maíz es obtenido por pequeños productores locales (45%). Limitaciones: Se exploran cinco mercados que no cubren la diversidad de consumidores de estos productos locales. Conclusiones: La propuesta teórica para estudiar mercados de productores facilita la identificación de las preferencias de los consumidores de productos de maíz azul, quienes valoran lo local, tradicional y de identidad de estos productos, además de características organoléptica, condensando rasgos de añoranza por los alimentos tradicionales, lo que reconoce el esfuerzo que hacen los productores del medio rural, por conservarlos y mejorarlos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: La incertidumbre de una posible transmisión posnatal por SARS-CoV-2 genera un desafío entre aplicar o evitar los cuidados esenciales del recién nacido para prevenir la transmisión. La revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo describir el impacto de los cuidados esenciales del neonato en la transmisión posnatal del SARS-CoV-2. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en bases de datos electrónicas, se incluyeron estudios observacionales, serie de casos y reporte de casos. Dos investigadores de forma independiente evaluaron los criterios de inclusión, la calidad metodológica y la extracción de datos. Resultados: Se tamizaron 208 estudios para una inclusión final de 9 artículos relevantes. El reporte de transmisión del virus SARS-CoV-2 está centrado en la posibilidad de transferencia por la leche materna y ausencia de información acerca de la transmisión por otros cuidados esenciales, sin embargo, se observa un bajo uso en la práctica clínica de los cuidados esenciales del recién nacido hijo de madre con COVID- 19. Conclusiones: La información es limitada sobre la posible transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 a través de los cuidados esenciales del recién nacido, sin embargo, la pandemia ha impactado de forma importante los mismos. Según los hallazgos en la literatura, es mayor el beneficio de estas intervenciones y las recomendaciones científicas promueven su aplicación empleando las medidas de protección personal para la madre y el personal de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: The uncertainty of a possible postnatal transmission by SARS-CoV-2 creates a challenge between applying or avoiding essential newborn care to prevent transmission. The objective of the systematic review is to describe the impact of essential neonate care on the postnatal transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: A systematic review was carried out in electronic databases, observational studies, case series, and case reports. Two investigators independently assessed the inclusion criteria, methodological quality, and data extraction. Results: 208 studies were screened for a final inclusion of 9 relevant articles. The transmission report of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is focused on the possibility of transfer through breast milk and the absence of information about transmission by other essential care, however, a low use, in clinical practice, of essential care for the newborn child of a mother with COVID-19, is observed. Conclusions: Information is limited on the possible transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through essential newborn care; however, the pandemic has had a significant impact on them. According to the findings in the literature, the benefit of these interventions is greater, and the scientific recommendations promote their application, using personal protection measures for the mother and the healthcare personnel.