Resumo Fundamento: Evidências apontam que a atividade física (AF) apresenta efeito protetor para as doenças crônicas, incluindo a hipertensão arterial (HA). Objetivo: Este estudo investigou, de forma longitudinal, a associação entre as mudanças na atividade física no tempo livre (AFTL) e a incidência de HA em participantes do ELSA-Brasil. Métodos: Foram analisados dados de 8.968 participantes em dois momentos distintos (2008-2010 e 2012-2014). Foi utilizado o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ), versão longa, para avaliação da AFTL. A associação entre AFTL e HA foi testada por regressão de Poisson com estimativa do risco relativo (RR), com nível de significância de 5% e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: Quando a variável nível de AFTL foi categorizada em suficiente e insuficiente, não foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significantes entre AFTL e a incidência HA em função das mudanças na AF durante o seguimento. No entanto, a variável AFTL quando categorizada em inativo, pouco ativo, ativo e muito ativo, observou-se associação estatisticamente significante entre AFTL e HA em participantes classificados como muito ativos fisicamente. O risco de HA foi reduzido em 35% entre homens RR 0,65 (IC 95% 0,50-0,86) e em 66% entre as mulheres RR 0,34 (IC 95% 0,20-0,58) que mantiveram altos níveis de AFTL em ambos os momentos do seguimento. Conclusão: Esses resultados sugerem que a manutenção de altos níveis de AF ao longo do tempo está associada a um menor risco de desenvolver HA, destacando a importância da AF na prevenção dessa condição, tanto para homens quanto para mulheres. Fundamento (AF crônicas HA. . (HA) Objetivo investigou longitudinal (AFTL ELSABrasil. ELSABrasil ELSA Brasil. Brasil ELSA-Brasil Métodos 8968 8 968 8.96 20082010 2008 2010 (2008-201 20122014. 20122014 2012 2014 2012-2014) IPAQ, IPAQ , (IPAQ) longa RR, (RR) 5 95 Resultados insuficiente seguimento entanto inativo observouse observou se fisicamente 35 065 0 65 0,6 IC 0,500,86 050086 0,50 0,86 50 86 0,50-0,86 66 034 34 0,3 0,200,58 020058 0,20 0,58 20 58 0,20-0,58 Conclusão condição (HA 896 96 8.9 2008201 200 201 (2008-20 2012201 2012-2014 (IPAQ (RR 9 3 06 6 0, 500 0,500,8 05008 050 0,5 086 0,8 0,50-0,8 03 0,200,5 02005 020 0,2 058 2 0,20-0,5 89 8. 200820 (2008-2 201220 2012-201 0,500, 0500 05 08 0,50-0, 0,200, 0200 02 0,20-0, 20082 (2008- 20122 2012-20 0,500 0,50-0 0,200 0,20-0 (2008 2012-2 0,50- 0,20- (200 2012- (20 (2 (

Abstract Background: Evidence indicates that physical activity (PA) has a protective effect against chronic diseases, including high arterial hypertension (AH). Objective: This study investigated, longitudinally, the association between changes in leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and the incidence of hypertension in ELSA-Brasil participants. Methods: Data from 8,968 participants were analyzed at two different times (2008-2010 and 2012-2014). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), long version, was used to assess LTPA. The association between LTPA and AH was tested using Poisson regression with relative risk (RR) estimation, with a significance level of 5% and a 95% confidence interval. Results: When the LTPA level variable was categorized as sufficient and insufficient, no statistically significant associations were found between LTPA and AH incidence as a function of changes in PA during follow-up. However, when the LTPA variable was categorized as inactive, little active, active, and very active, a statistically significant association was observed between LTPA and AH in participants classified as very physically active. The risk of AH was reduced by 35% among men RR 0.65 (95% CI 0.50-0.86) and by 66% among women RR 0.34 (95% CI 0.20-0.58) who maintained high levels of LTPA at both moments of follow-up. Conclusion: These results suggest that maintaining high levels of PA over time is associated with a lower risk of developing AH, highlighting the importance of PA in preventing this condition, for both men and women. Background (PA diseases AH. . (AH) Objective investigated longitudinally (LTPA ELSABrasil ELSA Brasil Methods 8968 8 968 8,96 20082010 2008 2010 (2008-201 20122014. 20122014 2012 2014 2012-2014) IPAQ, IPAQ , (IPAQ) version (RR estimation 5 95 interval Results insufficient followup. followup follow up. up follow-up However inactive active 35 065 0 65 0.6 (95 0.500.86 050086 0.50 0.86 50 86 0.50-0.86 66 034 34 0.3 0.200.58 020058 0.20 0.58 20 58 0.20-0.58 Conclusion condition (AH 896 96 8,9 2008201 200 201 (2008-20 2012201 2012-2014 (IPAQ 9 3 06 6 0. (9 500 0.500.8 05008 050 0.5 086 0.8 0.50-0.8 03 0.200.5 02005 020 0.2 058 2 0.20-0.5 89 8, 200820 (2008-2 201220 2012-201 ( 0.500. 0500 05 08 0.50-0. 0.200. 0200 02 0.20-0. 20082 (2008- 20122 2012-20 0.500 0.50-0 0.200 0.20-0 (2008 2012-2 0.50- 0.20- (200 2012- (20 (2

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate incidence of subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Subjects and methods: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) is a prospective cohort study of 15,105 civil servants, examined at baseline and over a 4-year follow-up. This analysis included 9,705 participants with normal thyroid function at baseline, follow-up information about thyroid function and with no report of using drugs that may interfere in the thyroid function. Thyroid function was defined by TSH/FT4 levels or routine use of thyroid hormones/anti-thyroid medications. Annual and cumulative (over 4-year) incidence rates were presented as percentages (95% Confidence Intervals). Results: The incidence of all overt and subclinical thyroid disease was 6.7% (1.73%/year): 0.19% for overt hyperthyroidism (0.048%/year), 0.54% for subclinical hyperthyroidism (0.14%/year), 1.98% for overt hypothyroidism (0.51%/year), and 3.99% for subclinical hypothyroidism (1.03%/year). The incidence of all thyroid diseases was higher in women, when compared to men, with a low women:men ratio (1.36). For Blacks the highest incidence was for overt hyperthyroidism, while for Whites, the highest incidence was for overt hypothyroidism. However, the highest incidence of overt hyperthyroidism was detected in Asian descendants. The presence of antithyroperoxidase antibodies at baseline was associated with higher incidence of overt thyroid diseases. Conclusion: These results showed a high incidence of hypothyroidism, which is compatible with a country with a more-than-adequate iodine intake. The low women:men ratio of the incidence of thyroid dysfunction highlights the importance of the diagnosis of thyroid diseases among men in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Context: Tarophagus colocasiae M. is the most important insect pest in Colocasia esculenta Schott cultivation in Cuba. There are no precedents of its management by entomopathogenic fungi. Objective: To determine T. colocasiae´s susceptibility to Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana under laboratory conditions. Methods: T. colocasiae´s nymphs and adults were treated with commercial strains of both microorganisms, with an adjusted concentration of 107 spores mL-1. It was determined the mortality at 72, 96 and 120 hours and the average lethal time (TL50). Results: The highest mortality was obtained in the treatment with M. anisopliae at 120 hours. B. bassiana strain was the most aggressive one, with an average lethal time below 72 hours. Conclusions: T. colocasiae´s nymphs and adults are susceptible to entomopathogenic fungi, which provides an encouraging perspective for the implementation of an ecological management strategy.

RESUMEN Contexto: Tarophagus colocasiae M. es la plaga insectil más importante en el cultivo de Colocasia esculenta Schott en Cuba. No existen precedentes de su manejo mediante hongos entomopatógenos. Objetivo: Determinar la susceptibilidad de T. colocasiae a Metarhizium anisopliae y Beauveria bassiana en condiciones de laboratorio. Métodos: Ninfas y adultos de T. colocasiae fueron tratados con cepas comerciales de ambos microorganismos, con una concentración ajustada de 107 esporas mL-1. Se determinó la mortalidad a las 72, 96 y 120 horas y el tiempo letal medio (TL50). Resultados: La mayor mortalidad se obtuvo en el tratamiento con M. anisopliae a las 120 horas. La cepa de B. bassiana fue la más agresiva, con un tiempo de letalidad medio inferior a las 72 horas. Conclusiones: Ninfas y adultos de T. colocasiae son susceptibles a los hongos entomopatógenos, lo cual brinda una perspectiva alentadora para la implantación de una estrategia ecológica de manejo.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro effect of the biofumigation with Brassica juncea L. Czerniak and Sinapis alba L. on the growth of Trichoderma spp. and Azospirillum brasilense Tarrand, Krieg et Döbereiner. Five doses (5, 15, 25, 35 and 55 g) of triturated plant material from B. juncea and S. alba were placed separately in plastic containers. Petri dishes with culture medium inoculated with Trichoderma spp. or A. brasilense, were placed on top of the plant material. The plastic containers were then covered and incubated in darkness for 7 days at 25±2ºC (Trichoderma spp.) and 31±2ºC (A. brasilense). After that, the diameter of the colonies of Trichoderma spp. was measured, and the number of colony forming units of A. brasilense was counted. The results indicated that: i) fungistatic effect of B. juncea and S. alba was not observed on Trichoderma spp. at any doses; ii) B. juncea inhibited colony growth of A. brasilense at doses of 15 g or higher, with an increasing inhibition as the biofumigant dose increased; iii) S. alba did not inhibit colony growth of A. brasilense at any doses. These in vitro results suggest that the technique of biocontrol with the antagonist fungus Trichoderma spp. can be compatible with biofumigation with B. juncea and S. alba. Also, A. brasilense can only be compatible with biofumigation with S. alba and with low doses of B. juncea.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto in vitro de la biofumigación con Brassica juncea L. Czerniak y Sinapis alba L. sobre el crecimiento de Trichoderma spp. y Azospirillum brasilense Tarrand, Krieg et Döbereiner. Se trituraron plantas de B. juncea y S. alba y se colocaron, por separado, en recipientes de plástico en dosis de 5, 15, 25, 35 y 55 g. Sobre el material triturado se apoyaron cajas Petri que contenían medio de cultivo inoculado con Trichoderma spp. o A. brasilense. Los recipientes de plástico se taparon e incubaron en oscuridad durante siete días, a 25±2ºC (Trichoderma spp.) y a 31±2ºC (A. brasilense). Finalizado ese periodo, se midió el diámetro de las colonias de Trichoderma spp. y se recontó el número de unidades formadoras de colonias de A. brasilense. Los resultados que se obtuvieron, in vitro, son los siguientes: i) no se observó efecto fungistático de B. juncea y de S. alba sobre Trichoderma spp. en ninguna de las dosis; ii) B. juncea inhibió el crecimiento de las colonias de A. brasilense con dosis de 15 g o superiores, con un aumento de la inhibición a medida que se incrementó la dosis del biofumigante; iii) S. alba no inhibió el crecimiento de las colonias de A. brasilense en ninguna de las dosis. Estos resultados sugieren que la técnica de biocontrol con el hongo antagonista Trichoderma spp. sería compatible con la biofumigación con B. juncea y S. alba. Además, A. brasilense solo sería compatible con la biofumigación con S. alba y con dosis bajas de B. juncea.

The aims of this work were: to determine feasibility of the combination of two biological control methods: application of antagonistic fungus Trichoderma spp. and biofumigation with the aerial part of Brassica juncea in the end of fruiting stage; to evaluate their effect on the growth of the pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Two doses (5 and 10 g) of triturated plant material from B. juncea were placed in plastic recipients. Petri dishes with potato glucose agar medium 2% and a disc inoculated with F. graminearum, or Trichoderma spp. or both fungi, were placed on top of the plant material. Plastic recipients were then closed and incubated at 25±2°C in darkness for 7 days. After that, the diameter of the colonies was measured. The results indicated that: i) when Trichoderma spp. and F. graminearum were biofumigated separately, fungistatic effect was not observed, ii) without biofumigant, Trichoderma spp. significantly inhibited growth of F. graminearum colonies, iii) the combination of Trichoderma spp. and the biofumigation with B. juncea showed synergic effect on growth control of F. graminearum. These in vitro results suggest that the growth of Trichoderma spp. And its potential biocontrol effect of F. graminearum, are not affected by biofumigation with B. juncea. Also, the combination of Trichoderma spp. and biofumigation with B. juncea, would have synergic effect on growth control of F. graminearum.

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: determinar la factibilidad de la utilización combinada de dos métodos de control biológico: la aplicación del hongo antagonista Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con la parte aérea de Brassica juncea en el estadio de fin de fructificación; evaluar su efecto sobre el crecimiento del patógeno Fusarium graminearum. Se trituraron plantas de B. juncea y se colocaron en recipientes de plástico en dosis de 5 y 10 g. Sobre el material triturado se apoyó una caja de Petri con agar papa glucosado al 2%, que contenía un disco con micelio de F. graminearum o Trichoderma spp. o ambos hongos. Los recipientes de plástico se cerraron e incubaron a 25±2°C en oscuridad durante 7 días. Finalizado este período, se midió el diámetro de las colonias. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: i) cuando se biofumigaron por separado, no se observó efecto fungistático de B. juncea sobre Trichoderma spp. ni sobre F. graminearum; ii) en ausencia del biofumigante, Trichoderma spp. inhibió significativamente el crecimiento de las colonias de F. graminearum, iii) la combinación de Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con B. juncea mostró un efecto sinérgico sobre el control del crecimiento miceliar de F. graminearum. Los resultados in vitro sugieren que el crecimiento de Trichoderma spp. y su potencial efecto de biocontrol sobre F. graminearum, no son afectados por la biofumigación con B. juncea. La utilización combinada de Trichoderma spp. y la biofumigación con B. juncea, tendría un efecto sinérgico sobre el control del crecimiento de F. graminearum.

We prospectively compared, the glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solution 1,000 mL 10% glucose, 20 units of fast acting insulin and 60 mEq of potassium chloride, against a GIK solution with 1,000 mL of glucose, 40 units of fast acting insulin an 120 mEq of chloride, in the hyperglycemic control of non-diabetic patient subjected to cardiac surgery. We divided 40 patients in four groups ten patients each. Group A was the control they received 1,000 mL of 10% glucose in water, 20 units of fast acting insulin and 60 mEq of potassium chloride in a drops/ hour dose without an infusion pump. Group B received the same solution in a 50 mL/hour dose. Group C received 1,000 mL of 10% glucose in water, 40 units of fast acting insulin plus, 120 mEq of potassium chloride at the same infusion rate as Group A. Group D 2 1,000 mL of 10% of glucose in water, 40 units of fast acting insulin in the same rate as Group B. The GIK solution was started after anesthesia induction and maintained all along the extracorporeal circulation, the study continued until the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit. We measured blood glucose, circulating insulin and serie levels of potassium three times; basal before the anesthetic induction, during the extracorporeal circulation and at the intensive care unit arrival. The data were analyzed with measure of central tendency, dispersion and multivariate analysis. Results: Among the four groups no statistically significant differences existed in demographic data. In Group A, glucose and potassium levels were higher as compared with the rest of the groups (p < 0.05) in all measurements; Group D was less hyper-glycaemic as compared with Groups A, B, and C. Conclusion: The solution with low insulin dose does useful plasmatic insulin levels in the hyperglycemia in non diabetic patients subjected to cardiac surgery.

Comparamos la glucosa-insulina-potasio (GIK); glucosa al 10% 1,000 mL, 20 unidades de insulina de acción rápida y 60 mEq de cloruro de potasio (KCL), contra la solución de GIK con glucosa al 10% 1,000 mL, 40 unidades de insulina de acción rápida y 120 mEq de KCL, para el control de la hiperglucemia en cuarenta pacientes no diabéticos de cirugía cardíaca. Se formaron cuatro grupos de 10 pacientes cada uno. El Grupo A fue considerado como control y recibió glucosa al 10% 1,000 mL, insulina 20 unidades, 60 mEq cloruro de potasio (KCI) a 20 gotas por minuto sin bomba de infusión. El Grupo B recibió la misma solución que el Grupo A infundida con una bomba de infusión a 50 mL por hora. El Grupo C recibió glucosa al 10% 1,000 mL, insulina 40 unidades, KCI 120 mEq infundida igual que para el Grupo A. El Grupo D recibió glucosa al 10% 1,000 mL, insulina 40 unidades, 120 mEq KCI a 50 mL por hora. La solución de GIK se inició después de la inducción de la anestesia, se mantuvo durante la circulación extracorpórea. El estudio terminó cuando se entregó el paciente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Medimos glucosa sanguínea, insulina circulante y potasio sérico en tres tiempos, basal que se refiere a antes de la inducción de la anestesia, durante la circulación extracorpórea, y en el postoperatorio al llegar a la terapia intensiva. Los datos se analizaron con medidas de tendencia central, dispersión y un análisis multivariado. Resultados: En los grupos no hubo diferencias demográficas significativas. El potasio y glucosa fueron más elevados en el Grupo A cuando se comparó con todos los grupos (p < 0.05) y en todos los tiempos. El Grupo D con la solución de GIK con glucosa al 10% 1,000 ml_, 40 unidades de insulina de acción rápida y 120 mEq de KCL tuvo menos hiperglucemia cuando se comparó con el Grupo A, B y C. Conclusión: La solución de GIK con concentraciones bajas de insulina no alcanza la concentración plasmática de insulina que sea útil en el control de la hiperglucemia en pacientes no diabéticos operados de cirugía cardíaca.