Abstract Introduction: Elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been associated with poorer outcomes in cyanotic patients undergoing single ventricle palliation. Little is known about this biomarker on patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Our objective is to study the impact of preoperative NLR on outcomes of TOF patients undergoing total repair. Methods: This retrospective study included 116 consecutive patients between January 2014 and December 2018. Preoperative NLR was measured from the last complete blood count test before the surgery. Using the cutoff value of 0.80, according to the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the sample was divided into two groups (NLR < 0.80 and ≥ 0.80). The primary endpoint was hospital length of stay (LOS). Results: ROC curves showed that higher preoperative NLR was associated with longer hospital LOS, with an area under the curve of 0.801±0.040 (95% confidence interval 0.722 - 0.879; P<0.001). High preoperative NLR was also associated with long intensive care unit (ICU) LOS (P=0.035). Preoperative NLR predicted longer hospital LOS with a sensitivity of 63% and a specificity of 81.4%. Conclusion: Higher preoperative NLR was associated with long ICU and hospital LOS in patients undergoing TOF repair. Introduction neutrophillymphocyte neutrophil lymphocyte palliation TOF, , (TOF) disease repair Methods 11 201 2018 surgery 080 0 80 receiveroperating receiver operating (ROC 0.8 0.80. . 0.80) LOS. (LOS) Results 08010040 801 040 0.801±0.04 95% 95 (95 0722 722 0.72 0.879 0879 879 P<0.001. P0001 P P<0.001 001 P<0.001) (ICU P=0.035. P0035 P=0.035 035 (P=0.035) 63 814 81 4 81.4% Conclusion (TOF 1 20 08 8 0. (LOS 0801004 04 0.801±0.0 9 (9 072 72 0.7 0.87 087 87 P000 P<0.00 00 P003 P=0.03 03 (P=0.035 6 81.4 2 080100 0.801±0. ( 07 7 P00 P<0.0 P=0.0 (P=0.03 81. 08010 0.801±0 P0 P<0. P=0. (P=0.0 0801 0.801± P<0 P=0 (P=0. 0.801 P< P= (P=0 (P= (P

Abstract Introduction: The Technical Performance Score (TPS) was developed and subsequently refined at the Boston Children's Hospital. Our objective was to translate and validate its application in a developing country. Methods: The score was translated into the Portuguese language and approved by the TPS authors. Subsequently, we studied 1,030 surgeries from June 2018 to October 2020. TPS could not be assigned in 58 surgeries, and these were excluded. Surgical risk score was evaluated using Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery (or RACHS-1). The impact of TPS on outcomes was studied using multivariable linear and logistic regression adjusting for important perioperative covariates. Results: Median age and weight were 2.2 (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.5-13) years and 10.8 (IQR = 5.6-40) kilograms, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 6.58% (n=64), and postoperative complications occurred in 19.7% (n=192) of the cases. TPS was categorized as 1 in 359 cases (37%), 2 in 464 (47.7%), and 3 in 149 (15.3%). Multivariable analysis identified TPS class 3 as a predictor of longer hospital stay (coefficient: 6.6; standard error: 2.2; P=0.003), higher number of complications (odds ratio [OR]: 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-3; P=0.01), and higher mortality (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4-7; P=0.004). Conclusion: TPS translated into the Portuguese language was validated and showed to be able to predict higher mortality, complication rate, and prolonged postoperative hospital stay in a high-volume Latin-American congenital heart surgery program. TPS is generalizable and can be used as an outcome assessment tool in resource diverse settings. Introduction (TPS Childrens Children s Hospital country Methods authors Subsequently 1030 030 1,03 201 2020 5 excluded or RACHS1. RACHS1 RACHS . RACHS-1) covariates Results 22 2. interquartile IQR [IQR 0.513 0513 0.5 13 0 0.5-13 108 10 8 10. 5.640 5640 5.6 40 6 5.6-40 kilograms respectively Inhospital In 658 6.58 n=64, n64 n n=64 , 64 (n=64) 197 19 7 19.7 n=192 n192 192 (n=192 35 37%, 37 37% (37%) 46 47.7%, 477 47.7% 47 (47.7%) 14 15.3%. 153 15.3% 15 (15.3%) coefficient (coefficient 6.6 66 error P=0.003, P0003 P P=0.003 003 P=0.003) odds OR [OR] 1.84 184 84 95 CI [CI] 1.13 113 1.1 1.1-3 P=0.01, P001 P=0.01 01 P=0.01) (OR 3.2 32 1.47 147 1.4 4 1.4-7 P=0.004. P0004 P=0.004 004 P=0.004) Conclusion rate highvolume high volume LatinAmerican Latin American program settings 103 03 1,0 20 202 RACHS-1 513 0.51 051 05 0. 0.5-1 640 5.64 564 56 5. 5.6-4 65 6.5 n6 n=6 (n=64 19. n=19 n19 (n=19 (37% 47.7 (47.7% 15.3 (15.3% 6. P000 P=0.00 00 [OR 1.8 18 9 [CI 11 1. 1.1- P00 P=0.0 3. 1.4- 1, RACHS- 51 0.5- 5.6- n= (n=6 n=1 n1 (n=1 (37 47. (47.7 15. (15.3 P0 P=0. (n= (3 (47. (15. P=0 (n ( (47 (15 P= (4 (1

Abstract Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has negatively impacted healthcare services worldwide. We hypothesized that the pandemic would affect our case mix and mortality. Our objective was to study this impact. Methods: We retrospectively studied all patients who underwent congenital heart surgeries from March 21st to August 21st in 2019 and 2020 using the institutional electronic database. We compared demographic data, preoperative and postoperative length of stay (LOS), risk stratification using Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS) classification and outcomes in both periods. Results: We observed a 66.7% decrease in our surgical volume (285 × 95 patients). Patients operated in the pre-pandemic period were older (911.3 [174.8 - 5953.8] days-old) compared to the pandemic period (275 days-old; P<0.05). When the case mix was compared between periods, the percentage of neonatal surgery was increased in the pandemic era (8% × 21.1%; P<0.05), and the number of RACHS 1-2 surgeries decreased significantly (60.7 × 27.4%; P<0.05). Preoperative LOS was increased in the pandemic period (1.2 × 7 days; P=0.001). There was no significant increment in mortality (P=0.1). Two patients tested positive for COVID-19 in the postoperative period and both died. Conclusion: Our program observed a sudden decrease in surgical volume and a consequent increase in surgical complexity. There was a non-significant increment in mortality.

Abstract Introduction: Donor shortage and organ allocation is the main problem in pediatric heart transplant. Mechanical circulatory support is known to increase waiting list survival, but it is not routinely used in pediatric programs in Latin America. Methods: All patients listed for heart transplant and supported by a mechanical circulatory support between January 2012 and March 2016 were included in this retrospective single-center study. The endpoints were mechanical circulatory support time, complications, heart transplant survival and discharge from the hospital. Results: Twenty-nine patients from our waiting list were assessed. Twelve (45%) patients were initially supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and a centrifugal pump was implanted in 17 (55%) patients. Five patients initially supported by ECMO were bridged to another device. One was bridged to a centrifugal pump and four were bridged to Berlin Heart Excor®. Among the 29 supported patients, 18 (62%) managed to have a heart transplant. Thirty-day survival period after heart transplant was 56% (10 patients). Median support duration was 12 days (interquartile range [IQR] 4 - 26 days) per run and the waiting time for heart transplant was 9.5 days (IQR 2.5-25 days). Acute kidney injury was identified as a mortality predictor (OR=22.6 [CI=1.04-494.6]; P=0.04). Conclusion: Mechanical circulatory support was able to bridge most INTERMACS 1 and 2 pediatric patients to transplant with an acceptable complication rate. Acute renal failure increased mortality after mechanical circulatory support in our experience.

FUNDAMENTO: A transposição corrigida das grandes artérias frequentemente evolui com disfunção ventricular direita. O preparo ventricular para a correção anatômica em pacientes adultos apresenta resultados desapontadores. OBJETIVO: Analisar a hipertrofia do ventrículo direito (VD) induzida por dois tipos de bandagem pulmonar (BP), convencional e intermitente em animais adultos. MÉTODOS: Dezenove cabras adultas foram divididas em três grupos: Convencional (seis animais), Intermitente (seis animais) e Controle (sete animais). O grupo Convencional foi submetido à BP fixa com fita cardíaca, enquanto no grupo Intermitente foi usado dispositivo de BP ajustável, que gerava sobrecarga sistólica por 12 horas, alternada com 12 horas de descanso do VD. As pressões de VD, tronco pulmonar e aorta foram medidas durante todo o estudo. Ecocardiograma foi realizado semanalmente. Após quatro semanas, os animais foram eutanasiados para avaliação morfológica dos ventrículos. O grupo Controle foi submetido a eutanásia para análise em condições basais. RESULTADOS: A sobrecarga pressórica foi menor no grupo Intermitente (p=0,001), comparada ao grupo Convencional. Houve aumento na espessura do VD do grupo Intermitente, medida pelo ecocardiograma, comparado ao seu momento basal (p<0,05). O índice de performance miocárdica do VD foi melhor no grupo Intermitente (p=0,024), comparado ao Convencional. Os grupos estimulados apresentaram aumento da massa muscular em comparação ao grupo Controle (p=0,001). Não houve diferença no conteúdo de água miocárdica. CONCLUSÃO: A BP intermitente desenvolveu hipertrofia de melhor desempenho funcional, sugerindo este protocolo como método preferencial de preparo ventricular.

BACKGROUND: Corrected transposition of great arteries often evolves with right ventricular dysfunction. The ventricular preparation for anatomic correction in adult patients has produced disappointing results. OBJECTIVE: To assess right ventricular hypertrophy (RV) induced by conventional and intermittent pulmonary banding (PB) in adult animals. METHODS: Nineteen adult goats were divided into three groups: conventional (six animals), intermittent (six animals) and control (seven animals). The Conventional group underwent fixed PB with cardiac tape, while the intermittent group received PB adjustable device, which generated systolic overload for 12 hours, alternated with 12 hours of rest of RV. The pressures of the RV, pulmonary artery and aorta were measured throughout the study. Echocardiography was performed weekly. After four weeks, the animals were euthanized for morphological evaluation of the ventricles. The Control group was put to euthanasia for analysis at baseline. RESULTS: Pressure overload was lower in the intermittent group (p = 0.001), compared to the conventional group. There was an increase in the thickness of the RV of the Intermittent group measured by echocardiography compared to their baseline values (p < 0.05). The myocardial performance index in the RV group was better in the Intermittent group (p = 0.024), compared to the Conventional group. The groups stimulated showed increased muscle mass compared to the Control group (p = 0.001). There was no difference in myocardial water content. CONCLUSION: The intermittent BP developed hypertrophy of better performance, suggesting this protocol as the preferred method of ventricular preparation.

FUNDAMENTO: La transposición corregida de las grandes arterias frecuentemente evoluciona con disfunción ventricular derecha. La preparación ventricular para la corrección anatómica en pacientes adultos presenta resultados desalentadores. OBJETIVO: Analizar la hipertrofia del ventrículo derecho (VD) inducida por dos tipos de vendaje pulmonar (VP), convencional e intermitente en animales adultos. MÉTODOS: Diecinueve cabras adultas fueron divididas en tres grupos: Convencional (seis animales), Intermitente (seis animales) y Control (siete animales). El grupo Convencional fue sometido al VP fijo con cinta cardíaca, mientras que en el grupo Intermitente fue usado dispositivo de VP ajustable, que generaba sobrecarga sistólica por 12 horas, alternada con 12 horas de descanso del VD. Las presiones de VD, tronco pulmonar y aorta fueron medidas durante todo el estudio. Ecocardiograma fue realizado semanalmente. Después de cuatro semanas, los animales fueron eutanasiados para evaluación morfológica de los ventrículos. El grupo Control fue sometido a eutanasia para análisis en condiciones basales. RESULTADOS: La sobrecarga presórica fue menor en el grupo Intermitente (p=0,001), comparada al grupo Convencional. Hubo aumento en el espesor del VD del grupo Intermitente, medida por el ecocardiograma, comparado a su momento basal (p<0,05). El índice de performance miocárdica del VD fue mejor en el grupo Intermitente (p=0,024), comparado al Convencional. Los grupos estimulados presentaron aumento de la masa muscular en comparación al grupo Control (p=0,001). No hubo diferencia en el contenido de agua miocárdica. CONCLUSIÓN: EL VP intermitente desarrolló hipertrofia de mejor desempeño funcional, sugiriendo este protocolo como método preferencial de preparación ventricular.

OBJETIVO: A bandagem ajustável do tronco pulmonar (TP) pode proporcionar treinamento ventricular mais fisiológico para cirurgia de Jatene em dois estágios. Este estudo experimental analisa a hipertrofia aguda (96 horas) do ventrículo direito (VD) submetido à sobrecarga sistólica intermitente. MÉTODOS: Cinco grupos de sete cabritos jovens foram dispostos conforme o tempo de sobrecarga sistólica do VD (0, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas). O grupo zero hora funcionou como grupo controle. Avaliações ecocardiográficas e hemodinâmicas foram feitas diariamente. Os animais foram sacrificados para avaliação do conteúdo de água e pesagem das massas cardíacas. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento da espessura do VD a partir de 48 horas de treinamento (p<0,05) e rebaixamento da fração de ejeção do VD, com dilatação importante desta câmara nas primeiras 24 horas do protocolo, recuperando-se posteriormente. Houve aumento da relação volume/massa nas primeiras 24 horas do protocolo, em relação ao momento 96 horas (p=0,003). A massa do VD apresentou aumento de 104,7% no grupo 96 horas em relação ao controle. Não houve diferença quanto ao conteúdo de água do VD. A média diária de aumento da massa do VD foi de 21,6% ± 26,8%. A taxa de ganho de massa muscular do VD para todo o período de estudo foi de 0,084 g/h ± 0,035 g/h. CONCLUSÃO: O protocolo de bandagem intermitente do TP permitiu ganho de massa muscular do VD, significativa no grupo de 96 horas de estudo. Esta hipertrofia não foi acompanhada de aumento no conteúdo de água, o que sugere maior síntese protéica nos tecidos cardíacos.

OBJECTIVES: Adjustable pulmonary trunk (PT) banding device may induce a more physiologic ventricle retraining for the two-stage Jatene operation. This experimental study evaluates the acute hypertrophy (96 hours) of the right ventricle (RV) submitted to an intermittent pressure overload. METHODS: Five groups of seven young goats were distributed according to RV intermittent systolic overload duration (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours). The zero-hour group served as a control group. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluations were performed daily. After completing the training program for each group, the animals were sacrificed for water content and cardiac masses evaluation. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in RV free wall thickness starting with the 48-hour group (p<0.05). However, a decreased RV ejection fraction, associated with an important RV dilation and a significant increase in the RV volume to mass ratio was observed at 24-hour training period, when compared to 96-hour period (p=0.003), with subsequent recovery throughout the protocol. A 104.7% increase in RV mass was observed in the 96-hour group, as compared to the control group, with no differences in water content between these two groups. The daily mean increase in RV mass during the study period was 21.6% ± 26.8%. The rate of RV mass acquisition for the overall study period of intermittent systolic overload was 0.084 g/h ± 0.035 g/h. CONCLUSION: Intermittent PT banding has allowed a significant RV mass acquisition in the 96-hour trained group. No myocardial water content changes were observed in this group, suggesting an increased myocardial protein synthesis.