A new class of deep eutectic solvents (DES) was used in the extraction of levodopa (L-dopa) present in Mucuna cinerea, which has been termed “green” or “designer” solvents, with notable productive and economic/environmental benefits. The seeds of Mucuna cinerea were prepared and submitted to extraction with heating and agitation in a solvent mixture of DES with citric acid, urea, or glycerol. The extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which confirmed the efficiency of DES in extracting L-dopa. These extractions were carried out to determine the L-dopa extracts in DES with regard to the induction of cellular response activity, demonstrating the synergy between L-dopa and DES. The DES-glycerol extract exhibited a higher proliferative activity than commercial L-dopa after 24 h of treatment. The human glandular kallikrein-1 gene (hGK3) demonstrated higher expression in the treatment with the DES-urea, while the G protein-coupled receptor kinase-6 gene (GRK6) showed higher expression for all extracts compared to commercial L-dopa, with a higher value obtained for DES glycerol, followed by DES urea extract. The DES extraction method is therefore promising and unprecedented, confirming its possible use in the replacement of expensive solvents, supporting the use of ecologically viable DES in the extractions of other plant species.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar as associações entre os escores de desempenho dos atletas no Pre-Draft Combine da NBA. Foram examinados os desempenhos de 480 atletas nas avaliações do Pre-draft Combine da NBA de 2010 a 2017. Os testes do Draft Combine considerados incluíram o Shuttle Run Test, o Lane Agility Test, o Sprint Test e o Jump Test (salto vertical em pé). Correlações de ordem zero foram calculadas para examinar as associações entre os testes de desempenho através da adequação de modelos de regressão linear Bayesiana. Entre os testes de corrida, tanto o teste Shuttle Run (r = 0,45, intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% 0,34 a 0,56) e teste de Sprint (r = 0,45, IC 95% 0,37 a 0,54) foram moderadamente associados com o Teste Lane Agility. A associação entre o Sprint Test e o Shuttle Run Test foi de moderada para alta (r = 0,27, IC 95% 0,16 a 0,38). As correlações entre o Teste de Salto e os testes de corrida foram de moderada a grande, variando de -0,51 a -0,19 (Lane Agility Test: r = -0,33, IC 95% -0,42 a -0,24; Teste Shuttle Run: r = -0,19, IC 95% -0,31 a -0,07; Teste de Sprint: r = -0,51, IC 95% -0,59 a -0,43). Assim, foi verificado uma correlação de moderada a grande entre o desempenho dos testes do Draft Combine da NBA, o que indica que os procedimentos gerais podem fornecer, parcialmente, informações sobrepostas sobre o desempenho máximo de curto prazo do basquetebol.

Abstract Considering agility is a prerequisite for basketball performance and several agility tests have been used during the pre-draft assessment of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the aimed of this study was to examine the associations between pre-draft athletes´ performance scores in NBA draft combine testing protocol. The performance of 480 athletes invited to the NBA pre-draft assessment from 2010 to 2017 was considered. Tests in the NBA Draft Combine considered in this study included the Shuttle Run Test, Lane Agility Test, Sprint Test, and Jump Test (standing vertical leap). Zero order correlations were calculated to examine the associations between performance tests by fitting Bayesian linear regression models. Among running testing, both Shuttle Run Test [r=0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34 to 0.56) and Sprint Test (r=0.45, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.54) were moderately associated with the Lane Agility Test. The association between the Sprint Test and Shuttle Run Test was moderate at best (r=0.27, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.38). Correlations between Jump Test and running tests were moderate to large, ranging from -0.51 to -0.19 (Lane Agility Test: r=-0.33, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.24; Shuttle Run Test: r=-0.19, 95% CI -0.31 to -0.07; Sprint Test: r=-0.51, 95% CI -0.59 to -0.43). As a conclusion, we found a moderate to large correlations between the tests performance of the NBA Draft Combine, implying that the overall procedures may provide in part overlapping information about basketball maximal short term performance.

Single crystal samples of L-leucine, C6H13NO2, a fundamental aliphatic amino acid of the human body, have been studied by Raman spectroscopy at temperatures from 300 to 430 K over the spectral range from 50 to 3100 cm-1. A tentative assignment of all bands is given. For high temperatures, several modifications on the Raman spectra were observed at about 353 K, giving evidence that the L-leucine crystal undergoes a structural phase transition. An interpretation for this phase transition in terms of group theory analysis is given.

São relatados 6 casos de listeriose em pacientes transplantados renais, que ocorreram entre 13 dias e 57 meses após iniciarem imunossupressão clássica, sendo 3 casos classificados como meningite, 2 casos como meningoencefalite e 1 caso como bacteremia. Houve um óbito e os 5 pacientes restantes apresentaram boa evolução. Com dados adicionais da literatura, são discutidos a epidemiologia, o diagnóstico e tratamento, da listeriose pós-transplante renal.

Report about 6 cases of listeriosis in receptors of kidneys grafts from 13 days to 57 months post transplantation with classical immunossupression. Three of them had clinical features of meningites. Two cases had meningoencefalitic features on presentation and one patient presented only bacteremia. There was one fatal infection, the others cases eventually achieved a good infectious outcome. With additional data from literature the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of listeriosis are discussed.

Plantaram-se em fins de 1945, nas estações experimentais do Instituto Agronômico localizadas em Campinas, Ribeirão Prêto e Pindorama e, em princípios de 1947 em Mococa e Jaú, ensaios compreendendo progênies, linhagens e variedades de cafeeiros selecionados a fim de estudar a sua reação em ambiente ensolarado e à sombra de ingàzeiros. Numerosas anotações foram realizadas referentes às re-plantas, desenvolvimento dos cafeeiros, produtividade, rendimento e características dos frutos e das sementes. Durante os primeiros anos de desenvolvimento, as replantas feitas mostraram-se mais freqüentes em Ribeirão Prêto e Pindorama e, ao dar por encerrada a primeira fase dêste ensaio, em 1956, o maior número de falhas foi observado em Jaú e, o menor, em Campinas. Nas repetições sombreadas dêstes ensaios, as falhas mostraram-se mais freqüentes. As progênies ou linhagens de Sumatra, Laurina e Caturra e as derivadas do Bourbon Vermelho C 44 foram as que deram os mais elevados números de falhas. Apenas em Ribeirão Prêto os cafeeiros mostraram sensível diminuição na altura, tomada como índice do desenvolvimento vegetativo, no ambiente sombreado, sendo pequenas as diferenças nas demais localidades. No que se refere à produção total de café cereja de todos os intens nos anos considerados, os dados obtidos indicaram sempre maior produção no lote ao sol, em comparação corn a do sombreado. Em Campinas, a produção tias repetições ao sol foi de 82% maior; em Pindorama, 349% em Ribeirão Prêto, 1271%; em Mococa. 69% e, em Jaú, 305% mais elevadas, tornando desaconselhável a prática do sombreamento nas localidades estudadas. Diferenças no número de talhas, na luminosidade e na água disponível no solo, devem ser os principais responsáveis pelas produções mais elevadas ao sol. No que se refere ao comportamento dos cafeeiros nos dois ambientes, notou-se que os mais produtivos ao sol, também alcançam as primeiras colocações no lote sombreado, indicando (pie a seleção feita ao sol deve ser eficiente também para o plantio à sombra do ingàzeiro. Em comparação com a testemunha HourUon Vermelho LC 370, dez dos itens do ensaio de Campinas, dois de Pindorama, seis de Ribeirão Prêto, três de Mococa e dois de Jaú, deram produções significativamente maiores no lote ao sol. No lote à sombra os itens melhores do que o testemunha foram em número de dois em Campinas, cinco em Pindorama, sete em Ribeirão Prêto, dois em Mococa e um em Jaú. Revelaram-se de particular interesse, pela elevada produção, as progenies de Bourbon Amarelo incluídas em ensaios de Mococa e Jaú, confirmando resultados obtidos em outros ensaios sobre a produtividade do Bourbon Amarelo. Se não tivessem surgido as linhagens de Mundo Novo e outras de liourboii Amarelo, Oses ensaios teriam fornecido informações sobre as melhores linhagens a serem plantadas em cada região agrícola. Quanto à variação anual de produção cm Campinas e Mo;oca, não se observaram diferenças significativas nos lotes ao sol e sombreado, enquanto em Pindorama e Jaú, as variâncias de produção nas repetições ao sol mostraram-se pouco maiores, o que talvez esteja relacionado com a produção, bem maior ao sol, nessas localidades. Em Ribeirão Prêto a discrepância de produção foi muito elevada, não permitindo esta comparação. As observações feitas sobre as produções nos períodos de 2, 4, 6 e K anos, mostraram que os itens mais produtivos, tanto ao sol como nas repetições a sombra, revelaram-se logo depois das quatro primeiras produções. Notou-se que alguns cafeeiros são precoces quanto à produção, como o Caturra o a linhagem de líourbon Vermelho LC 43, e outros mais tardios, como os de líourbon Amarelo em Mococa e Jaú, as linhagens LC 408 em Campinas, e as de líourbon Vermelho C 376-1, C 662 e LC 493 cm várias localidades. Embora tenham sido verificadas setisívei-, diferenças no rendimento das progenies, linhagens e variedades, observou-se que estes são um pouco melhores à sombra. As porcentagens de frutil icação foram mais elevadas nas repetições à sombra em Campinas, Mococa e Jaú e, menores, em Ribeirão Prêto e Pindorama, embora a produção tenha se revelado menor. É de se salientar que o Laurina, com a mais elevada porcentagem de frutificação, apresentou também uma das mais reduzidas produções. O pêso médio de cereja foi pouco influenciado pelo plantio à sombra, cm relação ao sol, enquanto o peso médio das sementes se mostrou pouco maior no lote sombreado, indicando menor pêso do pericarpo, o que confirma os dados sôbre os valores do rendimento. Quanto às proporções dos tipos de sementes moca, concha e chato, pouca variação foi notada no lote ao sol e à sombra, o mesmo ocorrendo com a quantidade de sementes chochas e tamanho da semente, revelado pela peneira média, e sua densidade. Os dados obtidos sobre a incidência de broca, em Campinas, mostraram que, à sombra, a infestação é maior. Observações realizadas sobre a maturação dos frutos, levaram à conclusão de que a partir de flôres abertas na mesma época, não ocorrem diferenças na maturação nas progenies plantadas ao sol e à sombra. Tomando-se ao acaso, amostras de frutos resultantes de flôres abertas nas várias épocas, verifica-se um pequeno atraso de maturação nas repetições ê sombra, indicando possíveis diferenças na intensidade do florescimento nos dois ambientes. Quanto à qualidade da bebida, os dados são de molde a sugerir maior acidez nas amostras colhidas à sombra, não ocorrendo discrepâncias acentuadas quanto aos demais característicos examinados. Os dados gerais dêstes ensaios permitem concluir que, a não ser pela drástica redução na produtividade dos cafèzais, os demais fatores estudados não se mostraram particularmente afetados pelas diferenças do ambiente ao sol e à sombra. Também permitem afirmar, de um modo geral, que as progenies e linhagens reagiram, de maneira semelhante ao sol e à sombra, no sentido de que as mais promissoras ao sol também tendem a dar boa produção à sombra.

During 1945 and 1947, five regional coffee trials were established at experimental stations of the Instituto Agronômico located, respectively, in Campinas, Ribeirão Prêto, Pindorama, Mococa and Jaú comprising 25 selected entries, among which varieties, strains (mixture of seeds of several plants of a single progeny) and progenies of selected coffee plants. These trials were planted in three replications of a balanced square lattice 5x5, without any shade and three other replications under shade of Inga edulis. Temporary shade was provided in shaded plots by other shade tree species. During the first years, missing plants occurred more frequently in Ribeirão Prêto and Pindorama. In 1956, at the end of the first phase of these trials, it was observed that the number of misses was higher in Jaú and lower in Campinas. A larger number of misses always occurred in the three replications under shade. Progenies and strains of Sumatra, Laurina and Caturra cultivars and of the Bourbon Vermelho n. 44, presented the highest number of misses in all localities. The average height of the plants, taken as an index of vegetative growth, was lower in the shaded replications in the trial of Ribeirão Prêto. In all other localities, the average height was practically the same under both environments. It was also observed that most plants continued to grow in height by the end of the first phase of the experiments (12 years old). In the shaded plots, most plants had a more reduced secondary and terciary branching, which probably contributed to the lower total yield. The yield, in kilograms of ripe fruits, was a determined for each plot during this period of time. However, in order to simplify the discussion, only the total yields of the 9 years for Campinas and Pindorama and 8 years of consecutive yields for the other localities, were analysed in detail (Tables 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25). In all five trials, the replications without shade gave higher yields. In Campinas they produced 82 per cent more than the shaded plots; in Pindorama 349%; in Ribeirão Prêto 1271%; in Mococa 69%; and in Jaú, 305% more. These differences were still more striking for certain annual yields. Differences in the amount of plant misses, of luminosity and of available water in the soil were suggested to account for these high yield differences. In general, it was observed, that the highest yielding progenies in the replications without shade, had the same behavior under shade. Ten entries in the trial of Campinas, two in Pindorama, six in Ribeirão Prêto, three in Mococa and two in -aú, of the unshaded plots, gave higher yields than the check (Bourbon Vermelho strain n. LC 370). In the shaded replications two entries in Campinas, five in Pindorama, seven in Ribeirão Prêto, two in Mococa and only one in Jaú, surpassed the check in yield. The outstanding yields of Bourbon Amarelo in Mococa and Jaú trial confirmed the risults previously obtained that this cultivar gives highery yields than the selected progenies of Bourbon Vermelho. The Bourbon Amarelo was not included in the trials established in Campinas and in Pindorama. Comparisons of annual yielding variances for replications with and without shade in the Campinas and Mococa trials, revealed not to be significant. The variances of replications without shade in Pindorama and Jaú were a little higher, a finding which probably is related to the higher yield of the unshaded plots in these localities. An analyses of total yields for periods of two, four, six and eight consecutive years indicated that most of the outstanding entries could have been selected, based only on the first four yielding years, in both environments (Tables 9, 14, 19, 24 and 29). Some progenies revealed to be early yielders, as Caturra and Bourbon Vermelho n. C 43, while others are late yielding as the Bourbon Amarelo from Mococa and Jaú, Sumatra n. C 408 from Campinas and the progenies of Bourbon Vermelho n. C 376-1. C 662 and LC 493 in various localities. The outturn (relations of cherry weight to green coffee, Table 37), revealed to be better tor replications grown under shade. The laurina variety had the lowest outturn whereas a good one was found in the maragogipe. The lower laurina outturn seems to be a dominant characteristic. Fruit setting (Table 30) was higher in the shaded replications of Campinas, Mococa and Jaú, and lower in Ribeirão Prêto and Mococa. No correlation was found between percentage of fruit setting and total yield. The laurina variety, which presented the highest fruit setting, revealed to be one of the poorest yielding entries in all five regional trials. The law fruit setting of the maragogipe variety seems also to be a dominant characteristic. The average cherry weight (Table 36) was practically the same for the entries in both environments, while the average weight of flat beans (Table 38) was a litle higher under shade, indicating a lower weight of the fruit pericarp. These results are in agreement with the better outturn observed in the shaded plots. The shade had only a very slight influence on the proportion of flat, peaberry and elephant beans, when compared with the observations made in unshaded plots The same occured with the amount of empty seeds, bean size and density of the flat green coffee beans. (Tables, 39. 40, 41, 42 and 43). Data on infestation of ripe fruits with Hypothenemus hampei from the Campinas trial have pointed out a higher incidence in the shaded plots (Table 39), confirming the results of previous investigations on this field. Analysis of the process of fruit ripening, made on fruits derived from flowers opened on a single day, failed to reveal any difference between shaded and unshaded plots. However, when the amount of green fruits derived from different blossomings was determined at various intervals, showed a tendency for earlier ripening in the unshaded plots. This may be the result of differences in the intensity of blossoming during the season, between both environments (Tables 31, 32, 33, 34 and 35). Cup quality was also considered. The results suggest that a higher acidity occurs in the samples derived from the shaded plots. No consistent differences were noted in relation to the other characteristics of the beverage. The results of these trialds revealed that mesides the drastic reduction in yield in the shaded plots, no other character was particularly affected by the shade. They also indicated that the most promising coffee strains in the unshaded plots give also high yields under shade, which is of particular interest for coffee improvement projects, carried on in areas where shading is a common procedure.

Um conjunto de 30 plantas matrizes de Bourbon Amarelo foi selecionado em 1945, em Jaú, na propriedade "Fazendinha". As progênies dêsses cafeeiros foram plantadas nas Estações Experimentais do Instituto Agronômico em Campinas, Ribeirão Preto, Pindorama, Mococa e Jaú, em linhas de 20 plantas. Diversas observações foram feitas relativas ao desenvolvimento dos cafeeiros, produção e tipos de sementes. De maneira geral o desenvolvimento foi considerado muito bom, com exceção de Mococa, onde as plantas apresentaram porte e produção menores devido ao terreno mais pobre onde foram plantadas. Embora tenha havido variações acentuadas no comportamento das progênies quanto à produção, verificou-se que as de n. J 30, J 3, J 8, J 10, J 11 e J 24 classificaram-se como as melhores nas cinco localidades, ao fim de oito anos seguidos de produção. As melhores plantas das boas progênies já foram incluídas em campos de aumento e suas sementes vêm sendo distribuídas aos lavradores. Notou-se acentuada variação de produção anual do conjunto de progênies, principalmente a partir do quarto ano de colheita. As produções bienais cresceram até o terceiro biênio, estacionando ou diminuindo no quarto. Notou-se que algumas progénies são tardias na produção, de modo que não será aconselhável a seleção precoce de progênies de Bourbon Amarelo eliminando-se as menos produtivas logo após o primeiro biênio de produção. Verificou-se, também, que as plantas de maior produção total pertencem, em grande parte, a progênies que apresentam produção média geral elevada, as quais, por sua vez, possuem variabilidade menor de produção. A curva de distribuição da produção total das plantas individuais mostrou-se variável.nas diferentes localidades; em tôdas verificou-se a ocorrência de plantas muito pouco produtivas, com produções médias inferiores à média geral subtraída de 2,57 vezes o desvio padrão geral do lote. A ocorrência desse tipo de plantas é de 1,7% no Bourbon Amarelo, inferior à que se encontra no café Mundo Novo. Os dados referentes às porcentagens de sementes dos tipos moca e concha indicaram que não há excesso de sementes anormais. As sementes moca mostraram-se mais freqüentes em Ribeirão Prêto, e menos em Pindorama e Campinas. As sementes concha são mais freqüentes em Campinas e Pindorama, e menos em Ribeirão Prêto. Quanto à distribuição das porcentagens de sementes concha, notou-se maior variação em Campinas e Pindorama. Com relação à ocorrência da anomalia constituída por frutos com lojas desenvolvidas e sem sementes, verificou-se que é pouco freqüente no café Bourbon Amarelo e da mesma intensidade que a verificada em outras variedades comerciais, como Bourbon Vermelho e Caturra. A ocorrência de plantas com frutos alaranjados, heterozigotas para os alelos Xcxc, indicou que devem ser freqüentes os cruzamentos naturais no cafezal onde as plantas matrizes foram selecionadas, pois embora o número de plantas de frutos vermelhos (XcXc) no local fôsse de freqüência reduzida em relação às plantas de frutos amarelos (xcxc), a ocorrência média de plantas heterozigotas entre os descendentes foi de 2,46%. Devido às características apresentadas por êsse grupo de progênies analisadas, tais como vigor vegetativo, alta produção e bom rendimento, confirma-se ser o Bourbon Amarelo uma variedade de café de bastante importância econômica, devendo suas seleções ser cultivadas em larga escala.

Little is known about the origin of Yellow Bourbon coffee (Coffea arabica cv. Bourbon Amarelo), one of the most promising coffee varieties. It probably originated in the neighbourhood of Pederneiras, S. P. (Brazil), either as a mutation of Bourbon coffee (red fruits), or as a recombinant from an eventual natural hybridization between this variety and Amarelo de Botucatu (yellow fruits when ripe), which is a natural mutation of typica (C. arabica L. var. typica Cramer). In order to develop new strains of this variety, 30 outstanding mother trees were chosen in 1945, in a private plantation located in Jaú, S. P. These trees were selected mainly on the basis of their vigor, plant type and apparent yield at selection time. To secure vegetative propagation branches were taken from each selected mother tree and then grafted in Campinas. Open-pollinated seeds from each tree were planted at five experiment stations of the State of São Paulo, namely, Campinas, Ribeirão Prêto, Pindorama, Mococa, Jaú. These locations show differences in soil type, and slight dissimilarities in climatic conditions. Campinas is located in the "Terra roxa-misturada" soil type, Ribeirão Prêto and Jaú on "Terra-roxa" soil, Mococa on "Massapé", and Pindorama on "Arenito Bauru" soil. At the beginning of the rainy season of 1946 the seedlings were transplanted to the field. In each location 20 plants from each mother tree were grown in lines, without replications, with a single individual tree per "hill". Individual records were taken for the first 8 years of crop (1949-56). During two or three years nearly all plants were sampled in order to determine the percentages of normal, "moca" (peaberry) and "concha" (elephant) seeds, grade of normal beans, incidence of empty fruit locules, and, in Campinas only, the ratio between weight of ripe fruits and the weight of dry seeds from these fruits (out-turn), and the weight of a thousand normal beans. From tables 1, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 which summarize the annual yields of each progeny in five locations, it appears that the most promising progenies are those derived from mother trees J 30, J 3, J 8, J 10, J 11 and J 24. High yielding progenies tend to show less variability from year to year than lower yielding-groups. Outstanding trees among the highest yielding progenies have already been included in seed production plots, and their seeds are being released to farmers for the establishment of new plantations. All progenies presented growing yields, up to the fourth crop, after which a clear biennial bearing cycle took place. Total yields per biennium increased as a rule from the first to the sixth crop, decreasing slightly in the las two years (1955-56). It was noticed that Yellow Bourbon progenies as a rule are not so consistent in keeping their initial yield ranking, from the first four to the sixth or eighth crops, as it was shown to occur in the closely related Red Bourbon variety. This indicates that if the lowest yielding progenies were discarded on the basis of th'e first two years of crop, some late high yielding progenies would have been lost for selection at a later period. Six or eight consecutive crops may already give an indication of the best progenies and of the individual trees which are probably among those to be selected for their high yields. Out of the 30-highest yielding trees in Campinas, 70 per cent belong to progenies ranked among the first ten on the basis of progeny mean yields. In Ribeirão Preto, Pindorama, Mococa and Jaú these figures were 90, 73, 60 and 80 per cent, respectively. This seems to indicate that under these circunstances selection should rather be based on the average yields of progenies. Considering altogether the five groups of progenies in the different experiment stations, an average was found of less than 2 per cent of individual trees presenting reduced total yields, that is, less than x - 2,57 s. The study of seed samples revealed that the highest percentage of "moca" seed is that from Ribeirão Prêto and the lowest one those from Campinas and Pindorama. These two locations, however, presented the highest percentages of "concha", while in Ribeirão Prêto the incidence of this abnormality was the lowest. Tables 20 and 21 summarize the characteristics of the distributions of these individual percentages of "moca" and "concha" seeds. All plants were examined for the presence of empty fruit locules. The incidence of this abnormality is low, as it is normally found in commercial varieties such as Red Bourbon and Caturra. Out of 2,930 plants belonging to 30 progenies grown in five' locations, 82 or 2.57c had fruits of a light red colour, being heterozygotes Xcxc. These plants resulted, as expected, from natural cross-pollination in the original plot where the seeds of mother trees were collected. If taken as a measure of the amount of cross-pollination this percentage may be considered as relatively high, because few plants with red fruits (XcXc) were noticed in the original plot of Yellow Bourbon. From these studies it may be concluded that due to their excellent agronomic characteristics the new strains of Yellow Bourbon coffee will have an outstanding place among the commercial varieties for the Brazilian coffee areas.

Em um conjunto de cafeeiros existentes em Mundo Novo, hoje Urupês, na região Araraquarense do Estado de São Paulo, foram feitas seleções de vários cafeeiros baseando-se no seu aspecto vegetativo, na produção existente na época da seleção e na provável produção do ano seguinte. Estudou-se a origem da plantação inicial desse café, tanto em Urupês como em Jaú, chegando-se à conclusão de que é provavelmente originário desta última localidade. Progênies do café "Mundo Novo", anteriormente conhecido por "Sumatra" e derivado de plantas selecionadas em Urupês e Jaú, acham-se em estudo em seis localidades do Estado : Campinas, Ribeirão Prêto, Pindorama, Mococa, Jaú e Monte Alegre do Sul. No presente trabalho são apenas aproveitados dados referentes à variabilidade morfológica e característicos da produção das progênies dos primeiros cafeeiros selecionados em Urupês e estudados em Campinas, Jaú, Pindorama e Mococa. Em tôdas as localidades, observou-se variação nos caracteres morfológicos das progênies, verificando-se a ocorrência de plantas quase improdutivas. A maioria das progênies, no entanto, se caracteriza por acentuado vigor vegetativo. Foram estudadas as produções totais das progénies e das plantas, no período 1946-1951, notando-se que algumas progénies se salientaram pela elevada produção em tôdas as localidades. Os tipos de sementes "moca", "concha" e "chato" foram determinados em amostras de tôdas as plantas, por um período de três anos, notando-se que a variação ocorrida é da mesma ordem que a encontrada em outros cafeeiros em seleção. Procurou-se eliminar, pela seleção, cafeeiros com elevada produção de frutos sem sementes em uma ou duas lojas, característico êsse que parece ser hereditário. Os resultados obtidos de cruzamento entre os melhores cafeeiros "Mundo Novo" de Campinas e plantas da variedade murta, indicaram que esses cafeeiros são do tipo bourbon. Provavelmente, êsses cafeeiros constituem recombinações de um cruzamento primitivo entre o café "Sumatra" e o bourbon. As progênies mais produtivas do café "Mundo Novo" e livres de vários dos defeitos mencionados, já se acham em multiplicação, a fim de, em breve, serem fornecidas sementes aos lavradores, que tanto interêsse têm demonstrado por êsse café.

In the course of the coffee breeding project carried out at the Instituto Agronômico, outstanding progenies have been derived from mother plants selected by either of the two following methods; a) before selection, individual yield is recorded for a number of years begining with the first crop, and b) selection of mother plants is made on the basis of vegetative vigor and the crop they have at the time of selection, regardless of their previous yields. Yield data and other observations presented in this paper refer to a group of progenies derived from plants selected according to the second method. With open pollinated seeds collected the from best plants found in 1943 in a private coffee plantation at Urupês County, (formerly Mundo Novo) State of São Paulo several progenies were planted at the Experiment Stations of Campinas, Pindorama, Jaú and Mococa, with different types of soils. The original coffee plantation of Urupês had been formed with seeds collected in Mineiros do Tietê County, in a farm nearby the place where the so called Sumatra coffee (Coffea arabica var. typica) was first planted after it was privately imported from the island of Sumatra at the end of the last century. This is probably the reason why the Mundo Novo coffee, as it is called nowadays, was formerly named Sumatra de Mundo Novo. From observations on the morphological type of Mundo Novo coffee plants, it was noted that most plants in all progenies and also in private plantations are morphologically similar to the bourbon variety, while a few plants are similar to the typica variety. Artificial crosses between the highest yielding Mundo Novo plants from progenies grown in Campinas and the murta variety (ttNana) grave indication that these plants are of the bourbon type (ttNaNa) and not of the typica type (TTNaNa), as it is the case of the ordinary Sumatra coffee. It has been assumed, therefore, that the Mundo Novo coffee probably originated from a primitive natural cross between the imported Sumatra coffee and the bourbon variety, already existent in the State of São Paulo when the Sumatra coffee was introduced. The progenies of Mundo Novo coffee here studied present a majority of vigorous and productive plants and a few weak individuals with very low productivity. Total yield per plant and per progeny were analized and discussed, for the period from 1946 to 1951. It is apparent that some progenies behave equally well in all locations and that high yield variability between plants is found in all Experiment Stations. The Mundo Novo coffee does not differ from other varieties in the percentages of the commercial seed types, namely, the normal flat beans, the peaberry type, and those resulting from the simultaneous development of two or more ovules in the same fruit locule. It was found, however, that a large percentage of Mundo Novo plants regularly produce an abnormal quantity of fruits with one or two empty locules. This constitutes a defect of the Mundo Novo coffee, which probably can be overcome by selection. It seems that this defect, which is not correlated with yield, is detenruned by genetic factors. Progenies are found where the number of plants showing unusual amounts of empty fruit locules is very low, other plants being normal is this respect. The most promising Mundo Novo plants from several progenies have already been artificially self-pollinated, and the seeds thus obtained were used to plant foundation seed plots. Within a few years seeds of selected Mundo Novo coffee plants will be available to farmers in the State of São Paulo.

The present paper reports the results of general studies undertaken to determine the relative importance of soil moisture and light on symptom expression of the tristeza disease. It also includes data on the effects of the disease on transpiration and chemical composition of infected plants and records the results of attempts to inactivate the tristeza virus in budwood by means of hot water and chemical treatments. In the present tests, using potted plants, tristeza disease symptoms were observed to occur eight to ten weeks after inoculation on plants maintained in standing water and on those having a daily application of 200cc of water. In contrast to this relatively rapid and positive symptom expression, it required 28 weeks before definite advanced tristeza disease symptoms were recognized on the inoculated plants given only 50cc of water daily. Under continuous heavy shade conditions the healthy and inoculated plants showed practically no growth and no tristeza disease symptoms. The growth of the healthy plants increased with the increase in periods (6, 10, and 14 hrs) of exposure to daylight while the inoculated plants grew as well as the healthy plants for the first month they subsequently practically ceased growth. The results of the tests on the influence of light and soil moisture show that conditions favorable for rapid plant growth also favor early symptom expression of the disease and that stunting of the plant is one the principal characteristics of the tristeza disease. The data obtained from the transpiration studies show that under the controlled test conditions the transpiration of the healthy plants was two and a half times greater than that of the tristeza diseased plants. The study of chemical composition of the plants indicated that there were some differences in the percentages of CaO and Na(2)0 in the leaves and stems of diseased and healthy plants. The data also indicate that, although the differences in the amount of chemicals present in the root systems of diseased and healthy plants were comparatively small, in all cases except for MgO the quantities were larger in the healthy than in the diseased roots. Under field conditions, nutritional deficiency symptoms have been associated with initial tristeza disease symptoms following plant inoculations. Early tests with applications of minor elements indicated some beneficial effects from applications of zinc sulphate. Under controlled conditions in the screenhouse, however, no beneficial effects were obtained from spray applications of zinc sulphate on inoculated plants. Attempts to inactivate the tristeza virus in budwood sticks that were immersed in hot water were ineffective at the four different temperatures and fourteen exposure periods tested. The results obtained suggest that the thermal-death-point of the virus is probably higher than that of the living cells of the budwood, and that treatment by hot water does not appear to be a feasible method for inactivation of the virus in living budwood. Chemical inactivation of the tristeza virus was tried using nine different chemicals at four dilutions for each. Under the conditions of the tests none of the chemicals employed appeared to have any inhibiting effect on the tristeza virus.

Nos extensos trabalhos de melhoramento do cafeeiro, há 18 anos em realização na Subdivisão de Genética do Instituto Agronômico, tem-se dedicado especial atenção à espécie C. arabica L., pelo fato de todos os nossos cafèzais pertencerem a esta espécie que, sem dúvida, fornece o produto de melhor qualidade. Nas regiões de terras extremamente cansadas, um dos principais fatôres levados em consideração no melhoramento é a rusticidade, caráter êsse, entretanto, encontrado de preferência em outras espécies, tais como o C. canephora e C. Dewevrei, cujos cafés são de má qualidade. A hibridação interespecífica, que poderia reunir em uma só planta caraterísticos de rusticidade e boa qualidade de bebida, tem o inconveniente de dar origem a plantas triplóides, que são estéreis. Daí se deduz que a obtenção artificial de formas que combinassem êsses caraterísticos constitui problema, cuja solução é extremamente demorada. No presente trabalho, apresentam-se os caracteres de uma nova forma de Coffea, encontrada em cafèzal da Fazenda Itaporã, em Terra Roxa, município de Viradouro, que, com algumas ressalvas, oferece a desejada combinação de caracteres. Trata-se, provàvelmente, de um híbrido espontâneo entre C. arabica e C. Dewevrei, com 2n = 44 cromosômios, extremamente rústico e produtivo, cujas sementes fornecem uma bebida que pode ser classificada como boa. Apenas apresenta, como principal defeito, uma auto-esterilidade quase completa. Os seus caraterísticos botânicos são descritos em detalhe. Devido ao seu porte elevado, ramos abundantes e folhas grandes e coriáceas, esse cafeeiro se assemelha ao C. Dewevrei. Os frutos são oval-elípticos, de um vermelho bem escuro quando maduros, e as sementes oblongas, constatan-do-se elevada percentagem do tipo "moca" e "chocha". Quanto à constituição citológica, as pesquisas conduziram à hipótese de este cafeeiro possuir 22 cromosômios de C. arabica e 22 (número diplóide) de C. Dewevrei, o que parece confirmado pelos resultados obtidos nas hibridações com C. arabica. Apresentam-se também algumas informações preliminares sôbre a sua constituição genética, derivadas de um extenso projeto de cruzamentos com espécies e também genótipos diferentes de C. arabica (nana; prpr; FsFs; lrlr; momo; MgMg; ErEr; C-; CtCt; cece; etc). Concluiu-se que a nova forma é extremamente heterozigota, com relação aos fatôres determinantes dos seus principais caracteres morfológicos, e que possui vários alelos dos fatôres conhecidos de C. arabica, apresentando os indivíduos F1, e os "backcrosses" com esta espécie, acentuada predominância dos caracteres da nova forma. A auto-esterilidade predomina nas gerações de "backcrosses" seguidos, já se tendo encontrado, entretanto, plantas razoavelmente auto-férteis. Além de constituir material básico de grande importância para as tentativas de síntese de novos tipos de cafeeiros, a forma em questão também está sendo ensaiada em plantações mistas, intercalando-se o seu clone (cafeeiros enxertados) com fileiras de cafeeiros arábica (bourbon, etc.), que servirão de agentes polinizadores. Conclui-se que a descoberta dêsse cafeeiro, em Terra Roxa, facilitará a solução do problema da formação de novos cafezais em terras extremamente esgotadas.

In the past 18 years coffee breeding investigations by the Genetics Division of the Instituto Agronômico have been largeiy confined to the species C. arabica because it is the species that produces coffee of the best marketable qualities. Coffee cultivation in depleted soils requires the use of very vigorous plants. Vigorous plant growth is more frequently found in some diploid species of Coffea. Artificial hybridization of these diploid species with the tetraploid species C. arabica has been tried in several of the Institutes' Experiment Stations where breeding work on coffee is underway. Small scale breeding tests have also been carried out at Campinas for many years in which attempts have been made to combine the favorable qualities of plant vigor, as found in C. canephora and C. Dewevrei, with the good "cup qualities" of C. arabica. The results of these initial investigations indicate, however, that the obtaining of an interspecific hybrid suitable for use in the areas with depleted soils, would be very slow process. The accidental finding of a new type of coffee on a plantation in Viradouro County, which, with few exceptions, offers the desired combinations of characters, is of special interest. It is the purpose in this paper, to describe the characteristics of the new type of. coffee. The new type is believed to be a natural hybrid between C. arabica and C. Dewevrei. It has 44 chromosomes, is extremely vigorous and productive, and its seeds produce a beverage of reasonably good quality. Its principal defect is its almost complete self-sterility. Detailed cytological observations have been made on the meiotic behavior of the chromosomes of the original new type coffee plant and several of its interespecific hybrids. These studies suggest the hypothesis that this new type coffee plant has 22 chromosomes of C. arabica (normal haploid number of this species) and 22 chromosomes (diploid number) of C. Dewevrei. A large number of crosses have been made between this new type of coffee and different genotypes of C. arabica (nana ; prpr ; FsFs ; lelr ; momo ; MgMg ; ErEr ; C-; CtCt ; cece ; etc.). The results of these studies have furnished preliminary information on the genetic constitution of the new coffee type. It is heterozygous with respect to the genes which control its principal morphological characters ; it has various alleles of the known genes of C. arabica, plants of the F1 generation and back-crosses with C. arabica show a predominance of the principal characters of the new type coffee plant. Self-sterility remains dominant in the progeny of the backcrosses but some plants have been found that have a reasonable degree of self-fertility. This new type of coffee has a special value as a basis for the breeding and developing of new coffee types. It is also being tested in mixed plantings where it is established as a clone and planted in alternate rows of plants of C. arabica var. bourbon that serve as sources of pollen. The finding of this new type of coffee greatly facilitates the possible development of still other coffee types that may prove to be even more satisfactory for use on depleted soils.

A espécie Coffea arabica L. é polimorfa ; vinte e cinco variedades e quatro formas já se acham descritas. As formas homozigotas para fatores genéticos novos estão sendo descritas como variedades, não se considerando como tais as numerosas recombinações, obtidas no decurso dos trabalhos relativos à genética dessa espécie. Em 1938, observou-se, na Estação Experimental Central de Campinas, uma nova variação de café, caraterizada por fôlhas e ramificação anormais. Essa variação foi encontrada na progênie correspondente à segunda geração de um cafeeiro normal, o que faz supor que se tenha originado por mutação. A progênie obtida pela autofecundação artificial das flores dessa variação revelou ser esta heterozigota para um par de fatôres genéticos que ainda não havia sido descrito na espécie C. arabica. A forma homozigota para êsse fator genético constitui a nova variedade anormalis, descrita no presente trabalho. Seus caracteres são comparados com os da variedade typica. A ramificação do anormalis é bastante anormal, havendo excesso de ramos ortotrópicos. Também é anormal a ramificação lateral. As fôlhas são extremamente variáveis quanto à forma e tamanho, mostrando-se ora com dois ou mais ápices, ora recortadas a diferentes profundidades ou até mesmo na base do pecíolo. O número de fôlhas por verticilo varia de 1 a 4 ; as estipulas interpeciolares são grandes, irregulares e em número de duas. As flores mostram anomalias em tôdas as suas partes. Os frutos são de tamanho normal e com disco pouco mais desenvolvido do que na var. typica ; as sementes do tipo "concha" ocorrem com frequência elevada. Outra variação semelhante ao anormalis foi encontrada no município de Avaré, onde também provavelmente apareceu por mutação. As provas genéticas até agora realizadas parecem indicar que se trata da mutação do mesmo fator genético que determina os caracteres do anormalis encontrado em Campinas.

The almost completely autogamous species Coffea arabica L. is polymorphic, twenty five varieties and four forms having already been described. The homozygous types for new genetic factors are considered new varieties, but recombinations of already known genes are not described as such. In 1938 a coffee plant was found at the Central Experiment Station coffee nursery, which showed abnormal leaves and irregular branching. As this variant appeared in a F2 population derived from a normal coffee plant, it is supposed to have originated by mutation. A study of the progeny of this mutant, obtained through artificial selfpollination, revealed that it is heterozygous for one pair of genes, which so far had not been encountered in C. arabica. Plants homozygous for this gene are described in the present paper as a new variety, anormalis. The branching habit of the anormalis variety is very abnormal, showing an excess of orthotropic branches arising at various nodes. The lateral branches are also abnormal. The leaves are extremely variable in shape and size ; sometimes they have two apices ; others are deeply incised often to the base of the petiole. The number of leaves at each node may vary from 1 to 4 ; the stipules, located between the insertion regions of the petioles, are large and irregularly shaped. The flowers show abnormalities in all their organs. The fruits are usually normal in shape and have a rather large disc. Abnormal seeds, of the "shell" (concha) type, frequently occur. A similar abnormal coffee plant was also found in a field planting in the Avaré county. It seems probable that it also arose through mutation and that it possesses the same gene which determines the characters of the anormalis variety found in Campinas.

Uma nova variedade de Coffea arabica L., provavelmente originária de Manhumirim, Estado de Minas Gerais, e cultivada em pequena escala no Estado do Espírito Santo, foi recebida, pelo Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, em 1937. Trata-se da variedade caturra. Carateriza-se por apresentar porte menor do que o da variedade bourbon, da qual provàvelmente se originou. Os internódios são bem curtos, tanto no caule como nos ramos, sendo intensa a ramificação secundária e de ordem inferior. As fôlhas são de um verde bem escuro, maiores e proporcionalmente mais largas do que as do Bourbon. As flores são pouco menores e os frutos e sementes um pouco maiores do que as dessa variedade. No presente trabalho apresentam-se os resultados das pesquisas taxonômicas relativas a essa nova variedade de C. arabica e alguns dados preliminares referentes à sua constituição cromosômica e genética. Verificou-se ser de 2n = 44 o número de cromosômios somáticos e, dos cruzamentos com as variedades typica e bourbon, conclui-se que os seus principais caracteres são devidos à ação de um só par de fatôres genéticos dominantes principais (Ct Ct). As observações preliminares relativas à produtividade indicam que se trata de uma variedade de elevada capacidade produtiva, merecendo, por conseguinte, a atenção que se vem dando aos trabalhos ora em realização nas principais zonas cafeeiras. A forma xanthocarpa parece diferir do Caturra Vermelho apenas na coloração amarela dos frutos, que é devida ao mesmo fator (xc xc) que carateriza a forma xanthocarpa da variedade typica (2).

A new variety of Coffea arabica L., which is believed to have originated in the region of Manhumirim, in the State of Minas Gerais and which is cultivated on a small scale in the State of Espirito Santo, was sent to the Instituto Agronômico in Campinas, in 1937. The new variety is called caturra and is characterized as being somewhat smaller than the bourbon variety from which it probably originated. The internodes, both on the main stem and branches, are very short and secondary branches are abundant. It has very dark green leaves that are larger and proportionally longer than those of the bourbon variety. Also in comparison with this variety, its flowers are a little smaller but its fruits and seeds are slightly larger. The results of a taxonomic study together with preliminary information on the genetic constitution of the caturra variety, are presented in this paper. It was found to have2n=44 somatic chromosomes and from crosses made between this variety and the varieties typica and bourbon, it was determined that its principal morphological characters were due largely to the action of a single pair of dominant genetic factors (Ct Ct). Preliminary data indicate that the caturra variety has a high yielding capacity and that it may be particularly well adapted to cultivation under shade. There is a yellow fruited (xanthocarpa) form of caturra that is the same as the red fruited form except for the color difference. The yellow fruit color of caturra is probably determined by the same genetic factor (xc xc) that characterizes the xanthocarpa form of the variety typica.