Abstract Objective It was to verify the association between the definition of sex of rearing and, clinical and cytogenetic features among patients with genital ambiguity referred without a sex assignment. Methods The sample consisted of 133 patients with genital ambiguity seen at a single reference service. These patients did not have a defined social sex at the first consultation and their etiological diagnosis was obtained during follow-up. Results A total of 133 cases were included, 74 of which were reared as males and 59 as females. No correlation was found between the year of birth and the year of the first consultation with the definition of sex of rearing. However, the definition of sex of rearing was associated with age at the first consultation, severity of genital ambiguity, presence of palpable gonad(s), presence of uterus on ultrasound, karyotype, and diagnosis. Palpable gonad(s), more virilized genitalia, absence of a uterus on ultrasound, 46, XY karyotype, or a karyotype with sex chromosome abnormalities emerged as strong predictors for defining male sex. All 77 (58 %) patients over 18 years old had a gender identity in accordance with the sex of rearing; though 9 of 77 (12 %) had homo or bisexual orientation, especially girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Conclusions Clinical and cytogenetic data were strongly associated with the definition of the sex of rearing of children with genital ambiguity referred to a DSD center without sex assignment. Management in a specialized center allows the establishment of a gender identity in accordance with the sex of rearing. assignment 13 service followup. followup follow up. up follow-up included 7 5 females However gonads, gonads gonad s , gonad(s) ultrasound genitalia 46 58 (5 % 1 12 (1 orientation Hyperplasia gonad(s 4 (

ABSTRACT Objective: Considering the rarity and clinical and molecular diversity of Wolfram syndrome (WS), the objective of this study was to identify patients with a clinical presentation suggestive of WS following up at a single Brazilian diabetes service and analyze their clinical and molecular characteristics. Subjects and methods: The study included all patients with a clinical presentation of WS following up between 1991 and 2022 with early-onset diabetes mellitus and other WS signs and symptoms. A retrospective analysis was conducted, including patients’ age, sex, consanguinity, age at symptom onset, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, diabetes insipidus, neurological and psychiatric disorders, hearing loss, urinary disorders, hypogonadism, and WFS1 molecular analysis. Results: Eight patients were identified, all of whom were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus at an average age of 3.7 years. Optic atrophy, diabetes insipidus, and hearing loss were common, while psychiatric and neurological alterations were observed in some cases. Genetic analysis revealed pathogenic variants in homozygosity or compound heterozygosity. The most frequent variant was p. Val412Serfs29, present in five of the seven families. Conclusions: This study represents the second-largest Brazilian sample of WS and is the first cohort from a single center in Southeast Brazil. The patients had an early, severe, and complete clinical presentation. The genetic variants identified were consistent with previous literature descriptions. The variant p. Val412Serfs29 was particularly common in this cohort, highlighting its relevance in the region. Objective WS, , (WS) characteristics methods 199 202 earlyonset early onset symptoms conducted sex consanguinity atrophy insipidus disorders hypogonadism WFS Results 37 3 7 3. years cases heterozygosity p ValSerfs Val Serfs families Conclusions secondlargest second largest Brazil severe descriptions Val412Serfs2 region (WS 19 20 Val412Serfs 1 2

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar em uma amostra de pacientes com distúrbios da diferenciação do sexo (DDS), dados relacionados à idade, ao encaminhamento e sua correlação com as queixas iniciais, ao sexo ao encaminhamento e ao sexo final e diagnóstico etiológico. Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva da idade por ocasião da primeira consulta e motivo dela, sexo social inicial e após definição do diagnóstico, cariótipo e diagnóstico etiológico de todos os casos atendidos em um ambulatório especializado em DDS entre 1989 e 2016. Foram excluídos casos que não compreendiam DDS e diagnósticos de DDS que não cursam comumente com ambiguidade genital, não necessitam de acompanhamento especializado. Resultados: Dos 1.793 casos atendidos, 1.139 foram diagnosticados com algum DDS. Excluíram-se 430 (272 síndrome de Turner, 66 síndrome de Klinefelter e 92 disgenesia gonadal pura), totalizando 709. Desses, 82,9% foram encaminhados por ambiguidade genital, somente um quarto ainda no primeiro mês de vida e 6,6% por atraso puberal, a maioria com 10 anos ou mais; 68,6% tiveram diagnóstico de DDS XY; 22,4% DDS XX e 9% de anomalias dos cromossomos sexuais. Conclusões: Este estudo apresenta a maior casuística na literatura de pacientes com DDS atendidos em um único serviço. O momento de encaminhamento da maioria dos pacientes com ambiguidade genital foi aquém do ideal e casos mais leves de ambiguidade e muitos com manifestações puberais foram encaminhados ainda mais tardiamente. Os resultados reforçam a importância do ensino continuado a profissionais que terão o primeiro contato com esses pacientes, principalmente pediatras e neonatologistas.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate, in a sample of patients with disorders of sex development (DSD), data related to the age at referral and their correlation with the initial complaints, gender at referral, defined gender after diagnosis and etiological diagnosis. Methods: Retrospective review of the age at the first consultation and the reason for it, initial social gender and gender after the diagnosis, karyotype and etiological diagnosis of all cases treated at a DSD outpatient clinic between 1989 and 2016. Cases that did not involve DSD and DSD diagnoses that do not usually involve ambiguous genitalia, thus not requiring specialized monitoring, were excluded. Results: Of the 1793 treated cases, 1139 were diagnosed with some type of DSD. This study excluded 430 cases (272 with Turner's syndrome, 66 with Klinefelter syndrome, and 92 with pure gonadal dysgenesis), thus a total 709 individuals were included. Of these, 82.9% were referred due to ambiguous genitalia; only one-quarter were still in the first month of life, and 6.6% were referred due to pubertal delay, with most of them aged 10 years or older. Of these patients, 68.6% had a diagnosis of XY DSD, 22.4% of XX DSD, and 9% of sex chromosome abnormalities. Conclusions: This study presents the largest series in the literature of patients with DSD treated in a single center. The time of referral of the majority of patients with ambiguous genitalia fell short of the ideal, and milder cases of ambiguous genitalia and many with pubertal manifestations were referred even later. The results reinforce the importance of continuing education for professionals who will have the first contact with these patients, mainly pediatricians and neonatologists.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência e descrever alterações da morfologia genital em recém-nascidos em duas maternidades-escola de gestão pública. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso/controle, descritivo, transversal. Utilizou-se protocolo clínico para avaliação da morfologia genital de 2.916 recém-nascidos entre 19/04/2010 e 18/04/2011. O grupo controle foi formado pelos nascimentos sem anormalidades morfológicas ocorridos no dia e na maternidade em que o caso foi detectado. Teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para análises de variáveis categóricas, e de Kruskal-Wallis, para igualdade de médias. RESULTADOS: Foram detectados 29 recém-nascidos com anormalidade genital (1:100). A maioria (93,2%) foi examinada nos três primeiros dias de vida e apresentava apenas uma anormalidade. Os defeitos morfológicos compreenderam: ambiguidade genital evidente (1/29), fusão posterior de grandes lábios (1/29), micropênis (2/29), clitoromegalia (6/29), criptorquidia bilateral (6/29), hipospádia (9/29) e defeitos combinados (4/29) casos. Em apenas um caso os campos da Declaração de Nascido Vivo foram preenchidos corretamente. Prematuridade foi observada em 13/29, sendo esta a única variável estatisticamente associada à presença de anormalidade genital. Oito casos aderiram à proposta de investigação complementar, entre os quais três tiveram diagnóstico clínico de distúrbio da diferenciação do sexo. CONCLUSÕES: Evidenciou-se alta prevalência, subdiagnóstico e sub-registro de defeitos genitais nas maternidades estudadas. Os resultados reforçam a importância do exame cuidadoso de recém-nascidos com o objetivo de identificar anormalidades genitais sutis que podem compor o quadro clínico de distúrbio da diferenciação do sexo.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of genital abnormalities among neonates in two public maternity-schools. METHODS: Case-control, cross-sectional descriptive study. Genital morphology of 2,916 neonates was assessed using a clinical protocol between 04/19/2010 and 04/18/2011. Control group included neonates without birth defects, born at the same maternity unit and in the same day in which a case was identified. Fisher and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistics. RESULTS: The study identified 29 (1:100) neonates with genital abnormalities. Most of them were examined within 3 days of life and presented only one genital defect. Morphological abnormalities comprised: genital ambiguity (1/29), fusion of labia majora (1/29), micropenis (2/29), enlarged clitoris (6/29), hypospadia (9/29), and combined defects (4/29). Only one case reported the genital abnormality in the statement of live birth correctly. Prematurity occurred in 13/29 cases and was the only variable statistically associated with genital defects. Eight cases agreed on the complementary investigation of the genital defect, among which three were diagnosed with disorder of sex development. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of genital abnormalities in the maternity units included in the present study and most cases are under-diagnosed and under-reported. Our results reinforce the importance of a careful examination of genital morphology in neonatal period towards the recognition of minor defects that can be clinical features of a disorder of sex development.

OBJETIVOS: avaliar crescimento e recuperação nutricional de pacientes com hiperplasia congênita supra-renal, forma clássica perdedora de sal, nos dois primeiros anos de vida. MÉTODOS: analisamos escores z de peso e comprimento de 21 pacientes ao nascimento, primeira consulta, com um e dois anos de idade. Determinamos concentrações de 17-hidroxiprogesterona, androstenediona e doses de hidrocortisona prescritas da primeira consulta até um e dois anos de idade (períodos 1 e 2, respectivamente). RESULTADOS: a média de idade na primeira consulta foi 36,7 dias. Escore z do peso ao nascimento foi -0,23±1,4; na primeira consulta -2,31±1,3; com um ano -1,43±1,6 e dois anos -0,77± 1,3. Escore z do comprimento ao nascimento foi -0,69±2,3; na primeira consulta -1,87±1,7; com um ano -1,68±1,1 e dois anos -1,07±1,0. A diferença entre os escores aos dois anos e na primeira consulta foi 1,54±1,7 para o peso e 0,80±1,6 para o comprimento. Média de hidrocortisona prescrita foi 21,3 e 19,9 mg/m2/dia nos períodos 1 e 2 e concentrações (ng/dL) de 17-hidroxiprogesterona e androstenediona foram 9,1 e 0,14 no período 1 e 4,4 e 0,27 no 2, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: foram observados recuperação nutricional com o tratamento e, aos dois anos, peso e comprimento normais, embora inferiores aos da população.

OBJECTIVES: to assess the growth and nutritional recovery of patients with the classical salt-wasting form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in the first two years of life. METHODS: z scores for weight and height were calculated for 21 patients at birth, on the occasion of the first medical consultation and at one and two years of age. The concentrations of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and the doses of hydrocortisone prescribed at the first medical concentrations up to the age of two years were determined (at one and two years of age respectively). RESULTS: the mean age for the first medical consultation was 36.7 days. The z score for weight at birth was -0.23±1.4; on the occasion of the first consulta tion -2.31±1.3; at the age of one year -1.43±1.6 and at the age of two years -0.77± 1.3. The z score for height at birth was -0.69±2.3; on the occasion of the first consultation -1.87±1.7; at one year of age 1.68±1.1 and at two years -1.07±1.0. The difference between the scores at two years of age and on the occasion of the first medical consultation was 1.54±1.7 for weight and 0.80±1.6 for height. The mean dosage of hydrocortisone prescribed was 21.3 and 19.9 mg/m2/day for periods 1 and 2 and the concentrations (ng/dL) of 17-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione were 9.1 and 0.14 for period 1 and 4.4 and 0.27 for period 2. CONCLUSIONS: nutritional recovery was observed to occur on treatment and, at two years of age, weight and height are normal, although below the average for the population at large.

Analisamos as características clínicas e moleculares de 205 pacientes portadores das diferentes formas clínicas da deficiência da 21-hidroxilase, com diagnóstico hormonal e molecular definidos. As mutações mais freqüentes foram a I2 splice na forma perdedora de sal, a I172N na forma virilizante simples e a V281L na forma não clássica, com freqüências semelhantes às de outros estudos. Obtivemos baixa freqüência de deleção do gene da 21-hidroxilase, de forma semelhante ao identificado nas populações argentina e mexicana. Cinco mutações novas foram descritas em nossa população: G424S, H28+C, Ins 1003^1004 A, R408C e IVS2-2A>G. A severidade do genótipo também se correlacionou diretamente com níveis mais elevados de 17OH-progesterona e de testosterona. As mutações foram classificadas em três grupos, de acordo com o comprometimento da atividade enzimática observado in vitro: Grupo A: atividade de 0-2%; Grupo B: atividade de 3-7% e Grupo C: atividade >20%. Houve forte correlação do grupo A com a forma perdedora de sal, do grupo B com a forma virilizante simples e do grupo C com a forma não clássica. A mutação I2 splice (Grupo A) em homo ou hemizigose conferiu o fenótipo de forma clássica, embora tanto a forma perdedora de sal quanto a forma virilizante simples tenham sido identificadas. A boa correlação do genótipo com o fenótipo na HAC-21OH permite sua aplicação na prática clínica, para o aconselhamento genético, diagnóstico e tratamento pré-natal das gestações de risco para a forma clássica da HAC-21OH e para confirmação diagnóstica após screening neonatal da HAC-21OH, exceto na presença da mutação I2splice.

We analyzed the clinical and molecular data of 205 patients with the three different clinical forms of 21-hydroxylase deficiency, in whom the clinical and molecular diagnosis were already defined. The most frequent mutations were I2 splice in the salt wasting form, I172N in the simple virilizing and V281L in the nonclassical form, presenting similar frequencies as those observed in other populations. We found a lower frequency of 21-hydroxylase gene deletion, similar to that previously identified in Argentinean and Mexican populations. Five new mutations were described in our population: G424S, H28+C, Ins 1003^1004 A, R408C and IVS2-2A>G. The genotype was classified in three groups according to the impairment of enzymatic activity observed in vitro, Group A: 0-2%, Group B: 3-7% and Group C: >20%. Group A mutations correlated with the salt wasting form, the Group B with simple virilizing form and Group C with the non classical form. The severity of genotype showed a positive correlation with higher 17OH-progesterone and testosterone levels. The I2 splice mutation in homo or hemizygosis confers classical form phenotype with both salt wasting and simple virilizing forms, precluding the prediction of the clinical form through genotype in pre and neonatal diagnosis. The good genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency shows the usefulness of genotype to predict the clinical form for genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis and to confirm neonatal screening diagnosis, except in cases with I2 splice mutation.