Abstract Lychnophora pinaster, known as arnica-mineira, is endemic to campos rupestres, at risk of extinction. The present study aimed to characterize the ecogeography and phenolic constituents of 11 L. pinaster populations collected in the mesoregions North, Jequitinhonha, Metropolitan of Belo Horizonte and Campos das Vertentes in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Phenolic constituents were identified and quantified by Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry. Lychnophora pinaster occurs in sites at high altitude (700 and 1498 m), annual rainfall of up to 1455 m, soils with low fertility and predominantly loamy texture. Therefore, it can be considered tolerant to acidic soils, with low availability of nutrient. The most abundant substances in all populations were vitexin (18 – 1345 ng/g) and chlorogenic acid (60 – 767 ng/g). The 11 populations formed four groups in relation to the phenolic constituents, with group 1 consisting of the populations of the North Mesoregion (GM, OD) and Jetiquinhonha (DIMa), group 2, the Metropolitan of Belo Horizonte (SRM, NLSC, SM, RPS, CTRA), group 3, the North Mesoregion (ODMa and DI), and group 4, the Campos das Vertentes (CC). Among the populations, only those from the Metropolitan of Belo Horizonte showed correlation of soil properties with phenolic constituents. arnicamineira, arnicamineira arnica mineira, mineira arnica-mineira rupestres extinction L Jequitinhonha Gerais Brazil Ultrahigh Ultra chromatography spectrometry 700 (70 149 m , m) 145 texture Therefore nutrient 18 (1 134 ng/g ngg ng g 60 (6 76 ng/g. . GM, GM (GM OD DIMa, DIMa (DIMa) 2 SRM, SRM (SRM NLSC SM RPS CTRA, CTRA CTRA) 3 ODMa DI, DI DI) 4 CC. CC (CC) 70 (7 14 ( 13 6 7 (DIMa (CC

Las interacciones entre animales y plantas son importantes para la recuperación de la diversidad y los procesos en los bosques secundarios, los cuales cada vez más tienden a dominar el paisaje tropical. Nosotros utilizamos una combinación de métodos experimentales y observaciones para estudiar las interacciones entre hormigas y diásporas a través de un gradiente de sucesión en los bosques del sur de Brasil, entre agosto 2007 y abril 2008. Además de las tasas de eliminación de diásporas, evaluamos la riqueza de especies, la diversidad y el comportamiento de las hormigas que interactúan con las diásporas, con tres repeticiones por sitio de cuatro estadios de sucesión del bosque. Se registraron 22 especies de hormigas que interactúan con diásporas (se estima un 15% del total de especies en la región). La riqueza y diversidad de especies no varió entre las etapas de sucesión, pero el comportamiento de las hormigas hacia las diásporas cambio con la edad de los bosques secundarios. En las etapas sucesionales avanzadas del bosque la eliminación de diásporas fue más común que en las etapas tempranas. En concordancia, las tasas de eliminación de diásporas fueron menores en la etapa más temprana de la sucesión de bosques secundarios y aumenta con la edad de los mismos. Estos resultados indican que las interacciones hormigasdiásporas en los bosques secundarios son alteradas y las menores tasas de extracción en los bosques secundarios es probable que limiten el reclutamiento de las poblaciones de plantas durante la sucesión secundaria.

Animal-plant interactions are important for the recovery of diversity and processes in secondary forests, which increasingly dominate the tropical landscape. We used a combination of observational and experimental approaches to study the interactions of ants with diaspores across a successional gradient of forests in Southern Brazil, from August 2007 to April 2008. In addition to diaspore removal rates, we assessed the species richness, diversity and behaviour of ants interacting with diaspores, in three replicated sites of four successional stages of forests. We recorded 22 ant species interacting with diaspores (an estimated 15% of the total species pool in the region). Species richness and diversity did not differ among successional stages but the behaviour of ants towards diaspores changed with the age of secondary forests. In old successional stages the removal of entire diaspores was more common than in young successional stages of forests. Concordantly, diaspore removal rates were lowest in the youngest successional stage of secondary forests and increased with the age of forests. These results indicate that ant-diaspore interactions in secondary forests are disturbed and lower removal rates in secondary forests are likely to constrain the recruitment of plant populations during secondary succession. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (2): 933-942. Epub 2012 June 01.

A conversão de áreas florestais em pastagens constitui uma das atividades que mais degradam a Floresta Ombrófila Densa. Neste estudo, avaliaram-se áreas de pastagens abandonadas há oito, 14, 48, 50 e 96 meses, em Antonina (Estado do Paraná, 25º19'15'' S e 45º24'24'' W), com o objetivo de verificar se a presença da cobertura herbácea diminui a regeneração natural das espécies arbóreas. Foram identificadas as espécies e avaliada a biomassa de espécies herbáceas (em 24 parcelas de 1 m²) e volume das espécies lenhosas (altura igual ou superior a 1 m; 24 parcelas de 25 m²). Nas cinco áreas estudadas foram amostradas 59 espécies herbáceas (1.062 indivíduos), das quais, a maioria (95%) era exótica (incluindo Brachiaria decumbens e B. humidicola). Para a comunidade de hábito arbustivo-arbóreo, foram amostradas 104 espécies (2.234 indivíduos). Houve significativa modificação florística e estrutural da vegetação nos primeiros quatro anos após o abandono das pastagens. O desenvolvimento da vegetação lenhosa foi inversamente relacionado à presença de espécies herbáceas, o que sugere que a cobertura vegetal promovida pelas ervas, principalmente B. decumbens, seja um dos fatores que influenciam negativamente a regeneração natural. Estes resultados sugerem que práticas de manejo que incluam a remoção ou redução dos efeitos de Brachiaria spp sejam necessárias na restauração de pastagens abandonadas.

Deforestation and conversion of forests to pasture is one of the most degrading activities impacting the Atlantic Rain Forest. We analyzed pastures abandoned for 8, 14, 48, 50 and 96 months in Antonina (Paraná state; 25º19'15'' S; 45º24'24'' W) to verify if herb cover reduces the natural regeneration of the Atlantic forest. We identified species and assessed shoot biomass of herbaceous species (in 24 1 m² plots), and calculated the volume of all woody species (height > 1m; in 24 25 m² plots). We collected 59 herbaceous species (1,062 individuals) most of which were allochthonous species (95%), including Brachiaria decumbens and B. humidicola. We also sampled 104 woody species (2,234 individuals). There were significant floristic and structural changes in the community during the first four years since the pasture was abandoned. Woody vegetation development was negatively related to herb species' biomass, suggesting that grasses (B. decumbens) inhibited forest regeneration. Our results suggested that management, including Brachiaria spp removal, is necessary for the restoration of abandoned pastures in the Atlantic Forest region.